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Translation, Editing/proofreading, Transcription, MT post-editing, Transcreation, Language instruction, Software localization
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Corroboration
Editing/proofreading Volume: 11000 words Completed: Nov 2007 Languages: Latin to English
Copy-editing a bilingual Latin <> English Dictionary
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Translation of 18th Century Medical Correspondence
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Translation Volume: 1133 words Completed: Jun 2007 Languages: Latin to English
Several chapters from a late Renaissance work on astronomy and astrology.
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Latin to English: Q. Ennii Annales, Lib. I, fr. 35-51 Vahlen General field: Art/Literary Detailed field: Poetry & Literature
Source text - Latin Excita quom tremulis anus attulit artubus lumen,
talia tum memorat lacrumans exterrita somno:
"Euridica prognata, pater quam noster amavit,
vires vitaque corpus meum nunc deserit omne!
Nam me visus homo pulcher per amoena salicta
et ripas raptare locosque novos; ita sola
postilla, germana soror, errare videbar,
tardaque vestigare et quaerere te, neque posse
corde capessere; semita nulla pedem stabilibat.
Exin conpellare pater me voce videtur
his verbis: 'O gnata, tibi sunt ante ferendae
aerumnae, post ex fluvio fortuna resistet.'
Haec ecfatus pater, germana, repente recessit,
nec sese dedit in conspectum corde cupitus,
quamquam multa manus ad caeli caerula templa
tendebam lacrumans et blanda voce vocabam.
Vix aegro tum corde meo me somnus reliquit."
Translation - English When an old woman on trembling limbs
had swiftly brought a lamp, then Ilia,
terrified from sleep, spoke thus through her tears:
"Child of Euridica, whom father loved,
now life's vigour forsakes me utterly!
For a beautiful man seemed to seize me
and carry me off through eerie places,
through stands of willow by the banks of streams;
and afterwards, O true sister, I seemed
to wander lone, trudging to track you down,
to seek you out, but I could not grasp you
with my mind; no path lent strength to my step.
And then father's voice seemed to call to me
in these words: 'My child, first will be hardships
for your enduring, but after these shall
your fortune rise again from the river.'
When father had said this, sister, at once
he vanished, and though my heart yearned for him,
he gave himself to my gaze no longer,
no matter how often I raised my hands
aloft toward the blue precincts of heaven,
weeping and calling him with coaxing voice.
Then sleep scarcely left me in my heartache."
Latin to English: M. Porcii Catonis Maioris De Agri Culltura, 134 General field: Other Detailed field: Religion
Source text - Latin 134] Priusquam messim facies, porcam praecidaneam hoc modo fieri oportet. Cereri porca praecidanea porco femina, priusquam hasce fruges condas, far, triticum, hordeum, fabam, semen rapicium. Ture vino Iano Iovi Iunoni praefato, priusquam porcum feminam immolabis. Iano struem [c]ommoveto sic: "Iane pater, te hac strue [c]ommovenda bonas preces precor, uti sies volens propitius mihi liberisque meis domo familiaeque meae". Fertum Iovi [c]ommoveto et mactato sic: "Iuppiter, te hoc ferto obmovendo bonas preces precor uti sies volens propitius mihi liberisque meis domo familiaeque meaemactus hoc ferto". Postea Iano vinum dato sic: "Iane pater, uti te strue [c]ommovenda bonas preces bene precatus sum, eiusdem rei ergo macte vino inferio esto." Postea porcam praecidaneam inmolato. Ubi exta prosecta erunt, Iano struem ommoveto mactatoque item, uti prius obmoveris. Iovi fertum obmoveto mactatoque item, uti prius feceris. Item Iano vinum dato et Iovi vinum dato, item uti prius datum ob struem obmovendam et fertum libandum. Postea Cereri exta et vinum dato.
Translation - English [134] Before you do the harvest, it is meet for the beheaded sow to be done
in this way. Sacrifice] a sow to Ceres (as) the beheaded sow before you store
away these crops: spelt, wheat, barley, bean, rapeseed. With incense and wine first pray to Janus, Jupiter, and Juno, before
you immolate [i.e., sprinkle 'mola', or grain mixed with salt upon]
the sow. To Janus offer a heap of cakes [shaped like crossed fingers,
according to Festus s.v. 'strues'] thus: "Father Janus, by offering
you this heap of cakes I pray good prayers, that you be willingly
propitious to me and my children, to my house and my family [family
including everyone on the farm from wife and children to slaves and
hired hands]." Offer an (oblation) cake to Jupiter and magnify (him)
thus: "Jupiter, by offering this cake I pray good prayers, that you
be willingly propitious to me and my children, to my house and my
family, having been magnified by this cake." Afterwards give Janus wine thus: "Father Janus, just as by offering
you a heap of cakes I have well prayed good prayers, by the same
token be magnified by the wine below." Aftewards sacrifice [here the context requries that 'immolato' mean
actual slaughter] the beheaded sow. When the entrails have been cut
out, offer a heap of cakes to Janus and magnify (him) likewise, as
you offered (them) before. Offer an oblation cake to Jupiter and
magnify (him) likewise, as you did before. Likewise give wine to
Janus and give wine to Jupiter, even as prescribed before for
offering the heap of cakes and presenting [lit., giving (the gods) a
taste of] the oblation cake. Afterwards give the entrails and wine
to Ceres.
The beheaded sow'
(from 'praecidere', 'to lop, cut off', with reference to the head)
described by Marcus Porcius Cato (234-149 BCE), the famous censor,
orator, historian, and agriculturist, in his treatise 'De agri
cultura', 'Of the Tilling of Land'. It was performed before the
harvest, while another sacrifice of a sow (according to Gellius
4.6.7), the 'porca succidanea', 'disemboweled sow'
(from 'succidere', 'to cut from under'), was performed after the
harvest.
.
Latin to English: M.Tullii Ciceronis Tusculanae Disputationes, 3.1ff. General field: Science Detailed field: Philosophy
Source text - Latin I. [1] Quidnam esse, Brute, causae putem, cur, cum constemus ex animo et corpore, corporis curandi tuendique causa quaesita sit ars atque eius utilitas deorum inmortalium inventioni consecrata, animi autem medicina nec tam desiderata sit, ante quam inventa, nec tam culta, posteaquam cognita est, nec tam multis grata et probata, pluribus etiam suspecta et invisa? An quod corporis gravitatem et dolorem animo iudicamus, animo morbum corpore non sentimus? Ita fit ut animus de se ipse tum iudicet, cum id ipsum, quo iudicatur, aegrotet.
[2] Quodsi talis nos natura genuisset,ut eam ipsam intueri et perspicere eademque optima duce cursum vitae conficere possemus, haut erat sane quod quisquam rationem ac doctrinam requireret. Nunc parvulos nobis dedit igniculos, quos celeriter malis moribus opinionibusque depravati sic restinguimus, ut nusquam naturae lumen appareat. Sunt enim ingeniis nostris semina innata virtutum, quae si adolescere liceret, ipsa nos ad beatam vitam natura perduceret. Nunc autem, simul atque editi in lucem et suscepti sumus, errorem suxisse videamur. Cum vero parentibus redditi, dein magistris traditi sumus, tum ita variis imbuimur erroribus, ut vanitati veritas et opinioni confirmatae natura ipsa cedat.
II. [3]Accedunt etiam poetae, qui cum magnam speciem doctrinae sapientiaeque prae se tulerunt, audiuntur leguntur ediscuntur et inhaerescunt penitus in mentibus. Cum vero eodem quasi maxumus quidam magister populus accessit atque omnis undique ad vitia consentiens multitudo, tum plane inficimur opinionum pravitate a naturaque desciscimus, ut nobis optime naturae vim vidisse videantur, qui nihil melius homini, nihil magis expetendum, nihil praestantius honoribus, imperiis, populari gloria iudicaverunt. Ad quam fertur optumus quisque veramque illam honestatem expetens, quam unam natura maxime anquirit, in summa inanitate versatur consectaturque nullam eminentem effigiem virtutis, sed adumbratam imaginem gloriae. Est enim gloria solida quaedam res et expressa, non adumbrata; ea est consentiens laus bonorum, incorrupta vox bene iudicantium de eccellenti virtute, ea virtuti resonat tamquam imago; quae quia recte factorum plerumque comes est, non est bonis viris repudianda.
[4] Illa autem, quae se eius imitatricem esse volt, temeraria atque inconsiderata et plerumque peccatorum vitiorumque laudatrix, fama popularis, simulatione honestatis formam eius pulchritudinemque corrumpit. Qua caecitate homines, cum quaedam etiam praeclara cuperent eaque nescirent nec ubi nec qualia essent, funditus alii everterunt suas civitates, alii ipsi occiderunt. Atque hi quidem optuma petentes non tam voluntate quam cursus errore falluntur. Quid? qui pecuniae cupiditate, qui voluptatum libidine feruntur, quorumque ita perturbantur animi, ut non multum absint ab insania, quod insipientibus contingit omnibus, is nullane est adhibenda curatio? utrum quod minus noceant animi aegrotationes quam corporis, an quod corpora curari possint, animorum medicina nulla sit?
III. [5] At et morbi perniciosiores pluresque sunt animi quam corporis—hi enim ipsi odiosi sunt, quod ad animum pertinent eumque sollicitant—, 'animusque aeger', ut ait Ennius, 'semper errat neque pati neque perpeti potest, cupere numquam desinit.' Quibus duobus morbis, ut omittam alios, aegritudine et cupiditate, qui tandem possunt in corpore esse graviores? Qui vero probari potest ut sibi mederi animus non possit, cum ipsam medicinam corporis animus invenerit, cumque ad corporurn sanationem multum ipsa corpora et natura valeat nec omnes, qui curari se passi sint, continuo etiam convalescant, animi autem, qui se sanari voluerint praeceptisque sapientium paruerint, sine ulla dubitatione sanentur?
Translation - English What on earth should I assume to be the reason, Brutus, that, although we are composed of soul as well as body, an art of healing and caring for the body has been sought and its utility even been ascribed to the deathless Gods' power of invention, yet an art of medicine for the soul has neither been found so wanting before it was discovered, nor been so esteemed after it became known, nor welcomed and approved by so many, but even eyed with suspicion and prejudice by most? Is it because we judge of physical disease and suffering with the soul, but do not perceive spiritual sickness with the body? Thus it happens that the soul judges of itself at a time when the very mechanism by which judgements are made is ailing.
Now, if Nature had begotten our kind as such--that we could look at her and grasp her precisely as she is, and with her as the best of guides complete life's journey--assuredly there had been no reason why anyone should have felt in need of systematic education. But as matters stand, she has endowed us with tiny sparks of intuition, which we, having been corrupted through mischievous habits and ideas, so rapidly extinguish, that nowhere is Nature's guiding light apparent. For there have been born into our personalities seeds of moral excellence, and if they were permitted to ripen, Nature alone would conduct us to a life of happiness; but as it is, as soon as we have been brought forth into the daylight and acknowledged, immediately we are caught up in every kind of crookedness and in the utmost perversity of ideas, so that we almost seem to have sucked in delusion along with our nurse's milk. When, moreover, we have been handed over to our parents, and afterwards to our teachers, then we are saturated in such a medley of delusions that reality succumbs to unreality and Nature herself to resolute bias.
Factor in the poets too, who, whenever they have made a big pretense of learning and common sense, are heard, read, memorised, and so become fixed in our subconscious minds; when, however, you factor in the public besides, as a sort of finishing school, and the rabble too, united everywhere in the pursuit of vice, then obviously we are infected with perverse ideas and in fact revolt from Nature, so that to us they seem to have best perceived the essence of Nature who have concluded that there is nothing worthier for a man, nothing more desirable, nothing more outstanding than political preferment, military appointments, and popular renown. To this it is that all the best are driven; and though striving after that genuine respectability, which alone is Nature's especial quest, they busy themselves in utter emptiness and eagerly pursue, not virtue's lofty ideal, but fame's sketchy likeness. For real fame has mass and shape; it is not a sketch; it is the unanimous acclaim of good men, the incorruptible voice of those who judge well of surpassing moral excellence, off which it resounds like an echo. And this fame, because it is generally a consequence of deeds well done, ought not to be spurned by good men; that other, however, which tries to mimic it, being rash and thoughtless and basically the eulogist of sin and vice--I mean public celebrity--by a false show of respctability distorts real fame's beautiful proportions; and blinded by it mankind, while devoted to certain things that are even excellent but knowing neither where nor what they were, have some been the total ruin of their countries, and others themselves their own downfall. And yet at least these seekers afeter excellence delude themselves not so much of their own free will as by a straying off course. What about those who are carried away by a passion for money, by an inclination toward sensuality, and whose souls are so distorted as to be on the brink of insanity--the common lot of the unwise--is no treatment to be administered to them? Is it because disorders of the soul do less harm than those of the body, or is it because our bodies can be healed but there is no course of treatment for our souls?
Yet the soul's diseases are both more degenerative and more numerous than those of the body. For they are obnoxious by the very fact that they involve the soul and so disturb it, and "An ailing soul", as Ennius says, "is always lost; it can know neither mastery nor patience; it never ceases to yearn". And than these two diseases--sorrow and yearning (not to mention the others)--what bodily diseases can possibly be more serious? How indeed can it be proven that the soul cannot cure itself, since the very act of healing the body has been invented by the soul, and since our natural constitutions of themselves avail a great deal in curing our bodies, nor do all who have submitted themselves to treatment even recover right away, but on the other hand souls, which have wanted to be cured and obeyed the injunctions of wise men, are cured beyond a shadow of a doubt?
Latin to English: P. Ovidii Nasonis Fasti, 2.19-36 General field: Art/Literary Detailed field: Religion
Source text - Latin Februa Romani dixere piamina patres:
nunc quoque dant verbo plurima signa fidem.
pontifices ab rege petunt et flamine lanas,
quis veterum lingua februa nomen erat;
quaeque capit lictor domibus purgamina certis,
torrida cum mica farra, vocantur idem;
nomen idem ramo, qui caesus ab arbore pura
casta sacerdotum tempora fronde tegit.
ipse ego flaminicam poscentem februa vidi;
februa poscenti pinea virga data est.
denique quodcumque est quo corpora nostra piantur,
hoc apud intonsos nomen habebat avos.
mensis ab his dictus, secta quia pelle Luperci
omne solum lustrant, idque piamen habent;
aut quia placatis sunt tempora pura sepulcris,
tum cum ferales praeteriere dies.
omne nefas omnemque mali purgamina causam
credebant nostri tollere posse senes.
Translation - English Ovid, Fasti 2.19-36
Februa is what our Roman ancestors called
means of purification; even nowadays
innumerable indications lend credence
to this interpetation: The pontiffs request
woollens from King and flamen, which in the language
of the ancients bore the title of februa,
and those purgative instruments which the lictor
receives when the houses have been swept out--the spelt
roasted with salt--are called the same; likewise the bough
which, cut from a tree undefiled, with greenery
veils the chaste temples of priests. I myself have seen
a flaminica asking for the februa:
to her who asked for the februa a pine twig
was given. In brief, whatever it is by means
of which our bodies are made pure, this had that name
amongst our unshorn forefathers. The month was named
from these rites, because the Luperci with flayed pelt
encircled the whole land, holding it as a means
of purification, or because the season
is pure, the dead in their tombs having been appeased
then when the days devoted to the dead are past.
Our forebears believed that ritual purgations
can remove every sin and every cause of evil.
[The precise meaning of februa (sing. februum), which may or may not be etymologically connected with febris, 'fever' and fervere, 'to boil, seethe', is quite unknown, although naturally enough scholars from antiquity to the present day are not wanting in explanations, none of which is convincing.
The King is the rex sacrorum, who after the establishment of the Republic discharged the religious duties of the old Roman kings; his office was purely priestly, and he had no political or military authority whatever. The flamen here mentioned is the flamen Dialis, or high priest of Jupiter, as is proved by the subsequent reference to the flaminica, which is the title of the wife of the flamen Dialis.
"The month was named from these rites, etc.": Another name for the Lupercalia, which falls on the 15th, is Februa. Here Ovid touches only briefly upon the rites which the Luperci were wont to perform; Plutarch and others give a much fuller account of their rituals.
