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| Freelancer | | Translation, Editing/proofreading, Website localization, Subtitling | | Specializes in: | | Biology (-tech,-chem,micro-) | Science (general) | | Medical (general) | Cinema, Film, TV, Drama | | Finance (general) | Marketing / Market Research | | Cooking / Culinary |
| | Questions answered: 0, Questions asked: 0 Easy / 0 PRO | | 0 entries | | MasterCard, Discovery, Visa, American Express, Wire transfer, Money order | Sample translations submitted: 2English to Chinese: Gene VII chapter 18 Introduction
General field: Science
Detailed field: Biology (-tech,-chem,micro-) | Source text - English
A general principle is evident in the organization of all cellular genetic material. It exists as a compact mass, occupying a limited volume; and its various activities, such as replication and transcription, must be accomplished within these confines. The organization of this material must accommodate transitions between inactive and active states.
The condensed state of nucleic acid results from its binding to basic proteins. The positive charges of these proteins neutralize the negative charges of the nucleic acid. The structure of the nucleoprotein complex is determined by the interactions of the proteins with the DNA (or RNA).
A common problem is presented by the packaging of DNA into phages and viruses, into bacterial cells and eukaryotic nuclei. The length of the DNA as an extended molecule would vastly exceed the dimensions of the compartment that contains it. The DNA (or in the case of some viruses, the RNA) must be compressed exceedingly tightly to fit into the space available. So in contrast with the customary picture of DNA as an extended double helix, structural deformation of DNA to bend or fold it into a more compact form is the rule rather than exception.
For bacteria or for eukaryotic cell compartments, the discrepancy is hard to calculate exactly, because the DNA is contained in a compact area that occupies only part of the compartment. The genetic material is seen in the form of the nucleoid in bacteria and as the mass of chromatin in eukaryotic nuclei at interphase (between divisions).
The density of DNA in these compartments is high. In a bacterium it is ~10 mg/ml, in a eukaryotic nucleus it is ~100 mg/ml, and in the phage T4 head it is >500 mg/ml. Such a concentration in solution would be equivalent to a gel of great viscosity. We do not entirely understand the physiological implications, for example, what effect this has upon the ability of proteins to find their binding sites on DNA.
The packaging of chromatin is flexible; it changes during the eukaryotic cell cycle. At the time of division (mitosis or meiosis), the genetic material becomes even more tightly packaged, and individual chromosomes become recognizable.
The overall compression of the DNA can be described by the packing ratio, the length of the DNA divided by the length of the unit that contains it. For example, the smallest human chromosome contains ~4.6×107 bp of DNA (~10 times the genome size of the bacterium E. coli). This is equivalent to 14,000 µm (= 1.4 cm) of extended DNA. At the most condensed moment of mitosis, the chromosome is ~2 µm long. So the packing ratio of DNA in the chromosome can be as great as 7000.
Packing ratios cannot be established with such certitude for the more amorphous overall structures of the bacterial nucleoid or eukaryotic chromatin. However, the usual reckoning is that mitotic chromosomes are likely to be 5-10 times more tightly packaged than interphase chromatin, which therefore has a typical packing ratio of 1000-2000.
A major unanswered question concerns the specificity of packaging. Is the DNA folded into a particular pattern, or is it different in each individual copy of the genome? How does the pattern of packaging change when a segment of DNA is replicated or transcribed?
| Translation - Chinese
所有的细胞遗传物质的结构都有明显的规律。它们存在于一个紧凑的实体中，占据有限的体积；各种细胞活动，例如复制和转录都必须在这个范围内完成。遗传物质的结构必须能够调节活性与非活性状态之间的相互转换。
核酸结合碱性蛋白形成压缩态，蛋白的正电荷中和核酸的负电荷。核蛋白复合体的结构由蛋白质与DNA(或RNA)的相互作用决定。
当DNA组装到噬菌体，病毒，细菌细胞和真核细胞核时有个共同的问题，这就是伸展的DNA分子的长度远远超过容纳它的载体尺寸。DNA(对某些病毒来说RNA)必须非常紧密地压缩才能装进载体的空间里。那么和通常看到的双螺旋DNA图片大相径庭的是DNA必须弯曲或折叠成更加紧密的状态，这一规则没有例外。
对细菌和真核细胞区室而言，长度的差异很难准确计算，因为DNA只占据细胞区室里一个紧密的区域。遗传物质在细菌中以类核(nucleoid)的形式存在，在真核细胞分裂间期（interphase, 分裂期之间）以染色质( chromatin)形式存在。
DNA在这些区域的密度很高。在细菌里它是10mg/ml, 在真核细胞核中它是100 mg/ml，在噬菌体T4头部它大于500mg/ml。这样的浓度在溶液里相当于粘滞度非常高的凝胶。然而我们还不完全了解它的生理学意义，例如，这对蛋白质寻找DNA附着点的能力有何影响。
染色质的组装是很灵活的；随真核细胞周期变化。分裂期（有丝分裂或减数分裂）时，遗传物质组装得更加紧密，单个的染色体清晰可辨。
组装比(packing ratio)用来描述DNA的压缩比例，它是DNA分子长度与组装后载体长度之比。例如人类最小的染色体包含约4.6×107 bp的DNA(约E.coli基因组的10倍)，伸展后相当于14,000 µm (= 1.4 cm)；而在有丝分裂最紧缩的时期，染色体仅有2 µm长，因此DNA的组装比高达7000。
对细菌类核或真核生物染色质的不定形结构来说，组装比并不固定。通常的估算是，有丝分裂的染色体比分裂间期的染色质紧密5-10倍。这样算来间期染色质组装比一般是1000-2000。
一个主要的疑问是组装的特异性。DNA是折叠成固定的形态，还是在每个基因组的个体拷贝中各不相同？当部分DNA复制或转录时，组装的结构有什么改变？
| English to Chinese: movie <Vicky. Cristina. Barcelona> subtitle 电影《午夜巴塞罗那》字幕
General field: Art/Literary
Detailed field: Cinema, Film, TV, Drama | Source text - English
Vicky and Cristina decided to spend the summer in Barcelona.
