English translation: knapped and polished stone (flint) industry
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Portuguese to English translations [PRO] Social Sciences - Anthropology / Sambaquis
Portuguese term or phrase:indústria lítica lascada e polida
This is about the first people to populate Espírito Santo who made the sambaquis. I am just struggling to translate this phase succiently! Thanks for your help!
"Os primeiros ocupantes da região litorânea sul do estado seriam grupos com ênfase econômica na coleta e pesca que se estabeleceram por volta de 4.000 A.P. em Anchieta. São formadores dos sambaquis, sítios arqueológicos caracterizados pelo predomínio de conchas de moluscos em relação aos demais vestígios. Ocorrem em diversos pontos do litoral capixaba, assim como às margens de alguns rios. No Espírito Santo, ocorrem nas margens de rios e por toda costa litorânea, apresentando ***indústria lítica lascada (facas e raspadores) e polida*** (machados). Também são encontrados artefatos ósseos, como pontas de flecha e dentes perfurados".
Polished stone tools are something of an enigma, as their function is generally inferior to simply knapped tools. There are various theories abounding regarding the reasons behind their existence, as polishing is a remarkably time consuming process. I would be pleased to hear any well-founded theories on the subject :-)
While Nick is technically correct, there's also nothing wrong with 'cut'. I have posted numerous examples from the anthropological literature. The main point is that you want to use the broad heading 'lithic industry', which identifies and summarizes what your author is talking about.
This technique can be used by flintknappers to remove broad flakes that can be made into smaller tools. This method of manufacture is believed to have been used to make some of the earliest stone tools ever found, some of which date from over 2 million years ago.[
Explanation: You need to capture the word 'industry', which is a key point in archeology. Note this explanation:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_industry
An archaeological industry, normally just "industry", is the name given in the study of prehistory to a consistent range of assemblages connected with a single product, such as the Langdale axe industry. Where the assemblages contain evidence of a variety of items and behaviours, the more correct term is "archaeological culture", although both terms are often used to describe the same assemblage by different sources. They may also be referred to as "lithic industries" where the products are stone tools or weapons.
54,800 hits for "lithic industry"
books.google.com/books?isbn=0195376145...Sharon R. Steadman, Gregory McMahon - 2011 - History - 1200 pages
The lithic industry is characterized by fine bullet cores and pressure-flaked ... Likewise, grinding stones, and other ground and polished stone artifacts, ...
www.corsica.net/corsica/uk/regsart/sartene/sartmuse.
Recent Neolithic (350O - 3000 B.C): Very beautiful stone working, which is cut ... Island Chalcolithic (Brass Age) (2600 - 2000 B.C): **Lithic industry** and first metallurgy. Points of arrows in flint, obsidian and above all rhyolite, polished axes. ...
en.domotica.net/Boian_cultureCached
The use of lithic technology occurred throughout this culture's existence attested ... of debitage found next to various types of **shaped flint and polished stone tools.** ... circle Timber circle Tor enclosure Technology Grooved ware **Lithic industries** ...
-------------------------------------------------- Note added at 2 hrs (2011-11-22 20:49:42 GMT) --------------------------------------------------
Note that I added 'cut flint and polished stone' in parentheses in order to preserve 'lithic industry', which is important and the main point.
-------------------------------------------------- Note added at 3 hrs (2011-11-22 21:44:23 GMT) --------------------------------------------------
Relevant examples of 'cut fllint':
www.answers.com › Library › Entertainment & ArtsCached
It has been worked since the Palaeolithic period, when man learnt how to **cut flint** and related hard stones to produce tools and weapons. ...
books.google.com/books?id=XKYVAQAAIAAJ...1899 - Language Arts & Disciplines
... for Polishing and Sharpening Needles (Palaeo lithic or Unpolished Stone A^e). b. ... **Cut Flint**. 7. Fragment of Harpoon o. One end of a Bow (?). 11. ...
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/aa.1906.8.4.02a00180/pdf
lithic to neolithic, origin of neolithic ...... the sea “primitive men had **cut flint** in .... lithic man at the Victoria Falls of the. Zambesi. ...
The Emergence of Civilization: From Hunting and Gathering to ...
d76.nopremium.pl/?...
wadi of that name, manifests lithic parallels with Tell Mureybet on the ..... 'Mureybet adzes' **in cut flint** have disappeared, though a fragment of polished ...
Muriel Vasconcellos United States Local time: 17:44 Native speaker of: English PRO pts in category: 12
The translation workplace 