Latin to English: A. Gellii Noctes Atticae, 5.14 General field: Art/Literary Detailed field: Poetry & Literature
Source text - Latin 1 Apion, qui 'Plistonices appellatus est, litteris homo multis praeditus rerumque Graecarum plurima atque varia scientia fuit. 2 Eius libri non incelebres feruntur, quibus omnium ferme, quae mirifica in Aegypto visuntur audiunturque, historia comprehenditur. 3 Sed in his, quae vel audisse vel legisse sese dicit, fortassean vitio studioque ostentationis sit loquacior - est enim sane quam in praedicandis doctrinis sui venditator -; 4 hoc autem, quod in libro Aegyptiacorum quinto scripsit, neque audisse neque legisse, sed ipsum sese in urbe Roma vidisse oculis suis confirmat. 5 "In circo maximo" inquit "venationis amplissimae pugna populo dabatur. 6 Eius rei, Romae cum forte essem, spectator" inquit "fui. 7 Multae ibi saevientes ferae, magnitudines bestiarum excellentes, omniumque invisitata aut forma erat aut ferocia. 8 Sed praeter alia omnia leonum" inquit "immanitas admirationi fuit praeterque omnis ceteros unus. 9 Is unus leo corporis impetu et vastitudine terrificoque fremitu et sonoro, toris comisque cervicum fluctuantibus animos oculosque omnium in sese converterat. 10 Introductus erat inter compluris ceteros ad pugnam bestiarum datus servus viri consularis ; ei servo Androclus nomen fuit. 11 Hunc ille leo ubi vidit procul, repente" inquit "quasi admirans stetit ac deinde sensim atque placide tamquam noscitabundus ad hominem accedit. 12 Tum caudam more atque ritu adulantium canum clementer et blande movet hominisque se corpori adiungit cruraque eius et manus prope iam exanimati metu lingua leniter demulcet. 13 Homo Androclus inter illa tam atrocis ferae blandimenta amissum animum recuperat, paulatim oculos ad contuendum leonem refert. 14 Tum quasi mutua recognitione facta laetos" inquit "et gratulabundos videres hominem et leonem." 15 Ea re prorsus tam admirabili maximos populi clamores excitatos dicit accersitumque a Caesare Androclum quaesitamque causam, cur illi atrocissimus leo uni parsisset. 16 Ibi Androclus rem mirificam narrat atque admirandam. 17 "Cum provinciam" inquit "Africam proconsulari imperio meus dominus obtineret, ego ibi iniquis eius et cotidianis verberibus ad fugam sum coactus et, ut mihi a domino, terrae illius praeside, tutiores latebrae forent, in camporum et arenarum solitudines concessi ac, si defuisset cibus, consilium fuit mortem aliquo pacto quaerere. 18 Tum sole medio" inquit "rabido et flagranti specum quandam nanctus remotam latebrosamque in eam me penetro et recondo. 19 Neque multo post ad eandem specum venit hic leo debili uno et cruento pede gemitus edens et murmura dolorem cruciatumque vulneris commiserantia." Atque illic primo quidem conspectu advenientis leonis territum sibi et pavefactum animum dixit. 20 Atque illic primo quidem conspectu advenientis leonis territum sibi et pavefactum animum dixit. 21 "Sed postquam introgressus" inquit "leo, uti re ipsa apparuit, in habitaculum illud suum, videt me procul delitescentem, mitis et mansues accessit et sublatum pedem ostendere mihi et porrigere quasi opis petendae gratia visus est. 22 Ibi" inquit "ego stirpem ingentem vestigio pedis eius haerentem revelli conceptamque saniem volnere intimo expressi accuratiusque sine magna iam formidine siccavi penitus atque detersi cruorem. 23 Illa tunc mea opera et medella levatus pede in manibus meis posito recubuit et quievit, 24 atque ex eo die triennium totum ego et leo in eadem specu eodemque et victu viximus. 25 Nam, quas venabatur feras, membra opimiora ad specum mihi subgerebat, quae ego ignis copiam non habens meridiano sole torrens edebam. 26 Sed ubi me" inquit "vitae illius ferinae iam pertaesum est, leone in venatum profecto reliqui specum et viam ferme tridui permensus a militibus visus adprehensusque sum et ad dominum ex Africa Romam deductus. 27 Is me statim rei capitalis damnandum dandumque ad bestias curavit. 28 Intellego autem" inquit "hunc quoque leonem me tunc separato captum gratiam mihi nunc beneficii et medicinae referre." 29 Haec Apion dixisse Androclum tradit eaque omnia scripta circumlataque tabula populo declarata atque ideo cunctis petentibus dimissum Androclum et poena solutum leonemque ei suffragiis populi donatum. 30 "Postea" inquit "videbamus Androclum et leonem loro tenui revinctum urbe tota circum tabernas ire, donari aere Androclum, floribus spargi leonem, omnes ubique obvios dicere: "Hic est leo hospes hominis, hic est homo medicus leonis"."
Translation - English Aulus Gellius, 'Attic Nights', 5.14
Apion, who was surnamed Plistonices, was a man possessed of wide learning, and had a comprehensive and diverse knowledge of Greek civilisation. His books, by no means undistinguished, are in circulation; and in these is contained a report of well-nigh all the wonders which are seen and heard in Egypt. Now, in respect to what he says that he has either heard or read, he may perhaps, through a faulty zeal for ostentation, be too long-winded--for assuredly he is his own publicist in vaunting his erudition--but this event, which he has recorded in the fifth volume of his Egyptian Curiosities, he asserts that he has neither heard nor read, but himself seen in the city of Rome with his very own eyes.
"In the Circus Maximus", says he, "a hunting contest of great splendour was being held for the people. Of this affair, since I happened to be at Rome", says he, "I was an eyewitness. There were many savage wild animals, towering hulks of beasts, and all had never before been seen as regards their shape or ferocity. But beyond all else", says he, "the monstrous size of the lions was cause for wonder, and of one beyond all the rest. This one lion, on account of his physical agility and great bulk, his fearsome and bellowing roar, and his rippling muscles and mane, had focussed everyone's minds and eyes upon himself. There had been led in, among several others who had been delivered for the beast fight, the slave of an ex-consul; this slave's name was Androclus. As soon as that lion saw him from afar, he suddenly", says he, "stood still as though wondering, and then slowly and calmly, as if acqainted with him, approaches the man. Then he wags his tail tenderly and complacently, after the manner usual to fawning dogs, nudges up against the man's body, and with his tongue gently licks his legs and hands, now nearly lifeless from terror. The man Androclus, amid the blandishments of so fierce a beast, regains his best courage, and little by litttle turns his eyes to look upon the lion. Then, as though they had recognised one another, you could see the man and the lion, joyous and congratulatory".
He states that a deafening round of cheers was elicited from the people by this incident, so utterly strange, and that Androclus was summoned by Gaius Caesar and asked the reason why an exceptionally fierce lion had spared only him. Thereupon Androclus tells a fascinating and indeed astonishing tale. "When my master", says he, "was administering the province of Africa with proconsular authority, I there, due to his unwarranted and daily floggings, was driven to flight, and that my hideouts might be the more secure from my master, the governor of that land, I withdrew into a wilderness of plains and deserts, and then if food should have been wanting, my plan was to seek death by any means. Then, since the noonday sun", says he. "was blazing and raging, and I had come across a certain cavern, remote and full of nooks, I enter into it and conceal myself. Nor long afterward toward the same cavern comes this lion, one paw lame and bloody, giving forth growls and yelps, bewailing the racking pain of his wound".
And therein he said that, to be sure, at first sight of the advancing lion his mind was thrown into an utter panic. "But after", says he, "the lion had paced into that lair of his, as in fact it clearly was, he saw me lurking at some distance, came up meekly and tamely, and seemed to stretch forth and show me his uplifted paw, as if he were asking for help. Thereupon", says he, "I plucked out a huge thorn sticking in the pad of his paw, and squeezed out the pus gathered within the wound, and quite carefully--now without any great fear--thoroughly dried and wiped away the gore. Then relieved by that service and little remedy of mine, he sank down and fell asleep with his paw laid in my hands; and from that day for a period of three whole years the lion and I lived in the same cavern, and even on the same food. For of the game that he would hunt he used to bring the choicer portions down into the cavern for me, which I, not having the resources for a fire, would parch in the midday sun and eat. But as soon", says he, "as I grew tired of that feral way of life, the lion having set out for the chase, I left the cavern; and when I had travelled nearly a three days' journey, I was seen and arrested by soldiers and brought back from Africa to my master at Rome. He starightaway saw to it that I was sentenced to death and delivered to the beasts. I discern, however", says he, "that the lion too, captured just after I had parted from him, is rendering thanks to me now for my kindness in healing him".
This is the tale which Apion said that Androclus told, and that, everything having been written down on a tablet which was carried about, it was made known to the people, and that therefore Androclus, at everyone's request, was set free and released from his punishment, and that the lion was presented to him by the people's suffrage. "Afterwards", says he, "we used to see Androclus and the lion, tied to a thin leash, going the rounds of the shops, Androclus being presented with money, the lion strewn with flowers, any one they meet anywhere sayinjg , 'This is the lion that was a man's host, this is the man who was a lion's doctor!'.
Latin to English: Medical Correspondence of John Clephane et al. General field: Medical Detailed field: Medical: Health Care
Source text - Latin 46. From John Clephane, 11 July 1757
Galen de Tumoribus speaking of various tumors as, ecchymoses, black and livid tumors in old people etc: such tumors, he adds ‘procausa habent sanguinem e venis effusum sive id fiat, a tunicarum disruptione, sive a venarum ad fines dilatatione*. Quod si Arteria dilatata sit, malum est quod Aneurisma vocatur, Fit et idem malum, si arteria vulnerata, cutis ei supervacens cicatritetér vulnere ipsius arteriae subtas, [subter] manente aperto, i.e nec iterum conglutinato, nec ad cicatricem deducto, nec a carnibus Vicinis occluso: –Dignoscuntur haec mala pulsatione arteriarum moventium; in super quod et pro signo est compressione tumor omnis disparet, recurrente nempes in arterias materia quae tumorem efficebat*. qualis nam vero sit ea materia, alibi monstravimus nimirum esse sanguinem quendam tenuem et flavum aeri temi et multo commistum. Qua de causa sanguis hicce (Arteriarum) sanguine venarum calidior est, et vulnerato aneurismate cum violenta foras ejaculatur. It is true hence that Galen mentions these two sorts of Aneurisms, ie. By Dilatation & by disruption of the coats, but then it is as clear that he by no means constitutes two distinct classes, with their distinct effects, symptoms or signs for practice; for he supplies the Dignoscuntur haec mala etc indiscriminately & it is as evident Paulus understood him so by, haec Galenus. Nos vero Aneurismata haec a se invicem probi distingumus in hunc modum and then goes on to give the sighes by which the Aneurysma [INSERT GREEK WORD] / per dilationem is to be distinguished, & those by which the aneurisma [INSERT GREEK WORD] is to be known & distinguished1 Aetius who copies Galen, mentions likewise the 2 sorts of aneurism, & among the notae Aneurismatis says that the tumor in Aneurisms by ruptore is not so soft as in those quae sine vulnere fiunt, but is by no means so distinct and explicite as Paulus, but indistinct as Galen, & more inaccurate in as far as he makes no mention at all of the [INSERT GREEK WORD] or Pulsation. Thus Paulus may be properly enough said to have first established the division of the 2 sorts of Aneurism, with their signs or symptoms; his account & AEitius’s are very different; neither can it be with any propriety said that he literally transcribes Galen, who only brings a passage from him, in order to correct & amend & add to it
With all this our Reveditor2 seems very clear & positive as to the ages of Aetius and Paulus3; he takes them from Friend4 & might modestly have said so, but he takes them as Friend gives them, and that is positively enough sicut illius est mos & yet perhaps the times & ages of those old folks are hardly yet assertained.
And now as to his criterion; your answer to his annular fibres is jocular & confounding; But as for the bag or as he calls it sac, I apprehend the surest way of knowing whether it be ruptured or only dilated is to look at it, & examine it, & that as you have said it, cannot be better done than by a careful dissection of that part and this same careful dissection, & after all his impertinent waggery, the stuffing & drying the bag, seem to be a pretty tolerable way of getting at this same great criterion, which he is so sorry you should have omitted, for to know if a bag is burst or only stretched, is it not one of the best ways to take it up & look at it; this you have done & advise him so
to do.5
The Paragraph which begins ‘The Doctor divides the Aneurysm into 3 species etc. is full of solemn nonsense: the disease cannot exist? What may not an artery be partly ruptured partly dilated? Surely it may; what English or sense is this the tumor confined with in the artery? it is a true Aneurysm by your own definition; what does the B—kh—d mean? Your definition of a true Aneurysm is it not, that by dilatation? how comes then an Aneurysm that is partly by rupture, & partly by dilatation to be by your definition a true Aneurysm6? Has there ever any thing so futil as his question, would not compression hazard mortification7? Is it tobe supposed that the man who could write so had ever read your Remarks 18:19 & 20.
In the Paragraph ‘we are not a little surprised’ I am at a loss what this Doughty Critic be at: Remark the second ? Where is the great contempt with which you treat Dr. Monro, & Friend?8 I cannot find it: as for Numb 18 I suppose he means No 23. and indeed for his reader of tolerable Erudition, if he reads his authors as the Reviewer reads his Galen, Aetius, Paulus etc: he may indeed make strange discoveries, that Hunter with all his parade is no original, & that his remarks are but poor shreds from the Medical Essays, & Dr. Friends history of Physick: To this I think I could say something like what Boileau’s Esprit says to the mauvais Critiques the Reviewers of his time; the objection was that Boileau n’etait qu’un Gueux revé tu des depouilles d’Horace et de Juvenal: his Esprit answers:
Quíl etoit vray que Jadis Juvenal avoit dit en Latin
Qu’on est assis à l’aise aux sermons de Cotin.
NB. I am not clear as to the meaning of the word [INSERT GREEK WORD] [anastomosis] in Galen & his copyers but this may be sometime the subject of a confabulation between you & your friend in Golden Square [John Clephane].
Golden Square. Monday 1 July 1757
239. From J. Mich. Oleosi1 5 April 1771
Charissime Charissimeq Dñe
Civitelle 5 Aprilis 1771
Me tedet adversae fortunei que nos etsi invitos separat locum minime concedens ut dulci tuo colloquio, horulae ad minimum spatio ipse frui, quamquam totis visceribus obtans possim. Modo enim per litteram tuam hac mane receptam scio, te reducem ex Anglia in hac nostra Insula; sed eadem littera significas quam primum flaverit ventus secundus te ex hoc nostra Insula fore profeaturum.
Desideras proinde ut eadem die supplementum historiae morbi illius particularis quem una simul observavimus ad te remittam; sed temporis angustia una cum pleuriticorum numero qui me totum his diebus occupant efficiunt, ut non qua vellem distinctione, sanis satisfaciam desideriis tuis Qva possim igitur brevitate dico: â die 4a Januaris 1769 usque in presentem diem 5am Aprilis 1771, plusquam 150 venescotiones in pede tollerasse egram, ob subitaneas admissiones illas usus loquele, et deglutitionis, nullis cedeites remediis nisi venesectioni quatuor unciarum sanguinis circiter; cucurbitulis, balneis pedum, sinapis ( ) nec vecicatoriis domabiles.
De 22a Martii proxime elapsi circa 3am pomeridia nam loquelam cum facultate deglutiendi amisit egra eamque sine venisectione haberivolui usque ad decimam antemeridianam diei sequentis, sed, cum vires deficerent, nec alia via promitterentur inducie, hoc remedio in fine tentato, et loquele usum, et facultatem deglutiendi recuperavit. Sed ab illa usque in presentem diem, geminari necessum fuit venesectiones. Circa finem mensis Fabruarii huius anni 1770 de dolore in lumbis pertotum abdomen se extendente con querebatur, qui sponte euanuit excretis per alvum non nullis cilindris membranaceis, colore, et concistentia, bomlices jam memorabos equantes. Victus ratio eadem est que in alia historie parte significatur.
Cecitas perseverat in oculo sinistro, nullo vitio externo se manifestans. Cathamenia singulis mensibus fluunt, sed maxime albicantia. Pulsus naturalis; atque alvus nec calore, nec concistentia â naturali recedit, ac quantitati assútorum respondet; similiter Urina. Color faciei, atque torositas corporis sanitatem referunt, si levem excipias faciei pallorem, levemque fibrarum laxitatem. Cedere tamen, vel lectulo continuo jacere debet egra, cum citum perpendicularem non nisi modicum sustinere possit.
Unum dicam procoronide admiratione dignum miras illas convulsiones que tetanum intermittentem referebant, nunc simulare cathalepsin, media enim inter colloquia, immobilia fuint subito omnia membra, eam figuram retinentia quam tempore accessus trahebant; tensa atque rigida efficiuntur; ac cum Egra vel adstantes ea mutare nittuntur, animo deficit prae dolore misera; sensus omnes amittit; sed cum ad se revertit, una cum sensibus, flexibilitatem, motumque artuum recuperat Quandoque singulis, quandoque alternis; nonnumquam singulis tertiis, aut quartis diebus hec invadit cathalepsis species, adeo rara, ut immobilia maneant membra dum egra perfecte sensibilis, loquela, atque deglutitione integris remanentibus, nee unquam mutatur artuum citus quin Egra prius animo deficiat, usumq sensuum prius amittat.
Hec sunt Amice Suavissime que candide refero, post quam cedulo observaverim; talia que ab cilio tradita vix credere possem, nisi ocularis testis, fateor; sed utinam quo candore, ea possem methodo, et distinctione scribere ea tamen qua polles humanitate excusatum habebis confide
Verum Amicumque devotissimú
J Mich. Oleosi
251. From Gauthier van Doeveren1 11 June 1772
Viro celeberrimo expertissimo Gulielmo Hunter
S. P. D.
Gaulte. van Doeveren
Nomine fonsan non omnino Tibi ignotús, Studiorúm Saltim geneae in múltis qúodam modo Tibi faciús meritorúm Túorúm in arte Salútari promanenda cento admira tor insignis in Amicitia debitæqúe exis timationis tesseram, Tibi offero, Vir claris Sime útrúmqúe meúm Sermonem academicúm, nuperius habitúm in Groninga2 na atque Leidensi Academia3. Perferet ad Te hæcce opuscúla Vir egregiús F. Dejean, Strenúissimús rerúm naturaliúm, artisqúe medicæ, cùltor, Túaqúa Amicitia et benevolentia dignissimús; in quem (certús Scio) meritis Simúm núnqúam beneficia Collascasse, aút con Silia praebúisse útilia, pænitebit qúemquam Ifúne itaque Londinúm profectúrúm, út conquisitam jam hic & alibi Doctrinam & Experientiam cúmulatis Anglorúm inventis et ingenii prodúctionibús adaugeat, non potúi non. Tibi notúm facere, atque de melione nota commendare. --Quod Si forsan Tecúm liberiús a me actúm censeas qúam oporteret Scias velim, nihil mihi júcúndiús fore, qúam Si data quavis occasione reciproca animi ad official paratissimi docúmenta Tibi Sistera qúeam.Vale, Vir, celeberrime, & ma ama! Dabam Lugdúni Bat alo XI Jún. C/É/ÉCC LXXii
380. AMAD. EMAN. HALLER, ALBERTI Filius, apud Bernates Ducentumvir, Illustri, Amplissimo & præcellenti Viro WILHELMO HUNTER anatomico summo J.G.D.