Vicky was completing
her master's in Catalan Identity...
...which she had become interested in through
her great affection for the architecture of GaudĂ.
Cristina, who spent the last six months
writing, directing and acting in...
...a 12-minute film which she then hated...
...had just broken up with yet another boyfriend,
and longed for a change of scenery
Everything fell into place when a distant relative
of Vicky's family who lived in Barcelona...
...offered to put both girls up for July and August.
The two had been close since college
and shared the same tastes and opinions on most matters.
Yet when it came to the subject of love,
it would be hard to find two more dissimilar viewpoints.
Vicky had no tolerance for pain and no lust for combat.
She was grounded and realistic
Her requirements in a man were seriousness and stability.
She had become engaged to Doug because he was decent and successful...
...and understood the beauty of commitment.
Yeah, I miss you, too.
Cristina, on the other hand, expected
something very different out of love.
She reluctantly accepted suffering as an
inevitable component of deep passion...
...and was resigned to putting her feelings at risk.
If you asked what she was gambling her emotions
on to win, she would have been unable to say.
She knew what she didn't want, however.
And that was exactly what Vicky valued above all else.
| Translation - Chinese
Vicky和Cristina决定去巴塞罗那度过夏日
Vicky正在读硕士 研究加泰罗尼亚语的起源
这一志趣 源于她对高迪建筑艺术的热爱
Cristina 把过去的半年
都花在一部12分钟小电影上
撰写 导演 出演 后来又不喜欢了
最近又跟男友分了手 想要换换心境
当Vicky住在巴塞罗那的一位远亲
邀请两位姑娘共度七八月份的时候
此行终于落实
从大学起 她们就是闺中密友 惺惺相惜
然而说到爱情 二人却南辕北辙
Vicky不愿受伤 不喜争吵
她现实而务实
她心中的男人应当严肃而稳重
她与Doug订婚
就是因为他彬彬有礼 事业有成
并且深知承诺之美好
是啊 我也想你
而Cristina却对爱情有另一番憧憬
她把痛苦视为情到深处之必然
因此勉强接受
甘愿赌上全部的感情
若你问她为何对感情如此有把握
她自己也说不出个所以然
但她深知自己不想要什么
就是Vicky所崇尚的一切
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More Less | | Years of translation experience: 1. Registered at ProZ.com: Nov 2009. Became a member: Nov 2009. | | N/A | | N/A | | N/A | | Adobe Acrobat, Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word, Powerpoint, SDL TRADOS | | About me
I was born and grew up in China. Right after I got my Bachelor of Science (biology) degree from China Agricultural University in Beijing, I came to the United States for graduate school, and got Master of Biotechnology degree from Texas A&M University. During my study at TAMU, I helped my professor translate some research papers into Chinese, which made me realize that I was more interested in and motivated by language rather than science research. My later experience of working in a research lab and a biotechnology company also proved it. In school, I also attended socials of China-US relationship club to experience more direct language and cultural difference, in one of which I met my husband who was learning Chinese. I don't know if it is fate that we met and became a couple, but his interest in Chinese and my interest in English have inspired more flame than what usual couples have. It also inspired me to become a professional translator. I used to work as a corporate translator and have been translating movie subtitles in my spare time. I am expanding my potential to be a full-time freelance translator.
During my study at TAMU, I also worked in medical school for research, so medical translation is also within my ability.
Besides my bio/biomedical background, I also got my business certificate from Mays Business School of TAMU, which is ranked the 31st in the country. The business areas I have studied include finance, marketing, and management.
For more information about me, please contact me directly. Thanks! |
Keywords: English, Chinese, biology, biomedical, business, subtitling, films
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Nov 20 |
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