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|   Edward LIU
ATIO Certified translator with MA & MBA
Ontario, / Native in: Chinese  |  Contact:    
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| | | Questions answered: 1977, Questions asked: 278, PRO-level points: 4619 | | | Sample translations submitted: 8| English to Chinese: Road Construction | Source text - English
SERIES 3000: EARTHWORKS, SUBBASES, SHOULDERS AND BASES
SECTION 3800: GRAVEL SHOULDERS AND GRAVEL WEARING COURSE
This section covers the procuring, furnishing and placing of approved soil, natural gravel or crushed gravel on top of the completed subgrade where no subbase is required, or on the completed subbase where subbase is provided, and the construction of the shoulders in accordance with these Specifications.
Where gravel shoulders are to be constructed from the same material, to the same standard and simultaneously with the base, the provisions of Section 3600 shall apply. Measurement and payment shall also be made as specified under the relevant section.
Where a gravel wearing course is to be constructed for unsurfaced roads, etc., the provisions of Clause 3807 shall apply.
Shoulder material shall be obtained from approved borrow pits as described in Section 3100, and from such other sources of supply as the Engineer may approve during the course of construction. The material shall have minimum 10% FACT value of 50 kN. Coarse aggregate in the gravel used in shoulder construction shall after compaction have a maximum dimension not exceeding 40 mm, unless otherwise authorized by the Engineer. Oversize aggregate in the gravel shall be broken down on the road and any remaining oversize material shall be bladed off the road and be disposed of, or the gravel shall be crushed, all as described in Section 3200.
Soil or gravel finally placed in the shoulders shall preferably conform to the quality of the material suitable for the construction of subbase, with the proviso, however, that the plasticity index shall not exceed 25 unless otherwise authorized by the Engineer. The plasticity index shall be not less than 6 and preferably not less than 15.
3803 CONSTRUCTION
(a) Placing and compaction
Where the shoulders are to be constructed from the same material as the base, the construction of the shoulders shall be done simultaneously with the construction of the base.
Where a crushed-stone base must be constructed, the shoulders shall be constructed first and shall be cut neatly to line to provide lateral support for the crushed-stone material. Care shall be taken to prevent shoulder material contaminating the base material. In the case of asphalt bases the shoulders may be constructed after the completion of the base.
Shoulder material shall be spread, broken down, watered, processed and compacted in accordance with the provisions of Section 3200. The shoulders shall be compacted to a density not less than 95% of modified AASHTO density.
(b) General
Construction shall be carried out in such a manner that the road will be adequately drained at all times by means of temporary drains through the shoulders.
The Contractor shall not commence with the final layer of bituminous surfacing work on any particular section of the road until the shoulders on that section of road have been completed and have been approved by the Engineer.
| Translation - Chinese
第3000章：土方工程、底基层、路肩和基层
第3800节：砾石路肩和砾石磨损层
本节包括对监理工程师认可的土方、天然砾石和碎砾石的采购、供应和铺筑，以及按照“技术规范”施工的路肩工程。这些土石方用于无需底基层的已完工路基表面，或是已经建好的底基层上。
第3600节的规定适用条件是采用同样的材料，按照同样的标准，砾石路肩与基层同步施工。计量和支付应按照有关章节的规定执行。
第3807条款的规定应适用于为未铺路面的道路建造一砾石磨损层。
路肩最终铺筑的土及砾石应完全符合适用于底基层施工材料质量要求，但其附带条件是其塑性指数不得超过25，除非监理工程师另有规定。塑性指数应不小于6，最好不小于15。
3803 施工
（a）铺筑和压实
当路肩施工采用与基层同样的材料时，路肩和基层应同时施工。
如必须建碎石基层，路肩应先予施工，挖到准线以便为碎石料提供横向支撑，注意应防止路肩料污染基层料。而对沥青基层，路肩应在基层完工后再施工。
路肩材料应按照第3200节规定摊铺、粉碎、浇水、处理并压实。路肩压实密度应不低于修正的AASHTO密度的95%。
（b）通则
施工应确保在任何时候都可以通过路肩的临时排水沟把道路上的水排空。
承包人应在道路具体段的路肩完工并得到监理工程师认可后，方可对该具体段的沥青路面工程的最终表面进行施工。
| | English to Chinese: Lumber Engineering | Source text - English
3.1.1 Timber, lumber, panels and Engineered Wood Products (EWP) such as laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and I beams, are available in many product types. Their usage in loadbearing and non loadbearing parts of Timber structures is defined by the grades and species that are permitted in the Design Code.
Visual grading of lumber for structural applications uses the size of knots and their location along with other factors such as slope of grain, shake, splits, unsound wood and wane to assign an individual board to a grade category. The grade categories are based on the average influence of these knots and other characteristics in terms of the strength of the boards in that grade category. Physical small batch sample testing is used to verify the actual strengths.
Overall the visual lumber grading systems are qualitative and reflect averages of boards over quite long time period.
MSR is a direct mechanical measurement of lumbers mechanical stiffness properties. This process is a more reliable and accurate than strength estimates based on visual inspection alone. Each board is passed through the stress rating machine where a bending load is applied continuously to that board as it passes through. The actual deflection is measured and then the grade marked along the board. This individual board process measures along the length of the board thereby determining strength variations within each board as well as board to board variations.
Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is made from layers of (generally) parallel sheets of wood veneer, staggered, lapped and glued with structural adhesive to form long length slabs of timber which can be cut to suitable dimension. The manufacturing process is shown in figure 1.
Because the veneers are graded using sonic and resonance techniques, the properties of LVL can be controlled and variation is very small. Defects in the wood are randomised, staggered and lapped, the wood material is thoroughly mixed and the defects (such as knots) randomised to a point where they do not influence the properties. So LVL is long, straight, stable and very strong. (See figure 2.) For example, the tension strength of LVL is as much as 3 times that of sawn timber.
Glulam is the name given to solid wood members manufactured by gluing smaller pieces of solid lumber or finger jointed lumber together.
In larger sizes, glulam is an engineered structural member consisting of a number of graded, kiln dried and selected full length or finger jointed to length laminations, having grain essentially parallel and bonded with proven adhesives, to form a solid member of practically any length, shape or size.
The main reason for laminating is to produce larger size members than is possible in solid lumber. There is also an increase in strength because the strength of a single piece of solid timber is as strong as its weakest point which is usually the largest knot. In laminating, the weakest point of one piece of timber is bonded to the higher strength of adjoining pieces, thus forming a homogenous structural component of great efficiency.
It is therefore possible to manufacture a beam of high strength for use in areas of high stress and in areas of low stress use more economical lower grades of wood.
Finger-joints are glued joints connecting members end to end. Typically finger joints may be configured as vertical joints or horizontal joints. The horizontal joint is where fingers are cut parallel to the plane of wide face of board i.e. edge to edge, with vertical fingers cut vertical to the plan of the widest face i.e. face to face.