Quod mihi, quod conjugi viduæ, quod liberis optimum pattrem lugentibus triste & acerbum accidit, id universa defuncti superstite familia hortante, obsequiosissime TIBI significandum censeo, quod & officii ratio ita postulet, cum cicum in amicorum numero habueris, & haud vulgari eum benevolentia profecutus fis, & nostro tu quoque dolore condoleas; HALLERUM nampe TUUM, qui TE coluit inter primos, pluribus jam mensibus multis magnisque ægritudinibus confectum, perpetuos inter labores marasmo tandem oppressum occubuisse jam septuagenarium. Pie & placide animam reddidit & obdormivit in Domino prid. Idus Dec. h. viii. vesp. TU vero Vir Amplissime, quem D. O. M. salvum & superstitem & felicem rebus humanis diutissime interesse jubeat, nobj, & beati Viri memoriæ fave. Vale. Dab. Bernæ post sunus elatum, xvii. Cal. Jan. MDCCLSSVIII.
385. From Johann Gottlieb Walter1 1 April 1778
Vir Illustris atque
Foutor pia mente Colende
Anhe jam viginti annos animus mihi fuit Te salutare, meque Tuo favori commendare.
Fata inter ipsa quae sum expertus acerba laeta aliquando mihi arrisit spes, Londinum venire mihi liceret, quod vero malignitas inimicorum qua multum perpessus, dulce Solamen de anno in annum protraxit. Nunc annum jam agenti quodragessimum quartum, gravissimisque laboribus presto vix sperare licet Te, Vir Illustris, unquam exosculari atque Tua Splendida preparata anatomica adspicere; interim tamen non penitus despero; forsan accidit in puncto quod non Speratur in anno.
Accipias velim epistolam quam Tibi mitto innato Tibi quo soles favore, conatus que meos eo quo consvevisti dijudica candore Pergratam mihi Tuan responsionem tanquam certissimum documentum Tuae benevolentiae erga me, omni pietate, atque referentia colam.
Qui Si Tibi experimenta mea instituta non displicitura sint, alios et multo difficiliores labores neurologicos Tecium, in quibus pro tempore versor, Communicabo. Faxit Deus, ut tempora nubila fiant serena, et otia mihi det quo facilius difficilem hunc laborem Superandum curem. Nihil amplius mihi restat, quam ut me Tibi commendatissimum esse cupiam. Fratrem cujus merita aeque ac Tua digna veneratione aestimo, meis verbis Salutabis.
Vive diu felix et Tibi persuadeas me ad tumbam fore Tui Studiosissimum
Berolini die 1 ma Aprillis Walter 1778
391. From Vicq D’Azyr1 8 August 1778
Vir ornatissime
Quas hodie consociationis litteras offert tibi Regia Societas Medica Parisiensis, ego tanto libentius ad te mitto, quod dulcissimum et utilissimimum epistolae commercium nobis proculdubio concedes, et, quodque mihi jucundissima maximeque proficua voluerit confraternitas. Plurimarum jam academiarum codices condecorat illstre nomen tuum. Sed in academia vere medica conscribi, a consodalibus summae est aestimationis testimonia recipere, tua fama non indignum fore credidimus. Egoque praesertim vividissime gaudeo, quod locus ille quem in nostra societate mihi concedit Rex Galliarum Christianissimus frequentis meae totius erga te observantiae specimina redditurus sit istasque multiplicabit occasiones in quibus me dicam semper.
Vir ornatissme
Obsequentissimum tui servum
et cultorem
Vicq D’Azyr
R. Societates Secretarius perpetuus Parisiis die 8a mensis augusti, anni 1778.
394. To Vicq d’Azyr Secretary of the Royal Medical Society, Paris, Paris 6 October 1778 draft
Gulielmus Hunter vivo eximio Vicq d’Azyr Salutem.
Literas tuas, vir erudite, singulari erga me benevolentia "plenas, grata manu" accepi; quibus mihi nunciatum est, Collegio medicorum apud Parisienses novo nomen adscribi nostrum. Quo euidem honore uteunque indignus fuero, hoc saltem de me ausim dicere, neminem hominum ardentius aut magis exanimo, quicquid faustum est ac felix praecari instituto tam liberali, et vere regio; quodque profecto non ad hauc aut illam cililatem pertinet, sed genus universum hominum complectitur. Et vellem, id quod mihi perhonorificum est, aliis in fructum aliquem et utilitatem convertere; et symbolam etiam nostram in publicum conferre. Sed ea est vitae nostrae negotiosae ratio; ut, praeter grati animi officium ninilquid piam polliceri audeam. Tu vera pro tua humanitate Praesidam, Sociosque ornamentissimos, quos summa cultu et observantia semper prosequar, quique me sibi omni studeo devinetum habent, meo nomine
saluta, et vale.
Dabam Londini Oct 6 1778
Translation - English 46. From John Clephane, 11 July 1757
Galen, On Tumours, speaking of various tumours as ecchymoses, black and livid tumours in old people, etc: “Such tumours,” he adds, “(form) because they have blood which has flowed out of the veins or, it may be, from a tear in the veins, or from an enlargement of the veins near their ends. But if an artery has been enlarged, the malady is what is called an aneurysm. It happens in the case of the same malady that, if the artery has been wounded, if the extra skin above is scarred by a wound beneath the artery itself and that wound remains opens, i.e., if it has not been sealed again and a scar has not formed and it has not been blocked off from the surrounding flesh… These maladies are diagnosed by the movement of the arterial pulse, which is, moreover, a sign that the whole tumour is bursting due to compression, with the matter which caused the tumour naturally rushing back into the arteries; for as to what sort of matter this really is, we have no doubt demonstrated elsewhere that it is a certain thin and yellow blood, mingled with much thin air. For this reason, this blood (in arteries) is warmer than the blood in veins and spurts out with violence if the aneurysm is wounded.” It is true, hence, that Galen mentions these two sorts of aneurysms, i.e., by dilatation and by disruption of the coats, but then it is as clear that he by no means constitutes two distinct classes, with their distinct effects, symptoms, or signs for practice; for he supplies the “These maladies are diagnosed, etc.” indiscriminately and it is as evident Paulus understood him so by, “Thus Galen. But we correctly distinguish these aneurysms from one another” and then goes on to give the signs by which the aneurysma [INSERT GREEK WORD] / per dilationem [‘aneurysm due to enlargement’] is to be distinguished, and those by which the aneurysma [INSERT GREEK WORD] is to be known and distinguished.1 Aëtius, who copies Galen, mentions likewise the two sorts of aneurysm, and among the Notae Aneurismatis says that the tumour in aneurysms “by rupture” is not so soft as in those “which occur without a wound”, but is by no means so distinct and explicit as Paulus, but indistinct as Galen, and more inaccurate in as far as he makes no mention at all of the [INSERT GREEK WORD] or pulsation. Thus Paulus may be properly enough said to have first established the division of the two sorts of aneurysm, with their signs or symptoms; his account and Aëtius’ are very different; neither can it be with any propriety said that he literally transcribes Galen, who only brings a passage from him, in order to correct and amend and add to it.
With all this our Reveditor2 seems very clear and positive as to the ages of Aëtius and Paulus;3 he takes them from Friend4 and might modestly have said so, but he takes them as Friend gives them, and that is positively enough “just like him” and yet perhaps the times and ages of those old folks are hardly yet ascertained.
And now as to his criterion: Your answer to his annular fibres is jocular and confounding, but as for the bag or, as he calls it, sac, I apprehend the surest way of knowing whether it be ruptured or only dilated is to look at it and examine it, and that as you have said, it cannot be better done than by a careful dissection of that part and this same careful dissection, and after all his impertinent waggery, the stuffing and drying the bag seem to be a pretty tolerable way of getting at this same great criterion, which he is so sorry you should have omitted; for to know if a bag is burst or only stretched, is it not one of the best ways to take it up and look at it? This you have done and advise him so
to do.5
The paragraph which begins “The Doctor divides the aneurysm into three species, etc.” is full of solemn nonsense. The disease cannot exist? What, may not an artery be partly ruptured, partly dilated? Surely it may; what English or sense is this--the tumour confined within the artery? It is a true aneurysm by your own definition; what does the B—kh—d mean? Your definition of a true aneurysm is it not, and that by dilatation? How comes then an aneurysm that is partly by rupture and partly by dilatation to be by your definition a true Aneurysm?6 Has there ever [been] any thing so futile as his question, would not compression hazard mortification?7 Is it to be supposed that the man who could write so had ever read your Remarks 18, 19, and 20?
In the paragraph “We are not a little surprised” I am at a loss what this doughty critic be at. Remark the second. Where is the great contempt with which you treat Dr. Monro and Friend?8 I cannot find it. As for Numb. 18, I suppose he means No 23, and indeed for his reader of tolerable erudition, if he reads his authors as the reviewer reads his Galen, Aëtius, Paulus, etc., he may indeed make strange discoveries, that Hunter with all his parade is no original and that his remarks are but poor shreds from the Medical Essays and Dr. Friend’s History of Physick: To this I think I could say something like what Boileau’s Esprit says to the mauvais critiques. the reviewers of his time. The objection was that Boileau n’était qu’un Gueux revé tu des depouilles d’Horace et de Juvenal. His Esprit answers:
Qu’íl étoit vray que Jadis Juvenal avoit dit en Latin
Qu’on est assis à l’aise aux sermons de Cotin.
N.B. I am not clear as to the meaning of the word [INSERT GREEK WORD] [anastomosis = opening, outlet - translator’s note] in Galen and his copiers, but this may be sometime the subject of a confabulation between you and your friend in Golden Square [John Clephane].
Golden Square, Monday, 1 July 1757
239. From J. Mich. Oleosi,1 5 April 1771
Dearest, Dearest Master,
Civitelle, 5 April 1771
I’m piqued at the ill fortune which separates us against our will, granting me very little time, a tiny fraction of an hour, to enjoy your sweet conversation, though would that I could by putting off my friends and family. For only now, through your letter which I received this morning, do I know that you are being brought back from England, from this island of ours; but in the same letter you indicate that, as soon as a favourable wind blows, you shall be going forth from this island of ours.
So then, you request that on the same day I remit to you a supplement to the history of that particular illness which we observed together. But want of time, along with the number of pleurisy patients who have been occupying me totally these days, bring it about that I may not be satisfying your reasonable request in the way that I should like. Therefore I will relate it with what brevity I can: From 4 January 1789 up until the present day in April 1771, the female patient has tolerated more than 150 venisections and sealings of her feet, (I) making use of the instructions for those sudden incisions, with none of the accredited treatments except for a venisection of about four ounces of blood, cupping glasses, foot baths, mustard [lacuna] nor controllable by [†vecicatoriis†].
[†From about 3 a.m. on the 22nd of last March, for during the afternoons the patient lost her speech with the great number of sealings and I wanted her to be kept without venisection until 10 o’clock in the morning on the following day, but, since her strength was failing, and by no other means would pauses be prolonged, I finally tried this remedy, and she both used her voice and recovered the ability to clot.†] But from that until the present day, it has been necessary for the venisections to be doubled. About the end of the month of February of this year 1770, she complained about pain in her loins extending throughout her whole abdomen, which disappeared of its own accord after she had excreted several membranaceous cylindrical (faeces) through the bowels, in colour and consistency resembling the [silkworms] just mentioned.
The blindness in her left eye persists, manifesting itself with no external symptom. Her menstrual discharges are regular, but of an especially whitish colour. Her pulse is normal, and her belly also has shrunk, which is not consistent with her fever but not unnatural, and corresponds to the number of [sutures]; likewise with her urine. The colour of her face and the muscle tone of her body indicate health, if you except a slight pallor in her face and a slight looseness of the fibres. Nevertheless, the patient ought to rest, even lie continually in bed, since she cannot sustain more than a moderate vertical position.
One thing I will mention in fine which is worthy of astonishment, viz., those remarkable convulsions which indicated intermittent tetanus now simulate cathelepsis; for in the midst of our conversations, all her limbs would suddenly become immobile, retaining the position which they held at the time of onset. They were rendered taut and rigid, and when the patient struggled to move them, even with the assistance of those standing by, the wretched woman fainted due to the pain. She lost all her senses, but when she came to herself, she recovered the flexibility and movement of her joints together with her senses. Sometimes on a single day, sometimes on alternate days—not infrequently on every third or fourth day—this form of cathelepsis was so scattered that her limbs remained immobile nor did the [position] of her joints ever change save if the patient had first fainted and first lost the use of her voice.
These are the matters, sweetest friend, which I truthfully relate, after sedulously observing them, such as I confess that I could scarcely believe to have been [betrayed by a glance], if I had not been an eyewitness. [†But however I wish that with what truth I were able to write these things methodically and clearly, I am nevertheless confident that your humanity will prevail and you will have excused them†].
Your true and most devoted friend,
J. Mich. Oleosi.
251. From Gauthier van Doeveren,1 11 June 1772
Gauthier van Doeveren sends greetings to William Hunter, the Most Distinguished and Learned Gentleman.
Perhaps not utterly unknown to you by name, in some fashion at least on account of various kinds of studies in many disciplines, I, a noted patchwork of an admirer, offer you, Most Distinguished Sir, this token of esteem due you in view of your merits in promoting the art of healing, and the outstanding gentleman F. Dejean, a most ardent student of natural science and a practitioner of the medical art, and most worthy of your friendship and goodwill, whom, being most deserving, (as I surely know) no one will ever have cause to regret having done kindnesses or provided with useful advice, will convey to you these little works of mine, both of my academic lectures, delivered rather recently at Groningen and the Academy of Leiden. [Since], therefore, he is about to set forth for London in order to augment the science and knowledge collected here and elsewhere with the accumulated discoveries of the English and the productions of genius, I could not but introduce him to you and recommend him concerning his character. But if perhaps you should judge that I have dealt with you more freely than it were fitting, I would have you know that nothing would be more pleasant for me than if, presented with whatsoever occasion, I should be able [to furnish] you in return [with] specimens of a mind well-equipped for its duties. Goodbye, Most Renowned Sir, and love me!
Sent from Lyons, the Netherlands, 11 June 1772.
380. Amadaeus Emanuel Haller, son of Albert, a Ducentumvir among the People of Bern, to the Illustrious, Most Famous, and Most Excellent Gentleman William Hunter, the finest physician [in the judgement of learned Germans].
What sad and bitter event has happened to me, to his widowed spouse, to his children mourning the best of fathers, at the urging of the entire family of the deceased, I judge must be communicated to you most dutifully, this which a consideration of my office also demands, since you have counted him in the number of your friends and honoured him with no ordinary goodwill, and you too would commiserate with our grief: Your very Haller, who cultivated you among his foremost (friends), already afflicted for several months with many great illnesses, crushed by [†marasmo†] amid ceaseless toils, now lies dead at the age of seventy. He gave up the ghost with piety and calm and went to sleep in the Lord at 7 p.m. on 13 December. But do you, Most Noble Gentleman, whom safe and surviving and prosperous he instructs to concern yourself for a very long time in human affairs, favour us and the memory of the blessed man.
Sent from Bern after his burial, 16 December 1778.
385. From Johann Gottlieb Walter, 11 April 1778
Illustrious Gentleman and Patron, to be Honoured with pious thought,
[Alas], it has been my intention for twenty years now to make your acquaintance and to recommend myself to your favour. Among those twists of fate which I have experienced, sometimes bitter, sometimes joyous, the hope that I should be permitted to come to London has laughed at me, because the malice of my enemies, of which I have in truth endured much, has protracted that sweet consolation from year to year. Now as I embark upon my forty-fourth year and take upon myself the most serious labours, it is scarcely permitted me to hope, Illustrious Sir, that I should ever admire and even look at your splendid medical work (now) made ready (for publication). Nevertheless, in the meantime I do not wholly despair; perhaps that will happen in a moment which is not hoped for in a year.
I would that you receive the letter that I am sending you with the wonted favour which is innate to you and my endeavours with that judicious candor to which you are accustomed. Your response, very gratifying to me, I would regard with all piety and reverence as a most certain indication of your benevolence towards me.
If these experiments of mine should not be displeasing to you, I shall share other and much more difficult neurological work with you in which I am at present engaged. May God bring it about that turbulent times become serene and grant me the leisure by which I may the more easily see to the overcoming of this difficult labour. Nothing more remains to me but that I should wish myself to be most commendable to you. Please greet your brother with my words, whose merits I deem as equally worthy of veneration as your own.
Live long and prosperously and may you persuade yourself that I shall be the most zealous in the crowd of your admirers.
Walter, at Berlin, 1 April 1778.
391. From Vicq D’Azyr1, 8 August 1778
Most Honoured Gentleman,
The document of co-optation which today the Royal Medical Society of Paris is offering you I send to you the more willingly, because you will doubtless grant us your most pleasant and most useful correspondence, and whatever the association would want is to me most agreeable and especially profitable. Already the diplomas of a great many universities decorate your illustrious name. But to be enrolled in a truly medical university by one’s peers is to receive proof of the highest esteem; we believed it not unworthy of your renown. And I in particular rejoice most vivaciously, because that place which the Most Christian King of the French has granted me in our society will furnish me with tokens of my wholly constant regard for you and multiply those occasions on which I may always say
Honourable Gentleman, (I am) your most obedient servant and admirer,
Vicq D’Azyr,
Permanent Secretary of the Royal Society of Paris, 8 August 1778.
