1. Hard security
Hard security refers to security threats that are primarily external, inter-state security ones. It
involves a substantial ability either to respond with a credible threat or the actual use of military
force. This traditional aspect of security is about States' ability to defend themselves against
external threats. In this session regarding the relations between ASEAN and EU in the field of
hard security papers could for instance deal with the following issues:
2. Soft security
The traditional Cold War security dilemma, based on the perception of a military threat between
East and West, has largely given way to a variety of new, non-military security challenges, called
soft security threats, such as transnational organized crime, illegal migration and food security
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