Finger joints were developed because it is not possible to make strong but joints by gluing the end grain of adjacent boards. Finger joints glued surfaces are on the side grain rather than the end grain, and the glue line is stressed in shear rather than in tension.
| Translation - Chinese
3.1.1 锯木、锯材、板材和工程木材(EWP)（如单板层积材(LVL)和工字梁）有很多产品种类。根据设计规范要求的等级和种类，可以决定这些木材在木结构的承重构件和非承重构件上的用途。
木材结构的目测分级是根据木节大小和位置，以及诸如木纹斜度、裂纹、劈裂、腐朽和缺角等因素对木板进行分级。分级标准根据这些木节和其它特征对于每一类别板材强度的平均影响来定。实际强度的测定采用小批量样本测试方法。
总的来讲，锯材目测分级是一种定性的方法，反映的是经过长时间观察获得的板材材质的平均值。
机械分级是用机械直接测量锯材机械刚度性能的方法。 这一程序比仅使用目测法评估强度更可靠，更精确。每块板材通过应力分级机械时要承受连续不断的弯曲载荷，测量实际弯曲程度，在板上标明等级。 在这一单板测量过程要对木板分段测量，测出每块板材中的强度差异和各板材间强度差异。
单板层积材( LVL) )是用结构粘合剂粘合交错叠放的多层平行单板而制成的长板材，可切割成所需规格的板材。制造流程见图1。
因为单板分级采用了超声波和共振技术，所以单板层积材的特性可以控制，差异也极小。由于木材疵点是随机分布的、经木材交错重叠完全混合后，呈随机分布的疵点（如木节）已经不会影响其特性。所以单板层积材是长形的、平面的，并且非常坚固、耐用（见图2）。例如：单板层积材抗张强度是锯材的3倍。
层板胶合木是由多块小块实木材或指形接合锯材粘接加工而成的紧密材的总称。
大规格的层板胶合木是由许多已分级的、窑干的、精选的整板层板或按一定长度指形接合层板组成的工程结构构件。
层压的主要目的是加工比实木材规格大的木材。 同时也增加了其强度，因为单一片实木材的强度大小取决于薄弱点，通常是最大的木节。层压中这片木材的薄弱点粘接在高强度的邻接片材上，因此形成材质均匀的高性能结构材。所以，可以加工适用于高抗力要求的高强度板材，也可以用较经济的低级木材加工适用于低抗力要求的木材。
指形接合是构件首尾相连进行胶接。指形接合一般有纵向接头或横向接头两种类型。横向接头是按照平行于木板平面切割的接头，即边靠边；纵向接头是垂直于木板平面切割接头，即面对面。
设计指形接合的原因是相邻木板的底端纹理很难粘合牢固。指形接合的表面是沿着板边纹理而不是底端纹理粘合的，粘合线承受的是剪力而不是拉力。
| | Chinese to English: Literary Preface | Source text - Chinese
在省文联、省书协领导的关怀和支持下，《小学生习字报》办得非常好。在这张报纸的指导和鼓舞下，全省的少儿书法教育搞得有声有色。正逢世纪之交，二千年元旦，《小学生习字报》筹办了“山西省新世纪少年儿童书画作品展”。这次展览，盛况空前，参观者挤得水泄不通。没想到一个少儿作品展，全家甚至亲友都来参观，那情景非常感人。入选书法作品五百余件，真草隶篆都有，各种样式齐全，功力扎实，笔墨讲究，令人目不暇接。
我曾陪一位朋友仔细观看，他是一位作家、诗人，好象对书法也很在行。他真是惊讶极了，对山西的书法教育赞不绝口。他问这是为什么，为什么山西的孩子们写得这样好？我说，恐怕是因为书法教师们的水平提高了。这些年山西涌现出许多优秀的中青年书法家，他们除了参与全国、全省的书法活动外，许多人都热衷于对少儿的书法教育。书法老师们的水平提高了，学生们路子正，学习得法，立见成效，大获丰收。我的朋友说，曾经出现过各种“热”，都是昙花一现就过去了，只有书法热，经久不衰，对此你有什么看法？我说，回答这样的问题比较难，凡说出来的都比较枯燥。见仁见智，各有不同。若让我说，我认为这是古典文明的延续，是传统文化的升华，是一个伟大民族在精神上的觉醒。
现在，省文联、省书协和《小学生习字报》的编者们，决定选出此次书展的优秀作品，出一本书法作品集。这是书法老师们的一次收获，也是参展少儿们的一份珍贵的纪念。祝愿他们在新世纪中创造更加丰硕的成果。谨序。
| Translation - English
Thanks to the care and support of the Provincial Federation of Literary and Art Circles and the Provincial Association of Calligraphy, Pupils¡¯ Literacy Journal has big spillover effects on juvenile calligraphic education all over Shanxi. At the turn of the century, ¡°Shanxi Provincial Exhibition for Juvenile Calligraphy and Paintings¡±, orchestrated by Pupils¡¯ Literacy Journal, was launched on January 1, 2000£¬capturing the rapt attention of swarms of visitors. No one could have dreamed of such a moving scene of many families and even their relatives poured into the showroom, all being attracted by the show of their children¡¯s works. There were more than five hundred calligraphy works on show, which, varied in design and style and written in regular, cursive, running, seal or official scripts, dazzled the viewers¡¯ eyes for the authors¡¯ calligraphic attainments and exquisite strokes.
On that day I accompanied a friend of mine to the show, who is a writer, a poet and an expert in calligraphy. He was so astonished that he kept giving praises for the calligraphic education of Shanxi and he asked me why the kids of the province could write so well. I replied that it was perhaps because calligraphy teachers¡¯ levels had been raised. There have sprung up over these years a large number of outstanding young and middle-aged calligraphers, who, apart from participating in national calligraphic activities, are fervent supporters of juvenile calligraphy education. As teachers become more proficient in the art, students are put on the right track and promised of good results. My friend asked about my opinion of the reason that, unlike many passing interests, calligraphy course was among the few enduring favorites. I said all answers to this question, when spoke out, were relatively dull. Different people look at a thing in different way. I would take it for the continuation of a classical civilization, the progress of a traditional culture and the spiritual awakening of a great nation.
The Provincial Federation of Literary and Art Circles and the Provincial Association of Calligraphy and the editors of Pupils¡¯ Literacy Journal have decided to publish ¡°the Selected Outstanding Works of Juvenile Calligraphy and Paintings¡±. This will be a harvest for calligraphy teachers and a prized souvenir for the young participants of this exhibition. It is my heartfelt wish that they would score more fruitful achievements in the new century.
| | English to Chinese: Mad Cow Disease | Source text - English
New strain of mad cow disease discovered
Tuesday February 17, 2004
Italian scientists have found a second form of mad cow disease more closely resembling a human disease.
Of eight cows studied, two had brain damage resembling that in human victims of the standard "sporadic" form of CJD.