394. To Vicq d’Azyr, Secretary of the Royal Medical Society of Paris, Paris, 6 October 1778 (draft)
William Hunter sends greeting to the Living [sic], Distinguished Vicq d’Azyr.
I have received your letter, Learned Sir, “full” of goodwill towards me “with a grateful hand”, in which it has been announced to me that our name has been enrolled in the new College of Physicians at Paris. While in this honour I see clearly how unworthy I shall have been, I dare say this at least about myself, that no man more fervently or more breathlessly prays for whatever is fortunate and favourable than for an institution so liberal and truly royal, and which, forsooth, pertains not to this or that nation, but embraces the whole human race. And I would wish to convert that which is a very great honour to me into some profit and utility in regard to others, and to transfer our contribution even upon the public. But this is the plan of our busy life that, beyond the duty of a grateful disposition, I dare to promise [nothing dutiful whatever]. But do you, in accordance with your civility, salute the Most Distinguished President and Fellows in my name, whom I shall always honour with the deepest reverence and regard and who hold me bound to them with all zeal, and fare you well.
Sent from London, 6 October 1778.
Greek (Ancient) to English: Heracliti Ephesii De Natura, Fragmenta Selecta General field: Science Detailed field: Philosophy
Source text - Greek (Ancient) Fragmente der Vorsokratiker
ed. H. Diels, Berlin 1903 u. ö.
Translation - English [1] Of this speech, while it is ever true, ever do men become mindless, both before they have heard it and once they have heard it. For while all comes into being acording to this speech, they are like the unproven proving both words and deeds such as these I myself set forth, breaking down each according to its kind and showing how it holds together. But all they do awake escapes other men, even as they forget all they do sleeping.
[2] [Wherefore one must keep following the common, for the common means shared.] And while the speech is shared, the many live as if each has his own thought.
[17] For many do not feel such tings as they encounter, nor yet, while they have learned them, do they understand them, but guess to themselves.
[18] Unless one will keep watching for that which cannot be watched for, one will not find it out, for it is pathless and cannot be sought out.
[19] Not knowing how to listen, nor yet how to speak.
[22] Those who look for gold delve through much earth and find little.
[34] Since mindless have they heard it, they are like the deaf. A byword bears them witness--off in a world of one's own.
[35] [According to Heraclitus, men who love wisdom must be judges of right well many things.]
[40] Wide learning does not teach wisdom; for it would have tuaght Hesiod and Pythagoras, and in turn Xenophanes and Hecataeus.
[42] [He would say that Homer was fit to be thrown out of the lists and cudgelled, and Archilochus in like wise.]
[47] Let us not keep throwing our thoughts together at random about the weightiest things.
[55] The seeing, the hearing, the learning of so many things, these I myself deem of greater worth.
[56] Men have thoroughly misled themselves as to their knowledge of what is plain nearly as Homer, who was born wiser than all the Greeks; for him too did boys killing lice mislead by saying, "As many as we saw and caught, these we lose, yet as many as we neither saw nor caught, these we carry off."
[57] The teacheer of most is Hesiod; him they trust to know most, whoso did not perceive day and evening, for it is one.
[71-73] [Ever bear in mind the Heraclitean tag . . . And bear in mind, too,] "him who forgets where the road leads", and that "they are at odds with that (the speech that keeps house for the whole) "with which they foregather oftenest of all", and "those things look outlandish to them which they encounter every day", and that "one ought not to speak and behave like those who lie sleeping."
[74] One must not behave and speak as children of one's father and mother.
[89] [Heraclitus says that for those awake the world is one and common, but that each of those falling asleep is turning away into his own world.]
[101a] For eyes are witnesses more careful than the ears.
[106] [Heraclitus chid Hesiod for making some of his (days) good, others bad, as missing the truth that the kind of day is one.]
[107] Eyes and ears are bad witnesses for men with outlandish souls.
[123] Nature loves to lie hidden.
Greek (Ancient) to English: M. Aurelii Antonini Meditationes, 2.1.1ff. General field: Science Detailed field: Philosophy
Translation - English Warn yourself at the crack of dawn: I’ll be running into a busybody, an ingrate, an insolent, a traitor, a slanderer, a self-seeker. All these attributes are theirs due to ignorance of what is good and bad. But I, having witnessed the nature of good, that it is beautiful, and of bad, that it is ugly, and the nature of the delinquent himself, that it is akin to my own, since he has a share, not indeed of the same blood or seed, but of mind and divinity, cannot be perverted by any of them, (for none will involve me in an ugly act), nor can I get angry with my kinsman, nor be made to quarrel with him. For we were born to work together, like the feet, like the hands, like the eyes, like the upper and lower rows of the teeth. Consequently, to counteract one another is against Nature, and to show one’s displeasure and to turn one’s back is counteraction.
Greek (Ancient) to Latin: Anacreontea fr. 23 Campbell General field: Art/Literary Detailed field: Poetry & Literature
Source text - Greek (Ancient) Anacreontea
Greek Lyric, Vol. 2, ed. D.A. Campbell
Harvard University Press, 1988
Volo celebrem Atridas
volo canamque Cadmum:
sed barbitos fidesque
solum sonant Amorem.
Nervos modo novavi
et integra canebam
lyra Herculi labores:
respondit lyra amores.
Valete tempus omne,
heroes: est canendus
solus lyrae Cupido.
Spanish to English: Jorge Luis Borges, Calle Desconocida General field: Art/Literary Detailed field: Poetry & Literature
Source text - Spanish Jorge Luis Borges
Calle Desconocida
Penumbra de la paloma
Llamaron los hebreos a la iniciación de la tarde
Cuando la sombra no entorpece los pasos
Y la venida de la noche se advierte
Como una música esperada,
No como símbolo de nuestra esencial nadería.
En esa hora de fina luz arenosa
Mis pasos dieron con una calle ignorada,
Abierta en noble anchura de terraza,
Mostrando en las cornisas y en las paredes
Colores blandos como el mismo cielo
Que commovía el fondo.
Todo—honesta medianía de las casas austeras,
Travesura de columnitas y aldabas,
Tal vez una esperanza de niña en los balcones—
Se me adentró en el vano corazón
Con limpidez de lágrima.
Quizá esa hora única
Aventajaba con prestigio la calle,
Dándole privilegios de ternura,
Haciéndola real como una leyenda o un verso;
Lo cierto es que la sentí lejanamente cercana
Como recuerdo que si llega cansado
Es porque viene de la hondura del alma.
Intimo y entrañable
Era el milagro de la calle clara
Y sólo después
Entendí que aquel lugar era extraño,
Que toda casa es candelabro
Donde arden con aislada llama las vidas,
Que todo inmeditado paso nuestro
Camina sobre Gólgotas ajenos.
Translation - English Jorge Luis Borges
Unknown Street
Half-light of the dove
the Hebrews called the beginning of evening,
when the darkness doesn’t block one’s steps
and the coming of night is pointed out
like an awaited song,
not like a token of our essential nothingness.
In that hour of thin, sandy light
my steps strike against a street unknown,
opened upon a noble stretch of terrace,
showing on cornices and walls
hues soft as the very sky
that stirred the background.
Everything—the chaste mediocrity of the stark houses,
the antics of little columns and door-knockers,
maybe a girl’s hope on the window sills—
went into my hollow heart
with the cleanliness of a tear.
Perhaps that unique hour
winnowed the street with illusion,
giving it the prerogatives of love,
making it real like a tale or a verse;
what’s certain is that I felt it distantly nigh,
as if when a memory arrives, weary
because it comes from the soul’s depth.
Intimate and close
was this miracle of the clear street
and only afterwards
did I perceive that this place was strange,
that every house is a candelabra
where lives blaze with a detached flame,
that every one of our unthought steps
strolls over others’ Golgothas.
Latin to English: Michael Florentius, Selenographia General field: Science Detailed field: Astronomy & Space
Source text - Latin HÆC NUSQVAM VULGATA, GENERI TAMEN HVMANO MAXIME VTILIA, IMO NECESSARIA, MICHAEL FLORENTIVS VAN LANGREN Mathematicus et Cosmographus Regius ORBI TERRARVM PROPONIT.
GLOBVM LVNAREM vt familiarißimum terris sidus, ita maximè incognitum, Geographicè, summoq[ue] cum studio et labore describendum, et Ser[enissimae] Belgarum Principi ISABELLÆ CLARÆ EUGENIÆ Hispaniarum Infanti, repræsentandum A.° M.D.C.XXVIII. susceperam. Quæ pro incredibili suo in has artes affectu me sibi Lunam contemplanti, imò verò se mihi adeße voluit, et simul sideris arcana spectare. Cùm igitur consideraret quanti ea eßent momenti, mè in Hispaniam cum litteris à sé scriptis misit, vt Potentißimo Regi PHILIPPO IV. has obseruationes offerrem, et ipsius nomine in lucem darem, quæ viam Astronomicam ad Longitudines et distantias locorum terrestrium, nec non ingentes craßosque Geographiæ errores corrigendos, securè aperirent; ità quidem vt etiam nauigationi maritimæ vsui eße possent.
Quæ adeo Magno placuerunt Regi, vt me sæpius ad se vocari iußerit, quò Cælum et Lunam tubo optico ipse intueretur; quin etiam hanc descriptionem Selenographicam siuè Geographiam Lunarem, LVMINA AVSTRIACA PHILIPPICA nuncupari permiserit, et nominis sui auspicio in notitiam hominum venire. Placuit etiam vt virorum clarorum nomina Montibus et Insulis luminosis ac resplendentibus globi Lunaris, quæ ad distinctionem facerent, imponerentur, quibus in futurum vti liceret in obseruationibus et correctionibus Astronomicis, Geographicis, atque Hÿdrographicis: litterisque ad Ser[enissimam] Principem ISABELLAM in responsum mißis, significauit, vt sumptus neceßarij suppeditarentur: sed cùm Augustißima Heroina, cuius bonitas, pietas, iustitia, et clementia orbi nota est, me A.° M.D.C.XXXIV. ex Hispaniâ redeunte, è terris in cælos remeaßet, inspectura cominus tanta miracula, nescio quâ iniquitate temporum, incæptum hoc meum interruptum est, et fauore suo destitutum hæsit; ita vt periculum fuerit, ne, quemadmodum magis magisque iam divulgatur, alius quispiam id occuparet, publicumque suo nomine faceret. Tandem, postquam Excell[entissimus] D[ominus] EMMANVEL DE MOVRA Y CORTEREAL Marchio de Castel Rodrigo, et Belgicarum prouinciarum Burgundiæq[ue] Gubernat[or], etĉ, Sanctioris Ærarii consult[atione] edoctus, huius rei curiositatem et vtilitatem, atque æternum ex eâ REGI decus oriturum præuidit, hanc Selenographiam hoc modo publicare permisit. Hoc igitur incitati decreto (quod bono publico fiat) primum hoc Plenilunium PHILIPPICVM publicamus, propriis Regum et Principum nominibus collustratum, (qui hodiè in Europâ rerum potiuntur, scientiarumque Mathematicarum sunt patroni, fautores, atque Mæcenates,) aliquorum etiam veterum et recentiorum, qui in hoc genere excellunt, ingeniiq[ue] sui præclaris monumentis, laudem et famam sibi compararunt: quocirca etiam edemus librum in honorem illorum. Dolemus plurimum nos hactenus non potuiße rescire (quod tamen breui futurum speramus) nomina et merita cæterorum qui his in artibus alibi eximii sunt, vt Globo nostro splendenti pariter inscribamus. Triginta autem phases crescentis et decrescentis Lunæ iam paratæ, propediem prodibunt, in quibus distinctè exprimimus singulas Lunæ particulas, vt insulas montiumq[ue] vertices a continenti sæpißime auulsas quæ Lunâ crescente momento temporis apparent, eâque decrescente subito euanescunt, quod primum et diurnum fere inueniende Longitudinis auxilium est. Adiungemus insuper inter plurima alia noua, eximia et maxime vtilia, longam et luculentam Eclipsium seriem, quas praxi nostrâ facillimâ atque accuratâ, multis iam annis studiose obseruauimus, vmbrâ scilicet terræ particulas hasce Lunares tegente vel retegente, quod alterum sed eximium Longitudinis inuestigandæ auxilium est; vnde falsa illa ne dicam impoßibilis, tam Antiquorum, quam Neot[ericorum] principij, medii, finis, digitorumq[ue] Eclipticorum obseruatio corruit, quæ proculdubio cum cæteris tot errorum in Geographia commißorum causa fuit.
Hæc sunt illorum aliqua quæ A.° M.DCXXXI iußu S[erenissimae] P[rincipis] demonstrauimus Viris Doctiß[imis] Claris[simis] et in hæc arte celeb[errimis] ad id constitutis E. Puteano, G. Wendelino, et in Hispania, mandante Rege, I. della Faille, et B. Petit, vt censuris ipsorum penes, me reseruatis atque etiam in lucem emißis, sufficienter liquet. Sed, harum scientiarum studiosi sciant, me vnius tantum Plenilunij faciem dare, in exemplum variarum, quas è Cælo delineauimus; inconstans enim semper, et mutabilis fit Lunæ facies, a motu nempe corporis sui libratorio, quâ maculæ nunc in Ortum vel Occasum, nunc in Austrum vel Boream promoueri videntur, cuius librationis iam dudum a nobis excogitatam hypothesim, cum materiali globo Lunari motum hunc accuratè repræsentante, ac singulis insularum, montium, partiumque interuallis ornato in publicum proferemus, vnde, et ipsius poli, ecliptica, meridianorum initium, regionum, singularumq[ue] Lunæ partium Longitudines et latitudines innotescent. Ne qua vero in obseruationibus Astronomicis et Geographicis confusio oboriatur, mutatis forsitan a quocumque hisce Lunæ partium denominationibus, magnam harum schematum copiam, gratis, toti orbi communicauimus, qua in præsenti viros de his studijs bene meritos, eorumq[ue] defensores ac Mæcenates veneramur. Qua de caußa summa cum animi submißione, hanc Lunæ imaginem Regibus, Principibus, ac harum celeberrimis artium Amatoribus consecratum imus, ac rogamus vt præsentem nominum institutionem æqui bonique consulant, nihilq[ue] mutent, et eo quo offerimus affectu, accipiant. Si præterea vellet operâ meâ vti quispiam, aut Eclipsin Solarem aut Lunarē aliudue quid mecum communicare; obnixé eum rogo, vt Bruxellam destinare litteras suas, easque Illustrißimo D[omino] LAMORALDO Comiti de TASSIS inscribere non grauetur: is quippe me eiusmodi honore afficere voluit, vt pro singulari suo in omnes ingenuas et viro Principe dignas artes, præsertim a mathesi non alienas studio; etiam opem suam mihi non recusarit, Bruxellæ V. Idus Februarij M.D.C.XLV.
Regio diplomate prohibetur nominum huius figuræ immutatio, sub poenâ indignationis; et exemplarium quæcunq[ue] effictio sub poenâ confiscat[ionis] et trium floreno[rum].
Dato Brux[ellae] 3. Martij M.D.C.XLV. Ro. vt. Gottignies.
THEODORETVS Sermone IV.
De LVNA hoc modo Philosophi: Thales putat Terrestrem eße: Anaxagoras, et Democritus ignitam soliditarum, quae insitas planities, montes, vallèsque contineat: Pythagoras saxeum corpus: Heraclides terram nebula circum septam.
PLVTARCHVS De facie in Orbe Lunae.
Sicut Terra nostra sinus habet profundos ac magnos, quorum unus per columnas Herculis ad nos infunditur, alter foris est maris Caspii, ac Rubri: sic in LVNA etiam cavernae sunt, et profunda: Cavernarum ejus maximam, penetralia Hecates vocant.
CICERO lib. IV Acad. Quæst
Habitari ait Xenophanes in LVNA, eámq[ue] esse Terram multarum Vrbium et Montium.
ACHILLES TATIVS Isag
Aliqui in LVNA regionem aliam ad inhabitandum inesse, cum fluvijs et ceteris quae in terra videntur, existimant.
PLINIVS lib. II.
Omnium admirationum vincit nouißimum sidus, terrisque familia rißimum, et in tenebrarum remedium ab natura repertum, LVNAE. Multiformi hæc ambage torsit ingenia contemplantium, et proximum ignorari maximè sidus indignantium.
SENECA Nat. Quest. lib. VII.
Multae hodie sunt gentes, quae tantùm facie noverint Caelum; quae nondum sciunt, cur LVNA deficiat, quare adumbretur.
VENIET TEMPVS,
quo ista, quae nunc latent, in lucem dies extrahat, et longioris aeui diligentia.
VENIET TEMPVS,
quo posteri nostri tam aperta nos nesciße mirentur.
Translation - English These matters, hitherto nowhere published, though very useful, indeed necessary, for the human race, Michael Florentius van Langren, Royal Mathematician and Cosmologist, sets forth for the World.
