Latvian translation: lielāks (lielākais) asinsvads
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Explanation: It might be the case that, in Latvian, a *fixed* term for 'parent blood vessel' doesn't exist or hasn't become popular enough.
I would therefore suggest using simply a *relative* term:
"lielāks/lielākais asinsvads", within the actual context... it sounds perfectly readable:
"when a parent blood vessel branches into daughter vessels, the cube of the radius of the parent vessel..." = "vietās, kur lielāks asinsvads pāriet (sazarojas) mazākos asinsvados, lielākā asinsvada rādiuss, kāpināts kubā... "
-------------------------------------------------- Note added at 11 days (2010-08-01 15:35:35 GMT) --------------------------------------------------
My response to Asker's note ("The relative size of the "parent" vessel does not matter, and therefore "lielākais" may not always be suitable. The Latin term is "arteria maternum"").
First, "liels", "lielāks" etc. may also be used about other aspects, not just the physical size. And not just in Latvian... think about expressions such as "the biggest joke"; your "bigger sister" (by age) might be shorter than you.
Reading "Cilvēks: anatomija, fizioloģija, patoloģijas pamati", by Pēteris Apinis (and peer-reviewed by 25 other specialists), year 1998, 800 pages, in chapters about circulation and blood vessels, I found these:
(1) Page 464 - "Vēnulas saplūst sīkās vēnās un, pakāpeniski savienojoties, veido arvien LIELĀKĀS vēnas, pa kuŗām asinis tek atpakaļ uz sirdi."
(2) Page 127 - "Papilārajā dermā augšupejošās arteriolas dalās MAZĀKĀS arteriolās, kas veido virspusējo asinsvadu pinumu, kuŗš novietots paralēli ādas virsmai." "Asinsvadi no šā pinuma dalās MAZĀKĀS terminālās arteriolās, kas veido kapilāru cilpu aferento malu."
(3) Page 432 - "No kapilāru tīkla sākas sīkas vēniņas, kas saplūst LIELĀKĀS vēnās."
(4) In a number places, "zari" ('branches') is used for vessels branching out from parent vessels, e.g., "Pārējās artērijas ir iekšējās miega artērijas (acs dobuma) zari." p. 477.
(5) And last, the usage of the adjective "maģistrālais" (absolutely biggest in a given context, region) doesn't correspond to "parent" (relatively bigger/hierarchically higher), e.g.: "Aorta. Galvenais, maģistrālais elastīgā tipa asinsvads..." p. 475.
See additional reference I added to my answer below (2010-08-01 15:35:35 GMT).
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Answers
6 hrs confidence:
maģistrālais asinsvads
Explanation: Maģistrālais asinsvads, no kura pēc tam atzarojas sīkāki asinsvadi
Doroteja Latvia Local time: 01:04 Specializes in field Native speaker of: English, Latvian PRO pts in category: 125
Notes to answerer
Asker: I think that "maģistrālais" means "THE" specific blood vessel (the same meaning as "pamata asinsvads" or "pamata artērija"), but my question refers to "A" (not "THE") parent blood vessel, that is, to a blood vessel that is the parent of its "daughter" vessels. Therefore, this "parent" vessel may or may not be "maģistrālais": one of the daughter vessels may itself be a parent of ITS daughter vessels.
Explanation: It might be the case that, in Latvian, a *fixed* term for 'parent blood vessel' doesn't exist or hasn't become popular enough.
I would therefore suggest using simply a *relative* term:
"lielāks/lielākais asinsvads", within the actual context... it sounds perfectly readable:
"when a parent blood vessel branches into daughter vessels, the cube of the radius of the parent vessel..." = "vietās, kur lielāks asinsvads pāriet (sazarojas) mazākos asinsvados, lielākā asinsvada rādiuss, kāpināts kubā... "
-------------------------------------------------- Note added at 11 days (2010-08-01 15:35:35 GMT) --------------------------------------------------
My response to Asker's note ("The relative size of the "parent" vessel does not matter, and therefore "lielākais" may not always be suitable. The Latin term is "arteria maternum"").
First, "liels", "lielāks" etc. may also be used about other aspects, not just the physical size. And not just in Latvian... think about expressions such as "the biggest joke"; your "bigger sister" (by age) might be shorter than you.
Reading "Cilvēks: anatomija, fizioloģija, patoloģijas pamati", by Pēteris Apinis (and peer-reviewed by 25 other specialists), year 1998, 800 pages, in chapters about circulation and blood vessels, I found these:
(1) Page 464 - "Vēnulas saplūst sīkās vēnās un, pakāpeniski savienojoties, veido arvien LIELĀKĀS vēnas, pa kuŗām asinis tek atpakaļ uz sirdi."
(2) Page 127 - "Papilārajā dermā augšupejošās arteriolas dalās MAZĀKĀS arteriolās, kas veido virspusējo asinsvadu pinumu, kuŗš novietots paralēli ādas virsmai." "Asinsvadi no šā pinuma dalās MAZĀKĀS terminālās arteriolās, kas veido kapilāru cilpu aferento malu."
(3) Page 432 - "No kapilāru tīkla sākas sīkas vēniņas, kas saplūst LIELĀKĀS vēnās."
(4) In a number places, "zari" ('branches') is used for vessels branching out from parent vessels, e.g., "Pārējās artērijas ir iekšējās miega artērijas (acs dobuma) zari." p. 477.
(5) And last, the usage of the adjective "maģistrālais" (absolutely biggest in a given context, region) doesn't correspond to "parent" (relatively bigger/hierarchically higher), e.g.: "Aorta. Galvenais, maģistrālais elastīgā tipa asinsvads..." p. 475.
I hope the above helps.
Example sentence(s):
No kapilāru tīkla sākas sīkas vēniņas, kas saplūst lielākās vēnās. - Populārā medicīnas enciklopēdija, 1984. gads.
Valters Feists Latvia Local time: 01:04 Specializes in field Native speaker of: Latvian PRO pts in category: 18
Grading comment
Selected automatically based on peer agreement.
Notes to answerer
Asker: The relative size of the "parent" vessel does not matter, and therefore "lielākais" may not always be suitable. The Latin term is "arteria maternum".
The translation workplace 
peer agreement (net): +2