Salvatore Monaco, the new study's lead author, told the Associated Press he believed that the incidence among cattle with mad cow symptoms could be as high as 5%.
The unusual strain was discovered when the two cows were subjected to tests required for cattle destined for human consumption.
In addition to the holes in the brain caused by BSE, the form of disease most often found in cows, the researchers found, in their sample, an accumulation of the amyloid brain plaque that is an indication of Alzheimer's disease.
However, while "sporadic" CJD and the new form found in cows share several characteristics, the researchers have cautioned against assuming a link between the two.
"We don't know if this disease is passed to humans," Dr Monaco said.
A US brain disease expert said that the finding did not indicate an increased threat to humans.
Paul Brown, of the US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, said that there should be an increase in the incidence of CJD if the new form of the disease was affecting humans.
Sporadic CJD is distinct from the human variant of the disease, which is linked to eating meat from BSE-infected cows.
| Translation - Chinese
发现一种新的疯牛病
2004年3月17日星期二
意大利的科学家发现了另外一种更类似人类疾病的疯牛病。
在研究的八头牛中，两头牛患有与人类典型的散发型克亚氏病（CJD）患者类似的脑损伤。
这项新研究的主要负责人塞尔瓦托.摩纳科告诉美联社，他认为牛群中发生疯牛病的可能性为5％。
这种不寻常的病是在检验两头食用牛时发现的。
研究人员在他们的样本里除发现了由于牛海绵状脑病（BSE）引起的大脑孔洞――一种主要在牛群中发现的疾病外，还发现了积聚的淀粉状蛋白斑，这是阿尔茨海默病的征兆。
但是，散发型克亚氏病（CJD）及母牛身上发现的新病种有许多共同的特点，研究人员警告他们两者之间可能会有联系。
摩纳科博士说：“我们不知道这种病是否传染给了人。”
一位美国脑病专家说此项发现并不表明对人类的威胁增加了。
美国国家神经紊乱及中风研究院的保罗.布朗说，如果新型病传染给了人类，将增加克亚氏病的发生率。
散发型克亚氏病不同于这种疾病的人类变种，后者与被传染上牛绵状脑病的牛的牛肉有关。
| | English to Chinese: Aspen Music Festival | Source text - English
Three mini-festivals will highlight this summer's 55th edition of the Aspen Music Festival.
The annual nine-week extravanganza, which takes place in several locations across Aspen, is rivaled in size and stature only by the Tanglewood Music Festival in Lenox, Mass.
The 2004 installment, which will feature more than 350 concerts, lectures and other events, will open June 22 with a master class by the Takacs quartet and culminate Aug. 22 with a presentation of Giuseppe Verdi's "Requiem Mass," featuring the Colorado Symphony Chorus.
The Takacs Quartet just released the second volume in its complete set of recordings of the Beethoven quartets.
It will present all 16 quartets plus the "Grosse Fuge" during six concerts from June 23 through July 2.
Future mini-festivals might focus on Latin American or film music or center on an artist such as violinist Gil Shaham.
This year's lineup will also feature the Aspen debuts of two internationally known but quite different conductors: Neville Marriner, who founded London's renowned Academy of St. Martin in the Fields in 1959, and John Williams, conductor of the Boston Pops Orchestra from 1980-1993.
Marriner will lead the opening Aspen Chamber Symphony concert on June 25 with violinist Cho-Liang Lin.
After an absence of about 10 years, famed violinist Pinchas Zukerman will appear Aug. 5 with four members of the National Arts Centre Orchestra in Ottawa, Ontario, of which he is music director.
Also returning will be cellist Lynn Harrell and flutist Emmanuel Pahud, who will appear together July 1.
A partial festival lineup is available now.
A full schedule is expected to be released in late April.
| Translation - Chinese
三个小节日是今夏第55届阿斯彭音乐节的亮点。
一年一度的长达九个星期的音乐盛会，在阿斯彭的几个地方分别举行，其规模和影响力只有麻萨诸塞州莱诺克斯镇的谭歌坞音乐节可以与之媲美。
2004年的音乐节包括350场音乐会、演讲和其他活动。从6月22日塔卡克斯四重奏团（Takacs Quartet）演奏的经典的曲子开始，到8月22日科罗拉多交响乐团演奏的朱塞佩.威尔第的“安魂弥撒曲”音乐会达到高潮。
塔卡克斯四重奏团刚刚发行了一张唱片,这是其录制贝多芬四重奏曲目全集计划的第二集。
从6月23日开始到7月2日，塔卡克斯四重奏团将开六场演奏会，演奏全部16个曲目,还有“大赋格（Grosse Fuge）”。
接下来的小型音乐节将以拉丁美洲音乐、电影音乐或艺术家为主题，例如小提琴演奏家吉尔.夏汉。
今年的阵容还包括两个国际知名但风格迥异的指挥家在阿斯彭的首场演出，一位是内维尔.马里纳，于1959年组建了伦敦著名的圣马丁室内乐团；另一位是约翰.威廉姆斯，从1980年到1993年担任波士顿通俗乐团的指挥。
内维尔.马里纳将指挥阿斯彭室内交响音乐会6月25日的开幕演出，参加演奏的还有小提琴演奏家林昭亮。
十年来第一次在阿斯彭演出的著名小提琴演奏家平夏斯.祖克曼，与安大略州渥太华国家艺术中心管弦乐队的四名成员于8月5日一起演出，并担任音乐总监。
大提琴演奏家林恩.哈勒尔和长笛吹奏者马利.帕胡德将于7月1日一起演出。
这次音乐节部分演员阵容已经知晓。
全部的节目表预计于4月底公布。
| | Chinese to English: China's Western Development | Source text - Chinese
西部大开发要走非均衡协调发展之路
女士们，先生们，朋友们，同志们!