In the year 1628, I had undertaken to describe the orb of the moon--the planet most familiar to the world, and likewise the most unknown—with immense study and labour, and to present this to the Most Serene Princess of the Belgians, Isabella Clara Eugenia, the Enfant of Spain. She, in behalf of her own incredible affection for these arts, wanted me contemplating the Moon, or indeed rather wished me to be by her side, and together look at the planet’s secrets. Since, therefore, she had considered how important these matters were, she sent me to Spain with letters that she had written, that I might offer these observations to the most Powerful King, Philip IV, and give to the light in her name what has securely opened the way for the Astronomer regarding the longitudes and distances between places, as well as the huge and gross errors in Geography which ought to be corrected, and so that it might also be of some use to navigation by sea.
These things so pleased the Great King that he ordered me to be called to him more often in order that he himself might be able to observe the Sky and Moon with a telescope; nay, he has even permitted this description, this Selenography or Lunar Geography, to be titled ‘Philip’s Stars of Austria’, and under the auspices of his own name to come to the notice of mankind. It also pleased him that the names of famous men, which would lend distinction, be placed upon the luminous and resplendent Mountains and Islands of the Lunar Globe, which in future were to be allowed to be used in Astronomical, Geographical, and even in Hydrographical corrections, and in letters sent in response to the Serene Princess Isabella intimated that the necessary costs would be met. But when the Most August Heroine, whose goodness, piety, justice, and mercy are known to the world, had returned from earth to heaven in the year 1634 to behold such great wonders at first hand, I know not by what unjust precedence, when I was returning from Spain, this beginning of mine was interrupted, and got stuck, destitute of her favour; so that there was a danger lest, to the extent that it now was being divulged more and more, someone else should seize it and make it public under his own name. At length, after the Most Excellent Lord Emmanuel de Moura y Cortereal Marchio de Castel Rodrigo, and the Governor, etc. of the provinces of Belgium and Burgundy, a learned consultant of the Sacred Treasury, foresaw the novelty and utility of this thing and that from it would arise an eternal glory for the King, in this wise he permitted this Selenography to be published. Stirred up therefore by this decree, (and may it be for the public good), we proclaim this first Full Moon ‘Philippic’, made illustrious by the names of the King and Princes who hold sway in Europe today, and who are the patrons, foster-fathers, and Maecenases of the Sciences and Mathematics; there are also some of the old and more recent ages, who excel in this discipline and have won praise and fame for the outstanding monuments of their genius; wherefore we publish this book in their honour. We lament that we have not hitherto been able to discover (what we nevertheless hope may come to pass) the names and achievements of the others in these arts who have been elsewhere noteworthy, so that we may inscribe our shining Globe with their like. Moreover, with thirty [observations of] phases of the waxing and waning Moon now ready, they will soon provide the means to us of distinguishing each particular of the Moon, as the islands and mountaintops quite often torn off from the land as they appear at the moment in time when the Moon waxes, and when she wanes suddenly disappear, which is the chief and almost daily aid in ascertaining the longitude. We shall add as well among a great many other new, astonishing, and very useful things a long and brilliant series of Eclipses, which in accordance with our quite simple and accurate practice we have observed now zealously for many years, with the earth’s shadow, to be sure, hiding these Lunar particulars again and again, which is another but exceptional aid to ascertaining the longitude. Whence let me not call that impossible which, as much among the Ancients as among the Moderns, is the observation, that from the beginning, middle, end, and degrees of the Ecliptic there has been alteration, which was no doubt the cause for so much of the remainder of errors committed in Geography.
These are some of those things which in the year 1631, by order of the Most Serene Princess, we demonstrated to men the most learned, distinguished, and celebrated in this art and commissioned for this, E. Puteanus, G. Wendelinus, and in Spain, obeying the King’s order, I. della Faille and B. Petit, under whose own careful scrutiny, despite my reservations about even publishing it, it was made sufficiently clear. But let those students of these sciences know that I am giving the face of only one Full Moon, as an example of the variations which we may delineate from the Heavens; for it is always unstable, and the face of the Moon is changeable, due, of course, to the libratory motion of its own body, whereby the blemishes which are seen to rise in the East and the West, now in the South and North. This libration has for a long time been worked out by us as an hypothesis that this accurately represents [the earth’s] motion in relation with the physical globe of the Moon, and so with the distances between each of the islands, mountains, and regions elabourated, we shall bring it before the public, whence the longitudes and latitudes, even of the pole itself, the ecliptic, the beginning of the meridians, regions, and particulars of the areas of the Moon will become known. But lest any confusion should arise (as an obstacle) in the Astronomical and Geographical observations, if these denominations of the areas of the Moon are perchance changed by someone, we have shared the great boon of these tables for free with the whole world, on account of which we honour at present men well-deserving of these studies, and their defenders and Maecenases. For which reason, it is with the deepest humility of soul that we are going to consecrate this description of the Moon, to the Kings, Princes, and most celebrated Amateurs of these arts, and we ask that the good and just consult the present index of terms, and that they accept with what disposition we offer it. If anyone should wish to make use of my work as well, or to share a Solar Eclipse or any other Lunar phenomenon with me; I earnestly entreat him, that it not be a burden to send his letters to Brussels, and address them to the Most Illustrious Lord Lamaraldus, Count of Tassis: He especially has wanted to present me with an honour of this sort, as in behalf of his own, one by one, towards all the liberal arts worthy of a man who is a Prince, especially those not alien to a study of Methematics; even he shall not have refused his assistance to me. Brussels, the 5th (the Ides) of February, 1645.
By royal decree, alteration of this index of terms is prohibited, on pain of displeasure, and any copying of the originals, on pain of confiscation and [a fine of] three florins.
Given at Brussels, 3rd March 1645. At Ro[tterdam] as at Gottingen.
Theodoret, Sermon 4:
Concerning the Moon, the philosophers thought in this wise: Thales thought that it was made of earth; Anaxagoras and Democritus that it was the movement of the atoms which holds the plains, mountains, and valleys in place; Pythagoras, that it had a rocky body; Heraclides, that it was land surrounded by mist.
Plutarch, On the Face in the Orb of the Moon:
Just as our earth has large and deep bays, of which one flows in to us through the Pillars of Hercules, and the other is beyond the Caspian and Red Sea, so on the Moon there are caves, too, and deep ones, and of its caves they call the greatest Hecate’s Sanctuary.
Cicero, Academic Questions, Book 4:
Xenophanes says that the Moon is inhabited, and that it is a land of many cities and mountains.
Achilles Tatius, Isagoge:
Some believe that there is another region on the Moon suitable for habitation, with rivers and the rest of the things which are seen on Earth.
Pliny, Book 3:
The newest planet evinces the strangest admiration of all, though it is the one most familiar to Earth, and a remedy for eclipses discovered by Nature. This in its multiform orbit exercises the minds of those contemplating it, and especially is not to know the nearest star a matter for indignation among men.
Seneca, Natural Questions, Book 7:
There are many peoples today who know the Sky only superficially, who do not know why the Moon eclipses, why it is shadowed.
There shall come a time
in which he draws those things which now lie hidden into the light of day, and the attentiveness of a later age;
there shall come a time
in which our posterity will wonder that we did not know such obvious things.
Greek (Ancient) to English: Simonides, Θρῆνος, fr. 15 PMG General field: Art/Literary Detailed field: Poetry & Literature
Translation - English While the might of men is slight,
Their sorrows too are incurable
And in their brief span of life there is pain upon pain,
And ineluctable death looms over all alike.
For of that both the good and whosoever is evil
Have an equally fated portion.
Latin to English: Lucretius, de rerum natura, 3.830-851 General field: Art/Literary Detailed field: Philosophy
Source text - Latin Nil igitur mors est ad nos neque pertinet hilum,
quandoquidem natura animi mortalis habetur.
et vel ut ante acto nihil tempore sensimus aegri,
ad confligendum venientibus undique Poenis,
omnia cum belli trepido concussa tumultu
835horrida contremuere sub altis aetheris auris,
in dubioque fuere utrorum ad regna cadendum
omnibus humanis esset terraque marique,
sic, ubi non erimus, cum corporis atque animai
discidium fuerit, quibus e sumus uniter apti,
840scilicet haud nobis quicquam, qui non erimus tum,
accidere omnino poterit sensumque movere,
non si terra mari miscebitur et mare caelo.
et si iam nostro sentit de corpore postquam
distractast animi natura animaeque potestas,
nil tamen est ad nos, qui comptu coniugioque
corporis atque animae consistimus uniter apti.
nec, si materiem nostram collegerit aetas
post obitum rursumque redegerit ut sita nunc est,
atque iterum nobis fuerint data lumina vitae,
850pertineat quicquam tamen ad nos id quoque factum,
interrupta semel cum sit repetentia nostri.
Translation - English Thus death is nothing to us, nor matters one whit,
since the nature of mind is held to be mortal;
and, just as in times past we felt nothing grievous
with the Punics coming to conflict from all sides
when everything, convulsed by war’s restless tumult,
quaked in terror beneath the sky’s exalted drafts
and doubted to which would fall the supremacy
over all mankind on both land and sea, just so,
when we shall not be, when the portions of body
and mind from which we were compounded will have been,
assuredly nothing at all can befall us,
who shall then not be, and elicit sensation,
not if earth be mingled with sea and sea with sky.
Further, even if the mind’s nature and the soul’s
properties feel after they’ve been torn asunder
from our body, it’s nonetheless nothing to us,
who by the bond and wedding of body and soul
consist, fitted together, of a single whole.
Nor, if time should gather our matter after death
and bring it back again as it is now arranged
and life’s luster be granted us a second time,
nonetheless it would not matter to us at all
that this also had happened, since our awareness
of ourselves was interrupted once and for all.
Lithuanian to English: Daina - Mėnuo saulužę vedė General field: Art/Literary Detailed field: Music
Source text - Lithuanian Mėnuo saulužę vedė
pirmą pavasarėlį.
Saulužė anksti kėlės,
Mėnužis atsiskyrė.
Mėnuo vienas vaikštinėjo,
Aušrinę pamylėjo.
Perkūns, didžiai supykęs,
jį kardu perdalijo.
"Ko saulužės atsiskyrei?
Aušrinę pamylėjai?
Viens naktį vaikštinėjai?"
Translation - English The Moon wed the Sun
in the first spring.
The Sun rose early,
the Moon went away.
The Moon strayed alone,
the Morning Star fell in love with him.
Perkunas, greatly wroth,
clove him with a sword.
"Why did he go away from the Sun,
fall in love with the Morning Star,
stray alone at night?"1
1 This daina, one of the most popular, records a very ancient aetiological myth which accounts for the changing aspect of the moon. As opposed to Southern European tradition (e.g. the Greek and the Roman), the moon is represented as male and the sun as female, as in Germanic myth. The explanation commonly offered for this is that northern peoples looked upon the sun as a nourishing, fecundating presence, while its fiercer heat in the drier, southern regions conjured up more destructive attributes in men's minds (for instance, as bringer of drought).
Lithuanian to English: Dainos - Teka upelė dobile iř Teka upelė, Duinoja General field: Art/Literary Detailed field: Music
Source text - Lithuanian Teka Upelė Dobile
Teka upelė, dobile,
dobiluci, dobile.
Teka Dunojus, dobile,
dobiluci, dobile.
Kas toj upelēj, dobile?
Dobiluci, dobile.
Krēslalis stovi, dobile,
dobiluci, dobile.
Kas unt to krēslo, dobile?
Dobiluci, dobile.
Panelē sēdi, dobile,
dobiluci, dobile.
Kų ana veikia, dobile?
dobiluci, dobile.
Galvų šukuoja, dobile,
dobiluci, dobile.
Plaukus laiduoja, dobile,
dobiluci, dobile.
Plaukit, plaukeliai, dobile,
dobiluci, dobile.
"Tēvuli mano, dobile,
dobiluci, dobile,
dai kur važiuoji, dobile?
Dobiluci, dobile.
Keliu keliauji, dobile?
Dobiluci, dobile."
"Dukros dabocie, dobile,
dobiluci, dobile.
Dukrela mano, dobile,
dobiluci, dobile."
Teka Upelė, Duinoja
Rinkinys
Teka upelė,
Duinoja,
Ant tos upelės,
Duinoja.
Stovi krėlelis,
Duinoja.
Ant to krėslelio,
Duinoja.
Šėdi mergelė,
Duinoja.
Galvą šukuoja,
Duinoja.
Gailiai verkuoja,
Duinoja.
"Mano plaukelių!”
Duinoja.
Pritarinya
Teka upelė,
Duinoja.
Translation - English A Brook Flows, O Clover
A brook flows, O clover,
little clover, O clover.
Singing it flows, O clover,
little clover, O clover.
What is in that brook, O clover?
Little clover, O clover.
A chair stands there, O clover,
little clover, O clover.
Who is on that chair, O clover?
Little clover, O clover.
A lass sits on it, O clover,
little clover, O clover.
What does she yonder, O clover?
Little clover, O clover.
She combs her head, O clover,
little clover, O clover.
She floats her hair, O clover,
little clover, O clover.
Float, hair, O clover,
little clover, O clover.
"My dear father, O clover,
little clover, O clover,
so where do you voyage, O clover?
Little clover, o clover.
Do you travel on the road, o clover?
Little clover, O clover."
"Watch after my little daughter, O clover,
little clover, O clover."1
1 This song originated in the Djukija region.
A Brook Flows, It Is Singing
Choregus
A brook flows,
it is singing.
In that brook,
it is singing.
A chair stands,
it is singing.
On that chair,
it is singing.
A girl sits thereon,
she is singing.
She combs her head,
she is singing.
She weeps bitterly,
she is singing.
"My hair!”
she is singing.
Chorus
A brook flows,
It is singing.2.
2 This daina and the preceding give a description of a species of water nymph, who are said to be "beautiful women with elongated breasts, very long blond hair, and a fish-tail. They [are] mute. When people [happen] to see them, [they stare back] silently, spread their wet hair, and hide their tails (J. Trinkunas, Of Gods and Holidays, Tvermė, 1999,
p.37).
Lithuanian to English: Daina - Kalėdų daina General field: Art/Literary Detailed field: Music
Source text - Lithuanian Kalėdų daina
Sodino brolis
obelėlį, kalėda,
Sodzydamas
prikalbėjo, kalėda:
"Auk, obelėl,
aukščiau dvaro, kalėda,
laisk šakelas
plačiau dvaro, kalėda.
Zydėk žiedais,
bebravaisiais, kalėda.
Auk obuoliais
raudonaisiais, kalėda."
Translation - English A Christmas Song
My brother planted
an apple-tree, O Kaleda.1
While planting
he importuned her, O Kaleda:
"Grow, little apple-tree,
grow high above the manor, O Kaleda,
spread your boughs
broadly over the manor, O Kaleda.
Bloom with blossoms
of claret hue, O Kaleda.
Grow with apples
of ruddy hue, O Kaleda."
1 This daina originated in eastern Lithuania (the Highlands), as is evident from dialectal forms like sodzydamas (= sodindamas in standard Lithuanian). The apple and its tree here symbolise love and regeneration, as in much other Eastern European folklore. It seems to have been sung at the planting of an apple-tree during the winter solstice to ensure a good harvest of the fruit in the coming year, for Kalėda is Saulė, the Baltic sun-goddess, in her aspect after the winter solstice, when her waxing light and warmth begin to increase and thereby quicken the germination and growth of plants. In ethnic Lithuanian religion, Kalėdos is a celebration of the winter solstice, which signals the impending return of the growing season, but since the Christianisation of the nation in the late Middle Ages it has come commonly to mean ‘Christmas’, so that, in this daina, Kalėda is essentially merely a refrain.
English to Latin: About Dark Matter and the Nature of Elementary Particles General field: Science Detailed field: Physics
Source text - English About Dark Matter and the Nature of Elementary Particles
By: Gerhard Jan Smit and Jelle Ebel van der Schoot, November 20, 2016.
Summary
In this article a particle will be presented through which all forces are explained in a satisfactory way. It concerns the so-called dimensional basic (db or ). After much reflection, Gerhard Jan Smit and Jelle Ebel van der Schoot are of the opinion that with this theory, the foundation of the observed particles and forces has been found.
The accompanying formula is: √(x^2+y^2+z^2 )×Kr=1 (0).
In the formula Kr = curvature [m-1], x,y,z are coordinates in space/time [m].
Implications:
The properties of dark matter can be described with the introduction of the dimensional basic, this introduction leads to new deductions in various fields of physics;
the observed cosmic redshift is a gravitational redshift;
the cosmic background is formed through the mutual interactions of the 1-db-particles;
neutron consists -notwithstanding the current insights- of a foursome of quarks (2 quarks up, 2 quarks down);
complex particles -rationalized from the basis- can be mathematically determined and simulated;
the entanglement of particles is caused by curvatures, changes that one of the “partner-particles” experiences will instantaneously be transmitted to experienced by the other “partner-particle(s)”;
electromagnetic fields around energized wires are being caused by aspirating 1-db particles. By winding of an energized wire in a coil the electromagnetic fields are being cumulated, this resulting in the fields as observed around an energized coil.
Introduction
It seems an impossibility to indicate the properties of a macroscopic object using quantum logic. The properties of microscopic elementary particles that are known at this time make this very difficult. Elementary particles have properties that cannot be defined, or only in a complex way. One significant problem is that the gravity at the level of the elementary particles will not be straight-jacketed into the Standard Model (Newton). If this happens, the “Theory of Everything” has been found; the theory which can merge the known forces of nature.
Now, for the first time, a particle will be presented in this article through which all forces are explained in a satisfactory way. It concerns the so-called dimensional basic (db or ). After much reflection, we are of the opinion that with this basic particle, the foundation of the observed particles and forces has been found.
In this article we start with an outline of the observed conflicts within quantum mechanics. After that, the theory will be described, the dimensional basic followed by the consequences for the photon, the electron, the quarks, the protons and neutrons, the more complex particles and the nature of electromagnetic fields. We will finish with a short expression of euphoria (Beauty in the order) and a justification.