十分感谢大会给我宝贵的发言机会。借此机会，我想着重讲讲非均衡协调发展论及其在西部大开发中的运用问题。
一、非均衡协调发展论是西部大开发的重要指导思想
如何缩小发达地区与落后地区的差距，如何加快落后地区的发展，进而实现全球生产力的持续协调发展，是世界生产力发展中一个亟须解决的重大理论性、战略性和实践性问题。历史表明，生产力是沿着非均衡协调发展的道路推进的，
这是一个基本规律。我国政府决定实施西部大开发战略，就是对这一规律的适应和运用。
中国是一个发展中大国，只能以效率优先，兼顾公平，适度倾斜，协调发展。均衡发展论和非均衡发展论，在指导我国区域经济发展时都有很大局限性。但是按照非均衡协调发展论，就能够克服它们的缺陷，为实提供有效的理论支持。邓小平同志提出的“两个大局”的战略思想，就是非均衡协调发展的思想基础和实践指导。以江泽民同志为核心的第三代领导集体，依据这一思想适时启动西部大开发，制定一系列方针政策，坚持和发展了非均衡协调发展思想。
我党两代领导集体指导现代化建设的战略实践，包含着丰富的非均衡协调发展思想。我体会，根据这些思想，可以总结归纳出非均衡协调发展论的几个主要内容：第一，均衡和非均衡发展论需要综合创新。非均衡发展论讲究效率和重点哭破，但是不重视整体协调；均衡发展论注重整体协调，但是忽略重点突破。它们都不能全面反映生产力发展的实际进程，又具有不少合理因素，完全应该和能够相互取长补短有机结合，融合成非均衡协调发展论。
第二，持续健康的经济发展，是既有重点突破又有整体推进的过程。没有重点突破就没有整体发展，没有整体发展，重点哭破就难以持续。要依据整体发展要求，分阶段确定发展重点，用重点带动整体，用整体保证重点，实现两者之间
的良性循环，使区域经济在“适度差别”区间运行，致力创造更高的整体效益。
第三，正确把握区域发展中的“差别度”。判断差别是否适度的基本标准是，非均衡发展不能超过社会的承受力而导致严重不稳定，均衡不能导致低效率和无动力。为此要把握两类界限，一是非均衡导致的差距不能超过社会心理承受能力； 不能引起发达地区同落后地区的严重社会冲突和分隔；’，落后地区的生活水平能低于当时经济条件下的最低社会认可标准； 落后地区的发展不能严重拖住发达地区的后腿。二是均衡发展不能抑制优势区域发展的积极性；不能削弱优势区域的发展能力；不能不顾优势区域承受力搞命令式的“抽肥补瘦”。
非均衡协调发展论是一种理论思维，更是一种政策主张。西部．大开发要重点把握好新时期东西互动的关系，西部地区内部重点突破与整体发展的关系，开拓非均衡协调发展之路。
二、高度重视整体现代化阶段的东西部互动发展
我国已经进入了全面建设小康社会和东西联动的整体现代化时期。在新时代推进西部大开发，必须解决两个层次上的非均衡协调发展问题。一个是如何缩小过去在工业化初中期所拉大的东西差距，另一个是如何缩小今天东西部在知识
化生态化发展方面正在形成和拉大的差距。也就是说，在东部率先实现现代化、知识化和生态化，与西部加速实现跟进式工业化、知识化、生态化这一态势下，东西两大发展板块如何协调一致又互动共进?
解决问题的基本思路，就是按非均衡协调发展论，树立“三大功能互动”即东部发挥率先带动功能、中部发挥支撑联动功加速跟进功能的区域发展观，抓住东西互动发展中的“两个结合点”，为西部大开发构建良好发展框架。
第一个结合点：东部率先现代化与西部加速现代化相结合，东部重点推进知识生态化发展与西部重点推进符合知识化生态化发展要求的高起点工业化相结合，构建东西相互支持、协调互动的发展格局。
东部率先实现现代化，重点发展知识经济生态经济，参与国际竞争，带动整体现代化，是21世纪前期中华民族的根本利益所在，是必须服从的大局。西部积极跟进加速推进现代化，保持整个国民经济健康、持续、稳定，也是中华民族的根本利益所在，同样是必须服从的大局。东部率先现代化，需要西部支持；加速推进西部现代化，更要靠东部带动。西部对东部要提供清洁能源和原材料支持、生态环境支持、市场需求支持和特色产业支持；东部对西部要发挥资本带动、知识带动、人才带动、产业带动和新市场带动等带动作用。抓住并有效体现了这种相互支持，就会实现新的非均衡协调发展。
第二个结合点：东西互动与强化中部支撑联动相结合，构建以中部“东进西联，三化并举”为依托的三路推进式发展格局。
东西互动离不开中部支撑联动。东部、中部与西部本来就是一个整体，地理上具有自然联接性，经济上具有密切相关性，文化上具有传统的统一性。地理位置承东启西，中部是东西互动的中轴； 自然生态和流域相联，中部是生态建设
的重点；交通通讯一脉相承，中部是东西大流通的中枢：产业经济密切相关，中部是东西的战略伙伴。在全国现代化的总进程中，东部要率先现代化，西部要加速现代化，都要求形成坚实的中部支撑。中部凹陷，东西必然失衡；中部梗阻，
东西必然割裂。只有中部坚挺畅通，东西才能良性互动。与东西部现代化进程相适应，中部要实施工业高级化、知识化、生态化建设 “三化并举”的发展战略，为东西互动撑起强大支点并实现自身的大发展，进而实现东中西部三路推进式现
代化大格局。
三，西部大开发怎样走非均衡协调发展之路
新形势下的西部大开发怎样实现非均衡协调发展?根本 出路在于创新发展方式，走一条新的发展之路。也就是在两个根本转变中走新路，在可持续发展和知识化发展中走新路，在文化继承与创新中走新路。走新路的关．键，就是以非均衡协调发展论为指导，正确处理重点突破与整体发展之间的复杂关系，实现“五个协调。”
一是重点产业项目与基础建设相协调。重点产业项目是西部大开发的龙头，具有强大带动作用，会有力推动一个地方的发展，应该集中必要力量加快建设。基础建设既可有力支持重点产业项目，更能够为整个地区的发展创造条件，具
有基础支撑作用，也必须努力搞好。两者不可偏废，不可顾此失彼，要尽量合理的分配资源，使两者协调推进。
二是高起点工业化与知识化生态化发展相协调。加速工业化无疑是西部．大开发的战略任务。在全面建设小康社会的新形势下推进工业化，再走初级化粗放化的老路不行了，必须坚持高起点，实现工业高级化。同时要看到，在可持续发
展和知识经济浪潮的冲击下，高起点工业化又必须适应知识化生态化的要求并得到后者的支持。因此，就要在重点推进工业化的同时，坚决实施科教兴国与可持续发展战略，及时启动知识化生态化发展进程，使它们互动共进。
三是发挥比较优势与创造竞争优势相协调。发挥现有的“较优势，发展特色经济，是加快西部发展的现实选择。但从长远来看，只有培育和发展具有水平分工性质的新型产业，才能够全面提升西部竞争力，实现现代化。在重点发展特色经济的同时，西部还要有重点地发展新经济。
四是培育壮大先富群体与扶贫脱贫相协调。培育壮大先富群体，使大多数人过上小康和富裕生活，是西部大开发的根本目标。为此，就要创造环境促使更多有条件能先富起来的人加快富起来，又要高度关注贫困人口的脱贫，下力气搞好扶贫脱贫工作。
五是加快点轴增长极发展与落后地区整体跟进相协调。西部地域辽阔，各地发展水平差距较大，在大开发中不可能齐头并进，必须走重点突破之路。在现有开发能力诸如资本、
人才、技术等资源不是十分充足的情况下，要集中力量重点突破，使有条件先发展的中心城市和流域、区域加快发展，成为增长极。重点突破又不能单兵突进，造成西部各地区之间的过大差距，必须有力带动整体发展。
这“五个协调”篇篇都是大文章，可以书写出非均衡协调发展的最新最美的文字。真正实现了这，“五个协调”西部大开发就一定能走出一条新路，一个山川秀美的现代化大西部就会呈现在世人面前。让我们为此而竭尽心智，努力奋斗!
谢谢大家!
| Translation - English
China's Western Development Should Adopt an Unbalanced and Coordinated Growth Approach
Ladies and Gentlemen, Friends and Comrades,
I wish to thank the Chairman for giving me the floor and I would like to take this opportunity to dwell on the unbalanced and coordinated growth theory and its application in China's western development.
I. Unbalanced and coordinated growth theory is an important guideline for China's western development
One of the pending theoretical, strategic and practical questions to tackle with in the growth of global productivity is how to shorten the distance between relatively-developed areas and the less-developed areas so as to realize the sustained coordinated development of global productivity. It has been proven by history that as a fundamental rule the advance of productivity takes a path of unbalanced and coordinated growth. Chinese government's decision to implement China's western development strategy is one of the compliant applications of this law.
China is a big developing country that calls for priorities of efficiency on the basis of fair-play and an orchestrated development incorporating special policies designed for certain areas. Both balanced and unbalanced growth theories have their limitations when they are used to direct regional economic development of China. The unbalanced and coordinated growth theory, however, can overcome such inadequacy and provide viable theoretical support. The "two overriding policies¡±, strategically masterminded by Deng Xiaoping's, i.e, the overriding development of the coastal areas at the first stage and the overriding development of the interior provinces at the second stage, prepared the theoretical foundation and practical guideline for the unbalanced growth theory. It is abiding by Deng's idea that the third generation of leadership headed by Jiang Zemin timely initiated western development, instituted a package of policies and developed the unbalanced and coordinated growth theory.
The strategic practices of the two generations of CPC leading groups embody the conception of the unbalanced and coordinated growth theory, from which, I think, the following main points can be drawn to substantiate the unbalanced and coordinated growth theory.
First of all, both balanced and unbalanced growth theories require overall innovation. While unbalanced growth theory places a premium on efficiency and main breakthroughs at the expense of overall coordination, balanced growth theory emphasizes overall coordination but neglects main breakthroughs. Although each is unable to reveal the actual process of productivity growth, there are reasonable factors in them that complement each other and may be amalgamated to form the unbalanced and coordinated growth theory.
Secondly, a sustainable robust economic development is a process incorporating main breakthroughs and overall advances. Without main breakthroughs, there can be no overall development; without overall development, there can be no sustained breakthrough. According to overall development requirement, different priorities will be given to at different stages of development. Prioritized development and overall growth will work in reciprocity to ensure a benign cycle between them and regional economy can operate in a range of "moderate difference" to achieve better overall benefits.
Thirdly, the "moderate difference" should be properly comprehended. The criteria for judging moderate difference is that unbalanced growth should not exceed social tolerance to result in serious instability and balance should not lead to low efficiency and lack of enthusiasm. Therefore, there are two limits to watch for. One is that the difference caused by unbalanced growth cannot surpass social and psychological endurance, which may give rise to serious social confrontation and compartmentation. The development of less-developed areas should not be lower than the socially accepted minimum standard of the social condition of that time. The less-developed areas cannot hamper the growth of relatively-developed areas. Another is that coordinated growth cannot cool down the enthusiasm of the development of areas with a predominant edge and cannot debilitate the development potential of inferior positioned districts. "Robbing the rich and helping the poor" should not be administered without consideration of the affordability of relatively-developed areas.
The unbalanced and coordinated growth theory has advocated a policy rather than a theory. Priorities should be given to syncretize the interaction between the east and the west in the new era and balance the relation between main breakthroughs and overall development within the western region so that western development can embark on an unbalanced and coordinated growth path.
II. Giving a premium to the interaction between the east and the west in the overall modernization stage.
China has entered an overall modernization stage of building a relatively prosperous society with interaction between the east and the west. The implementation of western development in the new era involves the tackling of unbalanced and coordinated growth problems at two levels. One is how to narrow the gap between the east and the west that was broadened during the primary and secondary stages of industrialization. Another is how to bridge the gap between the east and the west in the knowledge-based and ecological development that is forming and increasing today. In other words, how to orchestrate and boost the shared development of two regions when the west is catching up with the east in building a modernized, knowledge-based and ecological society?
The basic idea of solving these questions is the establishment of "three functional interactions" to construct the framework for western development according to the unbalanced and coordinated growth theory, namely, the regional development view that combines the functions of the east acting as the driver, the middle playing a supporting and linkage role and the west acting as an accelerating follower and two junctions in the development of the interaction of the east and the west.
The first junction is the combination of earlier modernization of the east and the accelerated modernization of the west and the combination of the knowledge-based and ecological development in the east with high-threshold industrial advances in the west to build a development pattern with coordinated interaction between the east and the west.
Modernization will be realized in the east first with emphases on the development of knowledge-based economy and ecological economy, and participation in international competition to bring along overall modernization. It is of overriding importance, for it serves the fundamental interest of the Chinese people during the early 21st century. Then the west follows the track to accelerate the modernization drive to ensure that the national economy will maintain a robust, sustainable and stable growth. This is equally in the basic interest of the Chinese people and this is also of overriding importance. The modernization of the east requires the bolstering of the west and the speeding-up of western modernization will benefit from the leading role of the east. The west will provide the east with support of clean energy, raw materials, ecological environment, market demand and special industries while the east will assist the west with funds, knowledge, professionals, industries and new markets. The effective functioning of this mutual support mechanism will bring about the realization of a new unbalanced and coordinated development.
The second junction is the integration of the interaction between the east and the west and supporting of the central part to form a pattern of growth pushed-on by all three parts of China with the east and the west connected and buttressed by a modernized, knowledge-based and ecological central part.
The interaction between the east and the west cannot go without the supporting and linkage role of the central part. The east, the west and the central part after all form a complete body, for they are connected in geography, conjoint in economy and linked to the same cultural heritage. Thanks to its geographical location, the central part is the axis of the interaction between the east and the west. It is the focal point of ecological construction as the natural ecology and river basin are linked together throughout the country. It is also the hub of communication between the east and the west. In view of industrial economic correlation, the central part is the strategic partner of the east and the west. In the course of modernization drive of China, the east will carry out modernization first and the west will catch up, then the strong backing of the central part is requisite. If the central part lags behind, the development of the east and the west will be unbalanced. If the central part is blocked, the east and the west will be separated. Only when the central part keeps in pace and remain unblocked, can the east and the west interact in reciprocity. In order to meet the needs of the east and the west, the central part must carry out the development strategy of advanced knowledge-based and ecological industrialization to give a strong support to the interaction between the east and the west and bring out its drastic development in order to carry out the pattern of modernization thrusted by all three parts of China.