Quote by Einstein:
“Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited to all we now know and understand, while imagination embraces the entire world, and all there ever will be to know and understand.”
Outline of observed conflicts within quantum mechanics
In the macroscopic world, facts (position, speed, and time) are true facts. In the microscopic world, one cannot often say that these are true or untrue. This begs the question: how well do we understand the world at the atomic scale? For example, Werner Heisenberg claimed: “The subatomic world demonstrates again and again that we live in a psychedelic world that, to our common sense, is completely absurd.”
According to the current models, the world is made up of particles; this includes electrons, protons, and neutrons. Protons and neutrons are made up of constituent particles (quarks). Particles move under the influence of forces. Recognizable are short distance forces (strong and weak interactions) and long distance forces (electric and gravitational interactions).
The electric, weak and strong forces are dominant at the atomic and subatomic levels. There has been considerable progress in the search for a united theory of these forces. The description of all these particles and forces takes place within quantum mechanics.
Quantum mechanics is not just another physical theory; it is a framework for all physical theories. Quantum mechanics describes the nature of the particles and the forces that interfere with each other from the particles.
To date, no other theory besides quantum mechanics has the potential to ultimately reach the status of universal applicability. The mystery of quantum mechanics begins when you look more closely at the currently known foundation.
In order to study the smallest building blocks of matter, particle accelerators are used. In this method, elementary particles are artificially accelerated and brought into collision with other particles, creating new particles. Through observation of their tracks, whether or not deflected into a magnetic field (only electrically charged particles) and mutual collisions, the properties of the particles can be studied. Does this provide us with a good picture of the world, or is our picture a description of the results of these multiple experiments? Do the experiments supply a good fundamental description of the entity of the particles? Such a question is a source of unease among physicists.
Scientists would like an interpretation of quantum mechanics that corresponds with the experience in the macroscopic world and that is represented by classic mechanics. However, the classic world is in part not consistent with the world of quantum mechanics. This leads to essential questions. Can the universe be represented by quantum mechanics? It seems a reasonable expectation that the atoms in the universe would obey the laws of physics. Currently this doesn’t seem to be the case.
First of all, on the macro level there are observations of deviating speeds in galaxies. These speeds do not correspond with the directly observed matter and can only be explained by the presence of unknown mass called dark energy matter. From data of gravitational lenses there is strong evidence as to the presence of dark matter. These data suggest the presence of dark matter in clusters and around galaxies. Dark energy and dark matter plays a crucial role in the explanation of fluctuations in parts of the spectrum of cosmic background radiation. Although this matter has not actually and directly been observed, the indirect evidence is overwhelming.
Still, for many scientists it is hard to stomach the assumption of the presence of this unverifiable dark energy matter. Because of this, new theories are constantly emerging. Many of these theories are a typical result of scientists coming to a standstill because they cannot reconcile these observations on a macro level with the lack of real and direct evidence. The mathematical bag of tricks is turned upside down, and extremely complex claims are used to depict reality. Upon closer examination, one realizes that these do not remove the friction.
On a micro level too, the questions are fundamental. For example, within quantum mechanics there is the unexplained phenomenon of entanglement. Two particles that simultaneously come into being – but are situated at a great distance from each other – each turn out to possess properties that correspond with each other. This would bring to mind a common cause in the classic sense. However, if the situation changes for one of the particles (e.g. the spin), then the situation will simultaneously change for the other particle. It seems as if from a distance, an instantaneous transmission of information takes place. So this correlation between the two particles ostensibly goes beyond what is considered possible in classic physics. The fact that a particle does not choose a specific state until its observation (measuring) brought Einstein to remark: “God does not play dice.” It is clear that Einstein meant that there must be an underlying, understandable reason for the presumed transmission of information. However, to this day, a satisfactory explanation for this phenomenon has not been found.
There are also questions in which micro level and macro level both play a role. First of all, there is the attraction of a photon by a gravitational field. A photon is deflected in its track by a heavy mass in space (Figure 1). Why does the photon obey to Einstein’s ideas of curved space/time? Traditionally the photon is considered to be massless, the reason why the underlying mechanism has not yet been fully understood. Then there is the gravitational redshift that a photon (in space) undergoes when close to an object with an enormous curvature (black hole). In fact, on the event horizon of a black hole, the redshift becomes extreme (infinite). Although both of these phenomena have been universally accepted and observed, there is no full comprehension. Why does the photon undergo such a deflection and what is the mechanism of the gravitational redshift?
Fig. 1 (Deflection photon close to an object with a heavy mass)1
These and other matters lead physicists to constantly re-evaluate the interpretation of quantum physics. Their mutual goal is always to find a reformulation of the existing framework.
In this article, we propose a theory that, in fact, forms the foundation for the understanding of nuclear forces both on the micro as well as the macro scale. For the observed phenomenon’s, we offer an unconventional explanation. Will the previously mentioned pressing questions be answered? We believe so.
In this article, we will make a number of assumptions that will fit the model we propose.
Dimensional Basic
The basis of the theory is: The most elementary particle in existence is the dimensional basic. This particle has only one property: An infinite curvature in the center. The particle itself has no dimensions (no length, no width, no heights). The particle is found everywhere in the universe. The particle is always moving through space/time. Through agglomeration, or rather joint interaction, the particles form phenomena that at a certain moment rise above the observational limit. The db itself exists below the observational limit and so it can never be demonstrated. The 1db-particle is depicted in Figure 2. Curvature has been plotted here against space/time.
The accompanying formula is: √(x^2+y^2+z^2 )×Kr=1 (0).
In the formula Kr = curvature [m-1], x,y,z are coordinates in space/time [m].
The curvature of space on the location of the 1-db is infinite, while time stands still on the location of the 1-db. The 1-db behaves like a black hole without dimensions. Formula (0) describes the relatively reduced extent of curvature of space/time surrounding the 1-db. The curvature of space will reduce and time is running faster as the distance to the 1-db enlarges.
The distance between the 1-db’s varies by movements relative to each other. The directions of movements is are being influenced by one another according to the gravitationalmathematic laws. The movement paths are optically influenced for the outside observer by the curvatures of space/time caused by the db’s themselves. This means that times slows down while relative space around a 1-db becomes smaller when the db’s are approaching each other. Time speeds up and relative space around a 1-db becomes larger when the db’s go from one another.
The db is set apart from other particles in the sense that other particles are composed of multiple db’s while the db itself is a singular particle. Also singular in respect to singularity. Each db is a singularity on itself, other particles than the db are a combination of multiple singularities.
Observed forces (weak, strong, electric) have the same origin. These forces find there cause in the character of a singular db. The observed forces are in fact a very complex sum of circling movements that will come to exist when multiple db’s get into an interaction with each other.
Formula (0) was correctly applied in the static model simulations4 we used for the illustrations and time deformation has been applied in the dynamical model that was developed which could not be shown in the article. Output of the dynamical model can be seen on the website www.db-universe.org .
Illustration 0: The deformation of space under influence of a dimensional basic.
0.1 Uncurved (flat) cube of space/time 0.2 Cube of space time curved by the presence of a
dimensional basic in the centre
For this article we use a simplification of formula (0): Kr = abs 1/x (1).
In the formula Kr = curvature [m-1], x = space/time [m].
Fig. 2 (Schematic depiction 1db)3
When two 1-db-particles enter into the direct sphere of influence of each other’s curvature, a strong interaction will be formed between the two. This is comparable to a star-planet combination such as the sun and the earth (Illustration 1.1). The difference is that the 1-db-particles are without a dimension and with an infinite curvature in the center (Illustration 1.2). This indicates that time (for the outside observer) infinitely slows down when the particles approach each other. So the combination of the 2db’s has an enormous life span. The interaction between the two 1-db’s is depicted in Figure 3. The analogy of the curvatures around black holes is striking.
Illustration. 1.1. Earth in curvature field of sun2 Illustration 1.2. Depiction of curvatures 2db-particle2
Fig. 3 (Schematic depiction 2db-particle)3
The curvature of the combined particles is found using the formula (2). The curvature in the center between the particles is found when x=0.
kr= abs1/(x+(1λ )/2) + abs1/(x-(1λ )/2) (2).
In the formula Kr = curvature [m-1], λ = distance between both particles/wavelength [m].
The resulting established surface between both asymptotes has a surface of
2*∫_0,5λ^λ▒〖ln(x)〗. This is equal to 2 ln2 (constant). The total surface (this is the surface in which the results on the left and right side of the graphic have been incorporated) has the value of 2ln(2) + 2*∫_λ^∞▒〖1/x dx〗.
The photon
The hypothesis is that the 2-db-particle is a photon. A depiction of curvatures that the observer can detect is shown in Illustration 2. The wavelength of the photon is equal to the distance λ between both particles. The schematic depiction of a photon is shown in Figure 4.
Illustration 2: Impression curvatures of a 2db-particle (photon)3
2.1 Photon (greyscale) 2.2 Photon (blue is high 2.3 Photon (each db it’s
curvature, red is low own color)
curvature)
In a photon in the red spectrum (620 nm) the kr620nm (when x=0) has a value of 6.45x106 m-1. For a gamma-photon (0.001 nm) the kr0,001nm (when x=0) has a value of 4.0x1012 m-1. The surface is equal for each photon 2ln(2) + 2*∫_λ^∞▒〖1/x dx〗. This indicates that the enthalpy will be equal for all photons. However, the entropy of a photon does increase as its wavelength increases. This becomes clear through a reduction of the curvature at a larger wavelength.
Figure 4. (Schematic depiction photon)3
It is clear that a moving 2-db-particle – under the influence of a nearby object with an extreme curvature – will have a deflected track. This is in fact what is observed (see Figure 1).
Let’s look at another phenomenon. If a photon on its track is influenced by curvatures caused by other particles, the photon will be brought “out of balance.” out of balance, i.e. the enlargement of the radius of its internal circular movement. Under the influence of extreme curvatures, the photon will undergo a wavelength shift. We call this “the aging of the photon.” Because both db-particles experience an enormous curvature via each another within the photon, this is an extremely slow process for the observer. But during a trip through space/time lasting many light-years (e.g. 10 billion light-years) the effect can be seen by the observer.
The redshift at a certain moment in time is given through the following formula (3):
λ_(observer )= λ_standard+Constant×S (3)
In the formula λobserver is the wavelength of the photon [nm] at the position of the observer, sStandard is the wavelength of the photon [nm] on it’s place of birth, the Constant is a space-constant that is due to the fluctuating curvatures that the photon will meet on it’s way through space/time, S is the traveling distance of the photon in space/time between the place of birth at the position of the observer [m].
Because the photon will go on a long journey through various curvature fields, the connection is of course not quite as linear as is suggested here. Below you will find a figure Figure 5 shows in which a photons that have has a tracks through different curvature fields (Fig. 5). Note that the photon 1 on t10 has a different position in space/time than photon 2 on t10. To the outside observer, photon 1 seems to move faster.
Fig. 5 (Photon in a track through different curvature fields)3
Under the influence of extreme curvatures in space, the “aging” of a photon can accelerate greatly. This is observable near black holes (see Illustration 3). The closer the track of a photon to a black hole, the greater the aging. In fact, close to an event horizon (Schwartschild scale) of a black hole, the aging (gravitational redshift) is infinite.
Illustration 3: Curvatures of photon under the influence of externally large curvature.3
To date, the observed cosmic redshift in the universe has been explained mostly through the hypothetical expansion of the universe. The redshift is explained as a Doppler effect. We are of the opinion that cosmic redshift is the result of the aging of the photon. This effect takes place when photons have traveled extreme distances (e.g. 10 billion light years) in space/time. As mentioned before, the aging of the photons is caused by the proximity of curvatures which the photon encounters in transit. As previously stated, these curvatures are present everywhere in the universe as db’s. The observed redshift is in fact a gravitational redshift. A direct conclusion could be that there is no such thing as an expansion of the universe. The observations of a seemingly accelerated expanding universe are being explained by the 'aging of the photon' and thus we have doubts concerning the hypothesis of dark energy being responsible for the expanding of the universe at an accelerating rate.
It is important to note that the large amounts of db’s are responsible for the observed presence of dark energy and dark matter. The db’s are in fact the sought after dark energy matter. This can explain the deviating speeds of galaxies without anyone having to dust off the mathematical bag of tricks. The movements in space can be explained in a Newtonian way.
The by Einstein suggested cosmological constant in the theory of relativity is in fact a resumptive description of the presence of dimensional basics. Einstein later on rejected his own suggestion on the basis of “Hubbles Law”. We are of the opinion that his suggestion indeed was right.
The so-called dark energy dimensional basic plays a crucial role in the explanation of fluctuations in the spectrum of cosmic background radiation. The matter responsible has never before been observed. We believe that some types of the cosmic background is are formed through the mutual interaction of the 1db-particles. This sometimes causes photons of completely different wavelengths to be formed, which together partly cause the pattern of cosmic background radiation.
Electrons
Observations have shown that a positron and an electron are annihilated, which causes two gamma-photons to be released. This is depicted in the Feynman diagram below (Figure 6).
Fig. 6 (Feynman diagram annihilation positron and electron)3
The Feynman diagram can also be read in reverse. Two gamma-photons together form a positron and an electron. Each of the photons is made up of two db-particles with only a rotation around the y-axis (see Figure 4). The electron is a 2db-particle with an extra spin (towards the photon) around the x-axis (clockwise). The positron is also a 2db-particle with an extra spin around the x-axis, but counter-clockwise. This is depicted in Figure 7. The photon is easy to imagine as a plate. The electron (or positron) can be imagined as a sphere.
At a confrontation between an electron and a positron, a true annihilation does not take place. However, an “extinguishing” of both spins does take place in which the 2db-particles start to behave like gamma-photons. So this still refers to the same 2db-particles.
Fig. 7. (Schematic depiction electron and positron)3
Quarks, protons, and neutrons
Literature describes quarks as constituent particles. The quarks can occur in various ways. In a proton or a neutron one can see multiple quarks that are oriented up or down. A proton is known to consist of three quarks, 2 of which are up (2 Qu) and 1 down (1 Qd).
In our view, a quark is an interaction between three 1-db’s. A depiction of curvatures which can be seen by the observer is shown in Illustration 4.
Illustration 4: Impression curvatures quark3
4.1 Quark (greyscale) 4.2 Quark (blue is high curvature 4.3 Quark (each db it’s own
red is low curvature) color)
A neutron is unstable and rapidly dissociates into an electron, a proton, and an electron-anti-neutrino.
We infer from this comparison, on basis of our theory, that a neutron loses a quark during its disassociation into a proton. The withdrawing quark (that consists of three db’s) is very unstable and will immediately disassociate into an electron (2-db) and an anti-neutrino (1-db). The anti-neutrino is in fact a 1-db-particle that leaves the system of three (3-db/quark) and in an ultra-short time displays an extra curvature in its immediate surroundings. This is observed as the anti-neutrino. The electron proves observable while the proton also forms.
We conclude from this that a neutron consists of a foursome of quarks. Of these, 2 quarks are up and 2 quarks are down. This also explains the fact that, different from the proton, the neutron does not show a positively oriented field. The disassociation into a proton takes place during the expelling of a down quark. This will be further explained shortly.
Thus, according to our theory, a neutron consists of two up-quarks and 2 down-quarks (Qu, Qd, Qu, Qd). A depiction of the curvatures within a neutron is shown in Illustration 6. A proton consists of two up-quarks and one down-quark (Qu, Qu, Qd). A depiction of the curvatures within a proton is shown in Illustration 5.
Illustration 5: Impression curvatures proton3
Concluding: during the disassociation into a proton, the following happens:
Figure 8 (Disassociation into proton, electron, and 1db)3
In principle, the proton is very stable. Yet it can be said that during the disassociation of a proton, according to our theory this will take place as follows:
Fig. 9 (Disassociation into a positron, 2 gamma-photons, and 3x1db)3
At a disassociation, the proton will result in a positron, 2 gamma-photons, and three 1db-particles. In an ultra-short time, these 1db-particles will display an extra curvature in the immediate surroundings. These are observed as anti-neutrinos.
The described disassociation can in fact be observed by physicists. This provides our theory with evidence within the current observations.
Illustration 6: Impression curvatures neutron3
More complex particles
In more complex particles, the mutual interactions will become more and more complicated. We are of the opinion that these particles – rationalized from the basis – can be mathematically determined and simulated. Within these simulations we also expect that the previously mentioned entanglements of particles can be explained. In our view, the entanglement is possible because particles (whether constituent or not) can be under the influence of each other’s curvatures. This phenomenon can take place at very large distances. Such a situation will – caused by the relatively weak curvature – be unstable and experience a rapid disassociation. Because the entanglement is caused by curvatures, changes that one of the “partner-particles” experiences will instantaneously be transmitted to experienced by the other “partner-particle.” Thus, there is an underlying, understandable reason for the observed transmission (no playing dice).
In illustration 7 the curvatures of a deuterium core are shown. To the left the proton, to the middle/right the neutron. Remarkable is that the quark in the middle seems to be smaller than the surrounding quarks, this is the effect of a locally enlarged curvature of space. The proton and the neutron within their own complex movement tend to the configuration as shown in illustration 7. In a Newtonian way they will approach each other as shown and then remove from one another. What appears to be instantaneous and linear in time and space for the proton and the neutron will appear to be a slow process for an outside observer. When the distance between the proton and the neutron becomes more narrow time is being slowed down. Time is speeding up again when the distance between the proton and the neutron gets bigger. At the nearest point there is a “anchor” which is the cause for the longevity of the deuterium core. The half-life of the deuterium is unknown. The deuterium core is relatively stable. The timing within the described process in depicted in illustration 8. In illustration 8 the proton is held statically. The observer is theoretically situated on the proton.
Illustration 8: Trajectory of a neutron to a proton3
Electromagnetic Fields
Electromagnetic fields around an energized wire behave like fluids within a centrifugal pump. The centrifugal pump has been developed in the end of the 17th century by Denis Papin. If the fan of a centrifugal pump begins to rotate the fluid within the fan will get a tangential speed (= speed in the direction of the periphery). The centrifugal force that hereby arises makes the fluid being pushed to the outer periphery of the fan. In this the mechanical energy (the rotation of the fan) is being converted into potential and kinetic energy. In analogy to, the electrons (who all have a likeminded spin) will be hurled to the outer periphery of the wire. On the outside of the wire the curvatures caused by the electrons will be large. Through these curvatures the 1-db particles will be sucked in. This causes a whirlwind of 1-db particles which will rotate around the energized wire. This causes the electromagnetic fields with their attractive force. This process is depicted in illustration 9. By winding an energized wire in a coil the electromagnetic forces are being cumulated, this resulting in the fields as observed around an energized coil. This process is depicted in illustration 10. When implementing positrons are send through a wire the fields will show an opposite direction with respect to the fields caused by electrons.
Illustration 9: Electromagnetic fields around an energized wire3.
Illustration 10: Electromagnetic fields in and around an energized coil3.
Beauty in the order
To us, this model constitutes a good candidate for a new foundation to represent the observed particles and forces. The short distance forces (strong and weak) and the long distance forces (electric and gravitational) can be explained from the described curvatures.
We are amazed by the simplicity and the beauty of all this. The first words “let there be light” (Genesis) are remarkable. The photon is the first reaction that rises above our observation level. After that, all phenomena can be derived according to a relatively simple concept. The world can be described with Newton and Einstein. Reflecting out of this basis, one arrives at explanations for a multitude of phenomena. All observed interactions can be explained using this simple model. This has in fact always been the expectation of the great physicists. A simple model that can explain the forces of nature. In our opinion, this theory realizes all expectations.
This discovery in the area of physics of elementary particles demonstrates that order is the basis of creation. We are of the opinion that we are looking at the fundamentals of the structure, but the mystery of life remains.
Acknowledgement
The basis of the theory dimensional basic was devised by Gerhard Jan Smit during the years 1986 to 1993. He shared the theory of the dimensional basic, the character of dark matter, electromagnetic radiation, electrons, quarks, curvature phenomena of complex particles, the relative variable speed of light through various curvature fields, the “aging” of a photon, the improbability of the hypothetical expansion of the universe, the dimensional basic’s responsibility for the movement of galaxies and its responsibility for the cosmic background on 7 oktober 2016 with Jelle Ebel van der Schoot. Further deductions of the theory applying to photons, electrons, positrons, black holes, the cosmological constant and the deuterium core were developed jointly. Jelle Ebel van der Schoot has posited the theory of the proton and the neutron and their decay. In December 2016 Gerhard Jan Smit has calculated and described the properties of a deuterium core while on the 7th of January 2017 Jelle Ebel van der Schoot has found and described an explanation for electromagnetic fields, both starting from the present theory. All this has resulted in the present article.
1Fig. 1 is from: “Presentation Black Holes”, John Heise, University Utrecht. 2Illustration 1.1 is from Building Blocks of the Universe, Len Zoetemeijer. Illustration 1.2 is derived from Illustration 1.1
3The other figures and illustrations were produced by us. The impressions of the curvatures of a cube of space, photons, electrons, quarks, protons, neutrons and the deuterium core were made using the plotting program Einstein4. This program has been developed by Gerhard Jan Smit during 1996.
An important part of the contents of the section “Outline of observed conflicts within quantum mechanics” is based on “Review of Roland Omnés, The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics”, William Faris, November 1996. Insights on the universe were taken from the books “Het punt Omega”, John Gribbin, 1988 and “Galaxies in the Universe”, L.S. Sparke and J.S Gallagher III, 2007. The information on protons, neutrons, quarks, and the disassociation of particles is general information that can be found on Wikipedia. We express special gratitude to Democritus, Newton, Einstein, and for the remainder, to God, who does not play dice.
Authors: Gerhard Jan Smit, Jelle Ebel van der Schoot, 20 november 2016, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Translation: Christina Anna Sutton, Rockford, Illinois, USA.
Version 1.2 (adjustment 29/11/2016, concerning the surface of a photon)
Version 1.3 (adjustment 30/11/2016, concerning the surface of a photon)
Version 1.4 (adjustment 30/11/2016, introduction formula (0))
Version 1.5 (textual adjustment 5/12/2016 in the first sentence of paragraph “Dimensional Basic”)
Version 1.6 (adjustment 3/1/2017, miscellaneous adjustments: more explanation within paragraph “Dimensional Basic”, remark concerning the by Einstein suggested cosmological constant, Fig 7.1 and 7.2 have been replaced by the new figure 7, description deuterium core in the paragraph “More Complex Particles”, extension of paragraph “Acknowledgement”)
Version 1.7 (adjustment 7/1/2017, introduction of paragraph “Electromagnetic Fields”, adjustment spin of the electron and the positron in figure 7. and another adjustment in the paragraph “Acknowledgement”)
Version 1.8 (adjustment 11/10/2017, textual adjustment: the dimensional basic is dark matter, adjustment in the Paragraph ‘Outline of observed conflicts within quantum mechanics’, further extension of the paragraph ‘dimensional basic’, several adjustments in using the terms ‘dark energy’ and ‘dark matter’, extracting formula (3) from text, adjustment in dark energy’s role on the expansion of the universe and a more subtle description of the cosmic background, adjustment in the paragraph ‘Acknowledgement.)
www.db-universe.org
Translation - Latin De Corpore Fusco et Natura Particularum Primigenarum
A Gerhard Jan Smit et Jelle Ebel van der Schoot, November 20, 2016
Epitoma
In hac disceptatione particula inducetur per quam omnes vires modo idoneo exponuntur. Ad basin dimensionalem (db vel ), quam dicunt, pertinet. Multum reputati, Gerhard Jan Smit et Jelle Ebel van der Schoot opinantur hac ratione fundamentum particularum viriumque observatarum inventum esse.
Formula comitans est: √(x^2+y^2+z^2 )×Kr=1
In formula Kr = flexus [m1], x, y, z sunt coordinata in spatio/tempore [m].
Argumenta:
Propria corporis fusci introductione basis dimensionalis describi possunt, quae introductio novas deductiones in variis campis physicorum gerit;
Rubratio observata et cosmica est rubratio gravitationalis;
Ortus cosmicus conformatur per interactiones mutuas particularum 1-db;
Cognitiones usitatae nihilominus, neutron consistit ex quadruplice quarcorum (2 quarci sursum, 2 quarci deorsum);
Particulae complices, ex basi ad rationem distributae, mathematice decerni et simulari possunt;
Implicatio particularum curvaturis efficitur; mutationes quas una ex ‘particulis adsociis’ subit alteris ‘particulis adsociis ‘ statim subeuntur;
Campi electromagnetici circa fila vi imbuta particulis aspirantibus 1-db efficiuntur. Filo vi imbuto volvente in spira campi electromagnetici cumulantur, ex quo fiat ut campi circa spiram vi imbutam sic observentur.
Prooemium
Videtur non posse indicare propria rei macroscopicae, si quanta logica uteris. Propria particularum microscopicarum elementariarumque quae hoc tempore cognoscuntur illud difficillimum reddunt. Particulae elementariae propria habent quae definiri non possunt, nisi modo involuto. Una ex maioribus quaestionibus est quod gravitas quae in aequo particularum elementariarum est in Modum Usitatum (Newton) non comprimetur. Quod si fit, “Ratio Rerum Omnium” inventa est—ratio quae vires notas naturae coniungere potest.
Nunc primum particula in hoc libello ostendetur per quam omnes vires modo idoneo exponuntur. Ad basin dimensionalem (db vel ), quam dicunt, pertinet. Multum reputati, opinamur hanc particulam basicam fundamentum particularum viriumque observatarum, inventam esse.
In hoc libello delineatione dissensionum observatarum incipimus quae intra quanta mechanica sunt. Postea ratio describetur: Basis dimensionalis, consecutiones photo, electro, quarcis, protis, neutris, particulis multiplicioribus, naturaeque camporum electromagneticorum sequentur. Brevi verbo euphoriae (Amoenitate in ordine) atque excusatione finiemus.
Dictum Einsteini:
« Cogitatio est maioris momenti quam scientia. Scientia enim omnibus terminatur quae nunc scimus et intellegimus, sed cogitatio totum mundum omniaque quae umquam erunt ad sciendum et intellegendum complectitur. »
Epitoma dissensionum observatarum intra quanta mechanica
In mundo macroscopico res (locus, celeritas, tempusque) verae sunt res. In mundo autem microscopico non saepe dici potest utrum hae verae an falsae sint. Hoc quaestionem proponit: quam bene mundum magnitudinis atomicae intellegimus? Exempli gratia, Werner Heisenberg adfirmavit: “Mundus subatomicus iterum atque iterum demonstrat nos psychedelico in mundo vivere qui, sensui communi nostro, omnino absurdus est.”
Secundum exempla quae nunc habentur mundus factus est ex particulis: electris, protis, neutrisque. Prota et neutra ex particulis constituentibus (quarcis) facta sunt. Particulae viribus movent. Cognitae sunt vires brevis spatii (interactionum firmarum et infirmarum) et vires longinqui spatii (interactionum electricarum et gravitationalium).
Vires electrica et infirma et firma in aequo atomico et subatomico praevalent. Magnus progressus in ratione unita harum virium quaerenda fuit. Descriptio harum omnium particularum et virium intra quanta mechanica fit. Non sunt quanta mechanica alia modo ratio physica: Structura omnium rationum physicarum est. Quanta mechanica naturam particularum et virium describunt quae alia aliam ex particulis impediunt.
Adhuc nulla alia ratio nisi quanta mechanica statum universae tandem applicationis attinere potuit. Mysterium quantorum mechanicorum incipit cum fundamentum quod nunc cognoscitur acutius inspicis.
Ut elementis parvissimis corporis studeas, acceleratoribus particularum uteris. Hoc modo particulae elementariae arte accelerantur et ut cum aliis particulis confligantur aguntur: Ita novae particulae fiunt. Vestigiis earum observandis propriis particularum, utrum in campum magneticum inque concursus mutuos deflectis (solum particulis electrice citis) necne, studeri potest. Praebetne hoc nobis bonam imaginem mundi an est imago nostra descriptio exituum horum multorum experimentorum? Suppeditantne experimenta bonam descriptionem principalem entiae particularum? Talis quaestio fons est anxietatis apud physicos.
Physici definitionem quantorum mechanicorum malunt quae experientiae mundi macroscopici congruit atque quae mechanicis classicis ostenditur. Classicus autem mundus mundo quantorum mechanicorum ex parte non consistit. Quod ad quaestiones necessarias ducit: Potestne ostendi summa rerum quantis mechanicis? Consentaneam esse exspectationem videtur quod atomi quae in summa rerum insunt legibus physicis oboediunt. Hoc eo tempore verum esse non videtur.
Primum in aequo macroscopico sunt observationes celeritatium declinantium inter galaxis. Quae celeritates corpori directe observato non conveniunt atque adsentia modo gravitatis ignotae corporis fusci appellati explicari possunt. Ex concessis lentium gravitationalium validum est argumentum de adsentia corporis nigri. Quae concessa adesentiam corporis nigri in congregationibus circaque galaxibus indicant. Quamquam hoc corpus re vera et directe non observatum est, obliqua argumenta obruunt.
Difficile tamen est compluribus physicis sumptionem stomachari adsentiae huius corporis fusci quod confirmari non potest. Quam ob rem novae rationes continuo nascuntur. Quarum rationum multi sunt eventus frequentes physicorum consistendorum quia has observationes, quae in aequo macroscopico sunt cum inopia argumentorum verorum directorumque congruendum esse non possunt. Nugae mathematicae subvertuntur et adseverationibus valde multiplicibus utendum est ut summa rerum depingatur. Quibus altius examinatis difficultatem hoc modo non remotam esse sentis.
In microscopico quoque aequo quaestiones principales sunt. Exempli gratia, intra quanta mechanica est res implicatio. Duabus particulis quae simul fiuntur—sed magno spatio inter se sitis—evenit ut quaeque propria habeant quae inter se congruunt. Quod causae communis in sensu classico reminisceretur. Si status autem unius ex particulis mutatus erit (e.g., vertice), tum occasus alteri particulae simul mutabitur. Videtur subitam transmissionem rerum verarum quasi procul fieri. Haec igitur correlatio quae est inter duas particulas eis praeterit quae in physicis classicis posse creduntur. Quod particula statum peculiarem non adsumit dum observatur (calculatur) Einsteinum effecit ut « Deus aleis non ludere » dixerit. Clarum est Einsteinum significavisse necesse esse causam substratam et intelligibilem transmissionis creditae rerum verarum. Adhuc tamen explicatio huius rei non inventa est.
Sunt quoque quaestiones quibus ambo aeque macroscopicum et microscopicum insunt. Primum est photon a campo gravitationali attractari. Photon a vestigio eius deflectitur corpore gravi quae in spatio est (Fig. 1). Cur photon Einsteini rationibus de spatio et tempore curvato oboedit? Posteris traditum est photon sine corpore esse habetur, causa sub qua mechanismus iacens non iam plene intellegitur. Additur ut rubratio gravitationalis sit quam photon (in spatio) patitur cum proxima est rei curvature enormi (lacunae fuscae). Re vera, in lacunae fuscae orbi finienti ubi eventus fiunt rubratio extrema (infinita) fit. Quamquam ambae res toto mundo accipiuntur, non explicatae manent. Quare photon talem deflectionem patitur et qualis machina est rubrationis gravitationalis?
Fig. 1 (Photon deflectum ad rem gravis corporis pr oximum)1
Haec et alia physicos continuo inducunt ut interpretationem quantorum physicorum recogitent. Meta mutua eorum est novam formam eorum quae iam sunt invenire.
Hoc in capite rationem proponimus quae re vera virium nuclearium et microscopice et macroscopice intellegendarum initium capit. Explicationem non usitatam pro rebus observatis praebemus. Nonne quaestionibus iam memoratis et necessariis respondebitur? Sic credimus.
Hoc in capite compluria sumemus quae idonea sint exemplo quod proponimus.
Basis Dimensionalis
Fundamentum rationis est quod particula maxime elementaria quae est basis dimensionalis est (db vel ). Haec particula unum modo proprium habet: curvaturam infinitam quae in medio eius est. Ipsa particula nullos habet modos (neque longitudinem neque latitudinem neque altitudinem). Particula ubique in summa rerum invenitur. Particula per spatium/tempus semper movet. Per agglomerationem, vel per interactionem iunctam, particulae res quasdam effingunt quae puncto quodam temporis super limitem observationalem surgunt. Ipsa db sub limite observationali est ut numquam demonstrari possit. 1db [ ] particula in figura 2 depingitur. Hic curvatura contra spatium/tempus calculata est.
Formula comitans est : √(x^2 +y^2+z^2 )×Kr=1 (0).
In formula Kr = curvature [m1], x,y,z sunt coordinata in spatio/tempore [m].
Curvatura spatii quae in loco 1-db est infinita est, dum tempus in loco 1-db consistit. 1-db ut lacuna nigra se sine modis agit. Formula (0) curvaturam diminutam fere spatii/temporis describit quae 1-db circumveniunt. Curvatura spatii diminuet et tempus se ocius agit spatio ad 1-db crescente.
Intervallum inter 1-dbes secundum leges mathematicas inter se pertinentis differt. Cursus motus alii aliis secundum leges gravitationales aguntur. Semitae motuum ei qui foras observat curvaturis spatii/tempris impelluntur quae ipsis dbibus faciunt. Quod significat tempus decelerare spatio comparato circum 1-db diminuente ubi dbes alius alium appropinquat. Tempus accelerat et spatium comparatum circum 1-db crescit cum dbes alius ab alio abeunt.
Db aliis particulis separatur hoc sensu, quod aliae particulae ex pluribus dbibus consistunt, ipsa autem db singularis particula est, singularis quoque singularitate. Quisquis db singularitas est in sese, aliae particulae quam db sunt mixtura plurium singularitatium.
Vires observatae (debilis, fortis, electrica) eandem originem habent. Hae vires causam suam in natura singularis db inveniunt. Vires observatae sunt re vera summa valde multiplex verticum qui fient cum plures dbes inter se agunt.
Formula (0) in simulationibus exempli statici4 recte applicata est quibus ad illustrationes usi sumus et deformatio temporis applicata est in exemplo dynamico quod educatum est quodque hoc in capite monstari non potest. Expositio exempli dynamici in situ retiali www.db-universe.org videri potest.
Illustratio 0: Deformatio spatii basi dimensionali impulsa.
0.1 Cubus incurvatus (latus) spatii/temporis 0.2 Cubus spatii/temporis basi dimensionali in medio curvatus
Huic capiti extricatione formulae (0) utimur: Kr = abs 1/x (1).
In formula Kr = curvature [m1], x = spatium/tempus [m].