III. How to carry out the unbalanced and coordinated growth of western development?
How can an unbalanced and coordinated development be carried out in developing China's west? The ultimate way is to inaugurate a new pattern of growth and take a new path of development. In other words, it is imperative to blaze new trails in "two fundamental transitions", i.e. the transition from planned economy to socialist market economy and the transition from extensive economic growth pattern to intensive economic growth pattern, in the sustainable and knowledge-based development and in the harmony of cultural inheritance and innovation.
The key to blazing new trails is to correctly handle the complex relationship between main breakthroughs and overall development, under the guidance of the unbalanced and coordinated growth theory, and carrying out the ¡°five-coordinate¡± objectives.
The first is the coordination of key industrial projects and infrastructure construction. The key industrial projects are the driving wheels of the development of the west and they will spur on the local economic development. A concerted effort should be spent on the construction of key industrial projects. The infrastructure construction will not only the support the key projects and infrastructure construction, but create the conditions for the construction of whole area. Therefore, it should be carried out properly to give full play to its bolstering function. Both of them should be allocated with rational resources to make harmonious progress.
The second is the coordination of high threshold industrialization with knowledge-based and ecological development. To quicken industrialization is undoubtedly one of the strategic tasks of the west. When China is going all out for relative prosperity, we cannot go back to primary and extensive industrialization; instead we should push forward high-threshold advanced modernization. At the same time, in the wake of sustainable development and knowledge economy, the industrialization with a high starting point must meet the demand of knowledge-based and ecological development, and solicit the support of the latter. Therefore, the strategy of rejuvenating the nation with science and education, and sustainable development, and the knowledge-based and ecological development must be pushed forward and kept in pace with the industrialization process.
Thirdly, it is important to give play to the coordination of comparative advantage and the creation of competitive advantage. It is the practical choice of quickening the western development by exerting the comparative advantage and developing the special feature economy. However, in the long run, it is necessary to cultivate and develop new industries with a characteristic of horizontal division of work to enhance the overall competitiveness of the west and realize its modernization. Priorities should be simultaneously given to boosting new economy as well as developing the special feature economy in the west.
Fourthly, it is important to coordinate the augmenting of the number of people who achieved prosperity earlier with the alleviation of the poverty-stricken population. It is our ultimate aim to help the bulk of our people to enjoy the comfortable living by enlarging the number of affluent people. With this end in view, we shall provide conditions for encouraging more eligible people to become rich. At the same time, we shall pay more attention to the poor and help them to fight poverty.
The fifth and last is the coordination of the growth point, axis and pole with the overall catching-up of the less-developed area. It is impossible to maintain an even development in the vast west owning to the different pace of development among the different areas. We shall, in view of insufficiency in resources such as capital, technology and talents, concentrate on turning central cities, valleys and districts that have better conditions to prosper first, into growth poles. While we make major breakthroughs, we shall keep an eye on bringing along an overall development and guard against the situation that the isolated development of a few localities will oversize the gap among the different areas in the west.
Each of these "five-coordinates" can be further expounded in long discourses on the unbalanced and coordinated growth theory. By the time we virtually realize the "five-coordinate", we will have broken new ground in western development on a path leading to the splendid future of a developed China's west, to which we will pull together and devote ourselves.
Thank you.
| | English to Chinese: Executive Summary | Source text - English
. ROCKCOAL Ltd was suspended from official quotation on 3 March 2003, following the appointment of voluntary administrators.
. On 24 February 2005, ROCKCOAL Ltd acquired a 60 % interest in HLM Coal Australia Pty Ltd ("HLM ") which owns the mining exploration permit for the ROCKCOAL SOUTH Coal Tenements ("RSCT").
. RSCT cover coal tenements with an area of over 150 square km in Queensland's coal rich Bowen Basin.
. Subject to confirmation by drilling and a comprehensive works program to be conducted ROCKCOAL Ltd's Consultants report that RSCT may contain on inferred resources of over 293 million tons of "medium to low ash coal to a depth of 300 metres." Due to RSCT's proximity to BHP's Blackwater South and Xstrata's Cook coal mines, the report categorises the coal as potentially "medium volatile bituminous with potential for production of a coking coal fraction and high quality medium volatile thermal coal".
. RSCT has easy access to existing rail and road infrastructure over a gently undulating country. RSCT is located at about 30 km from the main road. The rail head is about 350 km from the coal loading port at Gladstone.
. ROCKCOAL Ltd intends to commence commercial production in 18 months from the completion of the Placement as described below.
The production target is set at 1 million tonnes a year for the initial 3 years and increased to 3 million tonnes a year from the 4th year.
. ROCKCOAL Ltd is now out of Administration and has returned to its Directors.
| Translation - Chinese
. 洛克煤炭有限公司在任命自愿管理人后于2003年3月3日暂时停止交易。
. 2005年2月24日，洛克煤炭有限公司收购了HLM煤炭公司澳大利亚公司（“HLM”）60％股份，后者拥有洛克煤炭南部煤田（“RSCT”）的开矿许可。
. RSCT在昆士兰州富产煤炭的鲍恩盆地拥有超过150平方公里的煤田面积。
. 洛克煤炭有限公司咨询人员报告说，RSCT的推测储量也许超过2.93亿吨“中低硫煤，煤层厚度为300米”。但这将取决于钻井后确认以及即将开展的全部工程计划。由于RSCT与BHP公司的黑水南矿和Xstrata公司的库克煤矿相距不远，该报告将这种煤炭分类为可能是“中挥发分烟煤，并具有生产部分焦煤和高质中挥发分热力煤的潜力”。
. RSCT铁路和公路交通便利，地表起伏不大，RSCT离公路干线30公里，铁轨末端离格拉德斯通的卸煤场350公里。
. 洛克煤炭有限公司计划在下列安排之后18月内开始商业投产。生产目标最初3年设为年产100吨，从第4年后增加至年产300万吨。
. 洛克煤炭有限公司现在没有管理人员，管理权已经交回董事。
| | Chinese to English: Buddhism | Source text - Chinese
“三晋之胜，以晋阳为最，而晋阳之胜，全在晋祠。”
奉圣寺是晋祠古建筑群中不可分割的一部分。奉圣寺位于晋祠南部，坐西朝东，据传始建于唐武德五年（公元622年），原是唐朝开国功臣尉迟恭的别墅。尉迟恭指别墅为佛寺后，香火不断。寺中荟萃了众多佛教艺术珍品，奉圣寺壁画则是其中之一。
佛教壁画与佛教文化相伴相生，历来是弘扬佛教教义，表现佛学内容，传播佛界故事的重要形式，具有很高的艺术价值。奉圣寺壁画再现了佛祖释迦牟尼由帝王之子成长、学习，到出家修行，成佛立教，传播教义的传奇一生。画风质朴，色调匀净，神态刻画惟妙惟肖极具欣赏价值。
为不使奉圣寺壁画漫漶而终至沉埋历史，我们撷取其精华，整理结集，为晋祠流传下一部史实资料，为其日后的修复提供依据。
沏一壶香茗，捧赏一部《奉圣寺壁画》，前人李云龙的诗句自会盈胸而至——
“月移殿角吞牛斗，又听钟声历历过。”
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注 释
01、买花供佛 仙人善慧向奴婢买莲花献给燃灯佛，莲花在空中化作一座花台。
02、布发掩泥 仙人善慧见燃灯古佛路经的地面污浊潮湿，遂脱下身上的鹿皮衣，铺在污浊潮湿的地上，再解开头发铺于鹿皮衣的上面，等待佛从此行过。
03、上托兜率 在迦叶佛住世之时，护明菩萨修梵行而生梵天，在（护明菩萨）命终之后，以他的修为而生兜率天。
04、乘象入胎 善慧菩萨降神投生，净饭王之妃——摩耶夫人于半睡半醒间，见一菩萨骑六牙象腾空而来，从右肋进入自己身体。
05、树下诞生 摩耶圣母游园时，手攀无忧树，于右肋处生下太子悉达多，即后世之佛祖——释加牟尼。
06、九龙灌浴 悉达多诞生后，虚空之中突现九条巨龙口吐圣水为其沐浴。
07、仙人占相 仙人阿私陀见到太子后，称其具有佛圣之相，必成正果，教化众生。
08、姨母养育 悉达多诞生七日后，其母亡，其姨母担起哺育重任。
09、习学书数 悉达多八岁时已无师自通各种经论，令其师自叹弗如。
10、讲演武艺 悉达多对其师所授武艺，也能片刻即可领悟。
11、诸王捔力 诸王子在净饭王面前比试武艺，太子武艺最强，一箭射穿七只铁鼓，一箭射穿七只铁猪。
12、掷象成坑 太子以手抛象，掷于城外，大象落地，将坚硬的大地砸出一大坑。
13、路见死尸 太子出游，见一死尸卧于地上，感叹人世无常。
14、夜半踰城 悉达多突然参悟，急欲出家，于夜半时分高飞远走。
15、劝请回宫 净饭王遣人劝寻太子回宫，太子潜心修佛，拒不回宫。
16、牧女献糜 河边牧女，选择肥壮母牛挤出乳汁，蒸成乳糜，礼拜供奉悉达多。
17、六年苦行 太子入定六年，勤苦修行，终创教法，普度众生。
18、禅河澡浴 苦行六年，悉达多到河中洗浴尘垢，池中水族因此度化成仙。
19、成等正觉 悉达多于菩提树下，明星出现之时大彻大悟，获得佛道中的一切知见，终成道果。
20、转妙法轮 世尊路见五人，见其颇具佛法慧根，上前点化，成五位比丘。
21、仙人求度 阿般提国王子那陀罗有惑不能解，经佛祖点化顿悟，当即祈求出家。
22、须达见佛 舍卫国大臣须达见佛祖后，心生敬仰，潜研佛理，终成须陀洹果。
23、降服火龙 佛祖凭借神通之力制伏毒龙，收于随身钵中。
24、布金买地 须达散尽黄金向舍卫国太子买地，为佛祖于祗陀园建造精舍，广弘佛法。
25、佛救尼犍 五百尼犍门徒积聚干柴想自焚身体，终结此生。世尊大展神通，进入火光三昧，解救众尼犍门徒，并为其说法，使其得阿罗汉果。
26、谈乐佛至 初学佛法的四个比丘在柰树下议论“世间何者可乐？”，经佛祖点化顿悟，抛开贪欲，一心向佛，终于获得罗汉道果。
27、盲儿见佛 佛见一盲乞儿，施与饭，摸其头令其重见光明，知其宿命。
28、说苦佛来 佛祖点化“何为世间最苦？”——天下之苦莫过自身。
29、最后垂训 佛祖临将涅盘之时，告戒弟子勤苦修行，方能灭除苦之根源。
30、双林如灭 佛祖涅盘后，两边娑罗树垂下遮覆佛所卧之宝床上，树叶则覆盖于佛身上。
31、临终遗教 佛祖临终教诲弟子“守持净戒，善法即生”。
32、升天报母 尊者见佛祖进入涅盘，即刻升至天上，报于佛祖之生母摩诃摩耶。
33、师子传法 佛法经义被佛家弟子历代传扬，尊者師子乃其中一位。
34、佛从棺起 佛于金棺之中闻听母哭，即以神力使棺盖自动打开，合掌而起。身体发肤释放千道光明，每道光明中有一千尊化佛，皆向摩诃摩耶合掌。
35、圣火自焚 当凡火无法燃烧圣棺时，佛祖以大悲之力，从心胸中释放火焰窜越棺外自焚，历经七天七夜焚烧妙香楼方才燃尽。
36、均分舍利 佛祖舍利被分作三份，由诸天神、龙王、八大国王取走，分别建塔供养。
| Translation - English
"The highlights of Shanxi are best showcased in Jinyang while the highlights of Jinyang are all displayed in Jinci Temple."
Fengsheng Temple is an indispensable part of Ancient Jinci Temple Cluster. Situated in the south of Jinci Temple, it perches in the west and faces the east. It reportedly dates back to the fifth Year of Wu-De in the Tang Dynasty (622AD), originally a villa of Yu Chigong, a founding general of Tang Dynasty. After Yu Chigong converted his villa for a Buddhist temple, it has attracted streams of pilgrims. The temple showcases a multitude of Buddhist artifacts, including the frescos of Fengsheng Temple.
Buddhist frescos and Buddhist culture are concomitant, highly artistic and important vehicles that promote Buddhist doctrines, illustrate Buddhism and propagate Buddhist stories. The frescos of Fengsheng Temple depict the legendary life of Buddha Sakyamuni from growing up and studying during his youth as a prince to leaving the palace to practice austerities, becoming Buddha, establishing and preaching Buddhism. The paintings are characterized by their modest style and clean and uniform use of color. The expression and posture of people are vividly depicted and the paintings have a very high appreciative value.
In order to save the frecos from fading away and passing into historical oblivion, we have handpicked the best ones and compiled them into a collection, which will preserve historical data for Jinci Temple and serve as a basis for future rehabilitation.
When I made a cup of fragrant tea and hold a copy of Fengsheng Temple Frescos in my hands, the poem of the ancient scholar Li Yunlong suddenly came to my mind:
"The moon moves behind the upturned roof corner
about to shade the Altair and Big Dipper.
The ringing of the clock passes by the ear
again and again with lonely sounds so clear."
Annotations:
01. Buying flowers to consecrate to the Buddha
After Immortal Sumati bought lotus flowers from a servant and consecrated to Buddha Dipankara, the lotus flowers turned into a flower platform in the air.
02. Laying hairs to cover mud
When Immortal Sumati saw the path in front of Buddha Dipankara was wet with mud, he took off his deerskin coat and laid it down on dirty wet ground. He then untied his hairs over the deerskin coat and waited for the Buddha to walk over.
03. Tusita Heaven
During the period of Buddha Kassapa, Bodhisattva Prabhapala led a holy life before being born in Brahma. During his last days in his lay life, he was reborn in Tusita Heaven due to his ascetic practice.
04. Descending into womb by riding an elephant
Bodhisattva Sumati descended from heaven and entered the holy mother's womb. King Suddnodana's concumbine, Madame Mayadevi saw, when she was half slept, that a bodhisattva rode a six-tusk elephant and entered her body from her right elbow.
05. Birth under a tree
When the holy mother Mayadevi visited a garden, she held to an asoka tree and gave birth to the crown prince Siddhartha from her right elbow. The prince later became the Buddha Sakyamuni.
06. Bathing by nine dragons
When Siddhartha was born, suddenly nine great dragons appeared in the sky spurting out holy water from their mouths to bath him.
07. Face reading by a seer
When Seer Asita saw the crown prince, he said that the prince had a Buddha look and he would have good rewards from his austere practice and acquire the knowledge to educate the masses.
08. Fostering by aunt
When Siddhartha was born for seven days, his mother died and his aunt helped to shoulder the responsibility of breeding him up.
09. Reading a variety of books
When Siddhartha was eight, he was able to read various canons and treatises without the instruction of his teacher, which was much admired by his teacher.
10. Learning martial art
Siddhartha learnt very quickly what his teacher taught him about martial arts.
11. Contest between the princes
King Suddnodana??s princes contested with each other for martial arts. The crown prince shot seven iron drums with an arrow and six iron pigs with another arrow and thus became the champion.
12. Throwing an elephant and leaving a hole
The prince threw an elephant by hand out of the city wall. When the elephant dropped to ground, it struck a hole in the solid ground.
13. Running into a corpse
During a visit, the prince saw a dead body on ground and sighed about the unpredictability of life.
14. Climbing out of wall during midnight
Siddhartha suddenly became enlightened and he was so desperate to become a monk that he fled during a midnight.
15. Refusing to return to the palace
King Suddnodana sent people to persuade the prince to go back to the palace, but the prince was so determined in Buddhist meditation that he refused to return home.
16. Chyle consecration by a shepherd girl
A shepherd girl at a riverside milked fatty cows and baked chyle to consecrate to Siddhartha.
17. Six years of austere practice
The prince meditated in samadhi for six years and finally established Buddhism to save the broad masses.
18. Bathing in Nairanjana
After six years of austere practice, Siddhartha bathed in Nairanjana to wash off the dirt. The fishes in the pond turned into immortals due to his magic power.
19. Attaining perfect enlightenment.
Siddhartha became completely enlightened under a bodhi tree, acquired all the knowledge of Buddhism and attained the fruit of enlightenment and nirvana.
20. Turning the wheel of dharma
When the Lord of the World saw five men in the road, he found their root of wisdom, and thus preached to them and converted them into bhikkhus.
21. An immortal requested to become a monk
Bhadra, prince of Avanti Kingdom, was baffled by a puzzle which he could not solve by himself. The Buddha helped him to understand it and he requested to become a monk.
22. Sudatta met with the Buddha
Sudatta, a prince of Sravasti Kingdom, met with the Buddha and admired him so much that he studied Buddhism carefully and obtained the fruit of stream-enterer.
23. Subduing a fire-blowing dragon
The Buddha subdued a vicious dragon via his magic power and encased it into his meal box.
24. Offering gold for land
Sudatta used up all his gold to buy land from the prince of Sravasti Kingdom, which was used to build exquisite houses for the Buddha in Jetvana Garden for preaching Buddhism to the public.
25. The Buddha helped niganthas
500 niganthas gathered dry woods to burn themselves and end their life. The world honored one displayed his magic and jumped into the fire to rescue the disciples of niganthas. They listened to his preaching and obtained the fruit of arhat.
26. Discussion of joys brings Buddha
Four bhikkhus who began to learn Buddhism discussed about the joys of the world under a crab-apple tree. After listening to the Buddha??s instruction, they rid themselves of greed and devoted themselves to Buddhism and finally became arhats.
27. A blind boy encounter with the Buddha
When the Buddha saw a blind boy, he offered food to him and patted his head to restore his sight and made him see his destiny.
28. The Buddha speaking of the bitterness
When the Buddha instructed on what are the bitterest in the world? Nothing is bitterer than oneself.
29. Last preaching
When the Buddha neared nirvana, he told his disciples to practice an austere life industrially to remove all roots to bitterness.
30. The Buddha??s nirvana under two sala trees
When the Buddha entered nirvana, two sala trees drooped to cover his bed and its leaves covered the body of the Buddha.
31. Instruction during the Buddha??s last minutes
The Buddha instructed his disciples to ??abide by the pure precepts and live by propagating dharma??.
32. Ascending to the sky to report the holy mother
When the sages saw the Buddha entered nirvana, they rode to heaven to report to Madame Mayadevi, mother of the Buddha.
33. The teacher preaching doctrine
The Buddhist doctrines were spread by Buddhist disciples, including Sage Simha.
34. Buddha stood up from his coffin
The Buddha heard the weeping of his mother in his gold coffin and opened the cover of coffins with magic power. He sat up with closed palms and his body released thousands of rays. There are a thousand of Buddhist incarnations in a ray, all saluting to Madam Mayadevi.
35. Self firing by holy flame
Seeing that the worldly fire could fire the coffin, the Buddha used his great grievance power and released blames from his chest. The fire blew out of the coffin and lasted for seven days and nights to burn the fragrance tower down.
36. Sharing the Buddha??s sarira
The Buddha's sarira are split up in three portions, which were taken away by deva, dragon king and eight kings for worshiping in pagodas.
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English to Chinese (Xi'an Jiaotong University, China, verified)
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Background Summary:
Over 20 years of experience in interpretation and translation. Proven experience in managing a translation association and a company. Have translated a myriad of materials and published a dozen of academic papers on translation.
Working Experience:
Freelance translator, Kingly Translations Co., Toronto, Canada
Since November, 2005
Taiyuan Junlin Translation Company, China 2001-2005
Translator with Government of Shanxi Province, China 1990-2001
Collegiate Education:
Kingston University, UK, 2002-2003
Degree: MBA
Xi'an Jiaotong University, China, 1987-1990
Degree: M.A. in Foreign Languages (English) for Specific Purposes
Xi'an Jiaotong University, China, 1983-1987
Degree: B.A. in English for Science and Technology
Pricing:
My normal translation rate from English to Chinese is CAD 0.10 per source English word and vice versa CAD 0.12 per target English word. Mandarin Chinese transcription starts from CAD 1 per minute of audio recording and Mandarinvoiceover rate is CAD 5 per minute of audio recording (for both radio announcer level male and female voices).
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