Fig. 2 (Depictio schematica 1db)5
Cum duae particulae dbes alia in directam sphaeram alius vis init, interactio valida inter duas fiet. Hoc ad stellae planetaeque coniunctioni, ut soli terraeque, comparandum est (Illustratio 1.1). Hoc inter se differunt quod particulae dbes dimensione egent et curvaturam infinitam in medio habent (Illustratio 1.2). Quod demonstrat tempus (ei qui foras observat) infinite decelerare cum particularum alia aliam appropinquat. Itaque coniunctio 2 dbum longaevam habet vitam. Interactio quae est inter 2 1-dbes in Figura 3 depingitur. Similitudo curvaturarum quae lacunas nigras circumveniunt praeclara est.
Illustratio 1.1 Terra in campo curvaturae solis2 Illustratio 1.2 Depictio curvaturarum 2 dbum particularum2
Fig. 3 (Depictio schematica 2db-particulae)2
Curvatura particularum coniunctarum utendo formula (2) invenitur. Curvatura quae in medio inter particulas est cum x=0 invenitur.
kr= abs1/(x+(1λ )/2) + abs1/(x-(1λ )/2) (2).
In formula Kr = curvatura [m2], λ = spatium inter ambas particulas/longitudines fluctuum [m].
Superficies constituta quae inter ambo asymptota fit superficiem habet 2 *∫_0,5λ^λln (x). Quod par est 2 ln 2 (constanti). Tota superficies (id est superficies in qua rationes sinistrae et dextrae graphico incorporatae sunt) aestimationem habet 2ln(2) + 2*∫_λ^∞▒〖1/x dx〗.
Photon
Suppositio est 2-db-particulam photon esse. Depictio curvaturarum quae ab observante decerni possunt in Illustratione 2 monstratur. Longitudines fluctuum photi pares sunt spatio λ quod inter ambas particulas est. Depictio schematica photi in Figura 4 monstratur.
2.1 Photon (sine colore) 2.2 Photon (caeruleae sunt altae 2.3 Photon (quisquis db colore
curvaturae, rubrae humiles) suo)
Photon quod in spectro rubro inest (620 nm) kr620nm (cum x=0) habet aestimationem 6.45x106 m-1. Photo gamma (0.001 nm) kr0,001nm (cum x=0) habet aestimationem 4.0x1012 m-1. Superficies par est cuique photo 2ln(2) + 2*∫_λ^∞▒〖1/x dx〗. Quod enthalpiam parem fore omnibus photis ostendit. Crescit autem entropia photi dum longitudo fluctuum eius crescit. Quod apparet per reductionem curvaturae maiore longitudine.
Figura 4 (Depictio schematica photi)3
Apparet particulam 2-db moventem quae vi rei proximae extrema curvatura est vestigium deflectum habebit. Quod re vera observatur (vide Figuram 1). Si photon in vestigio eius curvaturis impellitur aliis particulis factis, photon « ex libra » labetur. Vi extremarum curvaturarum photon longitudines fluctuum mutabitur. Quod « senectutem photi » appellamus.
Aliam rem examinemus. Si photon in vestigio eius curvaturis agitur quae aliis particulis fiunt, photon ex libra ferentur, id est, radius verticis interni maior fiet. Per extremas curvaturas photon mutationem longitudinum fluctuum eius subiet. Hoc «senescentiam photi» appellamus. Quia ambae db-particulae immanem curvaturam inter se intra photon patiuntur, illud ei qui observat lente progreditur. Attamen in itinere multorum annorum lucidorum (e.g., 10 billionum annorum lucidorum) per spatium/tempus, quod fit ab observante videri potest.
Rubratio puncti cuiusdam temporis per formulam (3) sequentem datur:
Rubratio per formulam λobservans = λregula + Constans x S {3).
In formula λobservans longitude fluctuum est photi [nm] in situ observantis, λregula est longitudo fluctuum photi in loco ortus eius, Constans est ex spatio quod oritur ex curvaturis fluctuantibus quas photon obviam erit per tempus iter faciens, S est spatium per quod photon it in spatio temporeque inter locum ortus et quo loco observatur [m].
Quia photon iter per multos campos varios curvaturarum faciet, necessitudo scilicet non tam linearis fere quam hic supponitur. Figura 5 phota exhibit quae vestigia per varios campos curvaturarum habent. Nota photon 1 in t10 locum discrepantem in spatio/tempore cum photo 2 t10. Ei qui foras observat, photon 1 accelerare videtur.
Fig. 5 (Photon in vestigio per campos discrepantes curvaturarum).
Vi extremarum curvaturarum in spatio “senescentia” photi magno opere accelerare potest. Quod prope nigras lacunas observatur (vide Illustrationem 3). Propius vestigium photi nigrae lacunae, maior senescentia. Re vera iuxta locum finientem (Schwartzchild libram) nigrae lacunae ubi fit, senescentia (rubratio gravitationalis) infinita est.
Illustratio 3: Curvaturae photi in manu externe magnarum curvaturarum
Adhuc rubratio cosmica quae in summa rerum observatur maxime per exspationem suppositam summae rerum explicata est. Rubratio ut effectus Doppler explicatur. Opinamur rubrationem cosmicam esse eventms senescentiae photi. Qui effectus fit cum phota spatia longissima (e.g., 10 billiones annorum lucidorum) in spatio/tempore peregrinata sunt. Ut prius dictum est, hae curvaturae in summa rerum ubique ut dbes adsunt. Rubratio observata re vera gravitationalis rubratio est. Conclusio directa esset non talem esse rem qualem exspationem summae rerum. Observatones mundi exspatiantis et accelerati, ut videtur, « senescentia» photi explicatur; itaque dubitamus hypothesin vim fuscam esse causam mundi celerius exspatiandi.
Magni momenti est animadvertere magnas summas dbum esse causam adsentiae observatae vis fuscae et corporis fusci. Dbes vero sunt ipsae corpus fuscus petitus. Quae celeritates permutantes galaxeon explicare potest neque necesse est aliquem nugis mathematicis ludere. Motus quae in spatio sunt etiam modo Newtonio explicari possunt.
Constans cosmologicum in ratione relativitatis ab Einsteino suggesta re vera est resumptiva descriptio adsentiae baseon dimensionalium. Postea Einstein suggestionem suam ob legem Hubble’s reiecit. Opinamur rectam autem suggestionem eius fuisse.
Basis dimensionalis magno opere particeps est fluctuationum in spectro radiationis cosmicae quae in abscedentibus est explicandarum. Corpus efficiens numquam antea observatum est. Credimus genera quaedam abscedentuma cosmioruma per interactionem mutuam 1-dbum particularum fieri. Quod aliquando phota longitudinum fluctuum valde discrepantium conformari facit, quae simul exemplum radiationis quod in abscedentibus est faciunt.
Electra
Observationes demonstraverunt, cum positron et electron deleantur, duo phota gamma solvi. Quod in diagrammate Feynman (Figura 6) infra depingitur.
Fig. 6 (Feynman diagramma: deletio positri et electri)3
Feynman diagramma retro quoque legi potest. Duo phota gamma positron et electron una faciunt. Quodque photon ex duabus db-particulis consistit quae rotationem solum circum y-axim habet (vide Figuram 4). Electron 2-db particula est cui vertex superflua (ad photon) circum x-axim est (dextra). Positron quoque est 2-db particula cui vertex superflua circum x-axim est sed sinistra. Quod in Figura 7 depingitur. Photon licet ut lamina concipiatur. Electron (vel positron) licet ut sphaera concipiatur.
Cum electron et positron inter se confligunt, vera deletio non fit. Exstinctio autem fit ambarum verticum in qua 2-db particulae ut phota gamma se habere incipiunt. Quod igitur etiam ad easdem 2-db particulas pertinet.
Fig. 7 (Depictio schematica electri et positri)3
Quarci prota neutraque
Litterae quarcos particulas constituentes describunt. Quarci modis variis fieri possunt. In proto neutrove multos quarcos videre potest qui sursum vel deorsum spectant. Proton ex tribus quarcis consistere scimus quorum 2 sursum (2 Qu) et 1 deorsum (1 Qd) sunt.
Ut cogitamus, quarcus est interactio inter 3 dbes. Depictio curvaturarum quam licet observanti videre in Illustratione 4 monstratur.
4.1 Quarcus (sine colore) 4.2 Quarcus (caeruleus in curvatura 4.3 (Quarcus (Cuique db suus color
alta, ruber in humili)
Neutron instabile est et cito in electron, proton, electronque antineutrinon se dissociat.
Ex hac comparatione secundum rationem nostram concludimus neutron quarcum perdere dum in proton dissolvitur. Quarcus decedens (qui ex tribus dbibus consistit) instabilissimus est et statim in electron (2-db) et antineutrinon (1-db) dissolvetur. Antineutrinon re vera 1-db particula est quae ex systemate trium (3-dbum/quarcorum) excedit et quae brevissimo tempore curvaturam superfluam in vicinis eius praebet. Quod ut antineutrinon observatur. Electron videri potest dum proton quoque formatur.
Ex quo neutron ex quadriga quarcorum concludimus. Quorum 2 quarci sursum, 2 deorsum sunt. Quod id etiam explicat, quod neutron, haud sicut proton, campum non positive directum praebet. Dissolutio proti fit dum quarcus deorsum expellitur. Quod plenius mox explicabitur.
Sic secundum rationem nostram neutron ex 2 quarcis sursum et 2 quarcis deorsum (Qu, Qd, Qu, Qd) consistit. Depictio curvaturarum quae sunt intra neutron in Illustratione 6 monstratur. Proton ex 2 quarcis sursum et 1 deorsum (Qu, Qu, Qd) consistit. Depictio curvaturarum quae sunt in proto in Illustratione 5 monstratur.
Illustratio 5 : Impressiones Curvaturarum proti)3
Conclusio : Dum proton dissociatur, sequentia fiunt:
Figura 8 (Dissociatio in proton, electron 1-db)3
Ut principium, proton positron, 2 phota gamma, tres 1-db particulae fiunt. Brevissimo tempore, haec 1-db particulae curvaturam superfluam proximis in circumiectis praebebunt. Quae ut antineutrina observantur.
Figura 9 (Dissociatio in positron, phota 2-gamma, et 3x1db) 3
Particulis dissociatis proton positron, phota 2-gamma, tresque 1db particulae fiunt. Brevissimo tempore hae 1db particulae curvaturam superfluam in vicinis praebebunt. Quae ut antineutrina observantur.
Dissociatio descripta a physicis re vera observari potest. Hoc rationi nostrae intra observatones quae nunc fiunt argumento suppeditat.
Particulae magis multiplices
De particulis magis multiplicibus, interactiones mutuae magis et magis involutae fiebunt. Opinamur has particulas—quae a basi ratiocinantur—mathematice determinari et simulari posse. Nos quas intra simulationes exspectamus quoque implicationes particularum supra memoratas explicari posse. Opinione nostra implicatio potest quia particulae (sive constituentes annon) aliae curvaturis aliarum affici sunt. Haec res a spatiis maxime longinquis fieri potest. Talis rerum status—curvatura minus valida effectus—instabilis erit et dissociationem rapidam patetur. Quod implicatio curvaturis efficitur, mutationes quas una ex « particulis sociis » patitur alium « particulae sociae» subito fient. Itaque causa prima et intelligibilis transmissioni (neque aleis ludere) est.
In Illustratione 7 curvaturae nuclei deuterici monstrantur. Ad sinistram proti, ad medium dextrumque neutri. Quod conspicuum est medium quarcum minorem videri quam quarcos circumvenientes, hoc effectu curvaturae spatii proxime amplificatae. Proton et neutron intra motum multiplicem suum ad configurationem tendit in Illustratione 7 monstratam. Modo Newtonio alius alium approprinquabit, tum alius ab alio se removebit. Id quod proto neutroque in tempore spatioque subitum et lineare esse videtur ei qui foras observat lentum esse tempus videbitur. Cum spatium inter proton et neutron fit angustius, tempus deceleratur. Tempus denuo accelerat cum spatium inter proton et neutron crescit. Puncto proximo “ancora” est, quae causa est longaevitatis nuclei deuterici. Semivita deuterii ignota est. Nucleus deuterii comparate stabils est. Intervallum intra tempus descriptum in Illustratione 8 depingitur. Proton in Illustratione 8 immotum tenetur. Qui observat in proto theoretice locatur.
Illustratio 8: Triaiectus neutri ad proton3
Campi Electromagnetici
Campi electromagnetici qui filum vi imbutum circumveniunt se habent ut liquores qui in antlia centrifugali sunt. Antlia centrifugalis exeunte saeculo septimo et decimo a Dionysio Papin ficta est. Si flabellum antliae centrifugalis volvi íncipit, liquores in flabello celeritatem tangentialem adquirebit (i.e., celeritatem ad peripheriam). Vis centrifugalis hinc orta efficit ut liquor ad exteriorem peripheriam flabelli impellatur. Hoc modo vis mechanica (rotatio flabelli) in vim potentialem et cineticam convertitur. Per analogiam electra, quae omnia habent similes vertices, ad exteriorem flabelli peripheriam iaciebuntur. Extra flabellum curvaturae electris factae grandes erunt. Per quas curvaturas 1-dbes particulae insorbentur. Id turbinem 1-dbum particularum quae circum flabellum vi imbutum revolventur, quod campos electromagneticos vi attractiva earum efficit. Quae res in Illustratione 9 depingitur. Flabello vi imbuto in spiram volvendo vires electromagneticae accumulantur quas in campis circum spiram vi imbutis observatos efficiunt. Quod in Illustratione 10 depingitur. Cum positra per filum mittuntur, campi in partem oppositam spectabunt eis campis qui electris fiunt.
Illustratio 9: Campi electromagnetici circum flabellum vi imbutum3
Illustratio 10: Campi Electromagnetici in spria vi imbuta circaque eam3
Pulchritudo ordinis
Nobis hoc exemplum bonus candidatus novo fundamento est quod particulas et vires observatas exprimat. Vires brevis spatii (validae et infirmae) et vires longinqui spatii (electricae et gravitationales) curvaturis descriptis explicari possunt.
Horum omnium simplicitate et pulchritudine obstupefimus. Prima verba « Fiat lux » (Genesis) singularia sunt. Photon prima reactio est quae super aequum observationale nostrum surgit. Post eam omnes res secundum simplicem fere notionem deduci possunt. Mundus a Newtono et Einsteino describi potest. Omnes interactiones observatae per hoc simplex exemplum explicari possunt. Quae res exspectatio omnium magnorum physicorum re vera semper fuit. Simplex exemplum quod vires naturae explicare potest. Opinamur hanc rationem perficere omnes exspectationes.
Haec inventio particularum elementariarum in physicis demonstrat ordinem radicem esse creationis. Opinamur nos spectare fundamenta conformationis sed mysterium vitae manet.
Gratiae
Basis dimensonalis inter annos 1986 et 1993 a Gerhard Jan Smit excogitata est. Ille rationem basis dimensionalis, naturam corporis fusci, radiationem electromagneticam, electra, quarcos, curvaturas particularum multiplicium, celeritatem mutabilem lucis quae per campos varios curvaturarum spectat, « senescentiam » photi, improbabilitatem exspationis hypotheticae summae rerum, basin dimensionalem esse causam galaxeon movendarum causamque abscedentium cosmicorum die 7 mense Octobri anno 2016 cum Jelle Ebel van der Schoot communicavit. Ampliores deductiones rationis de photis, electris, positris, lacunis nigris, constante cosmologico, nucleoque deuterico iunctim excogitae sunt. Jelle Ebel van der Schoot rationem proti neutrique atque dissolutionem eorum proposuit. Mense Decembri 2016 Gerhard Jan Smit propria nuclei deuterici calculavit et descripsit atque die 7 mense Ianuario anno 2017 Jelle Ebel van der Schoot explicationem camporum electromagneticorum invenit et descripsit, ambobus ab hac ratione proficiscentibus. Quae omnia in hoc capite facta sunt.
1Fig. 1 est secundum “Presentation Black Holes,” John Heise, University Utrecht. 2Illustration 1.1 est secundum “Building Blocks of the Universe,” Len Zoetemeijer. Illustration 1.2 ab Illustration 1.1 derivatur. 3Ceterae figurae et illustrations a nobis facta sunt. Impressiones curvaturarum cubi spatii, photorum, electrorum, quarcorum, protorum, neutrorum, nucleique deuterici programmate designanti Einstein4 factae sunt. Hoc programma a Gerhard Jan Smit per annum 1996 creatum est.
Magna pars capitis “Epitoma dissensionum observatarum intra quanta mechanica” ex “Review of Roland Omnés, The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics,” William Faris, November 1996 oritur. Cognitiones de summa rerum ex libris “Het punt Omega,” John Gribbin, 1988 et “Galaxies in the Universe,” L.S. Sparke et J.S Gallagher III, 2007. Doctrinae de protis, neutris, quarcis, disociatioque particularum sunt publicae quas in Wikipaedia licet invenire. Democrito, Newtono, Einsteino, atque in reliquum Deo, qui aleis non ludit, maximas gratias agimus.
Auctores: Gerhard Jan Smit, Jelle Ebel van der Schoot, 20 November 2016, Noviomagus, Nederland.
Translatio Anglica: Christina Anna Sutton, Rockford, Illinois, USA.
Translatio Latina: Joseph James Brazauskas, Gardner, Massachusetts, USA.
Versio 1.8 (accommodatio 11/10/2017, accommodatio textualis: basis dimensionalis est corpus fuscum; accommodatio in paragrapho ‘Epitoma dissensionum observatarum intra quanta mechanica’; ultior extensio paragraphi ‘basis dimensionalis’; complures accommodationes in verbis vi fusca et corpore fusco utendis; extraction formulae (3) e textu; accommodatio partium vis fuscae de exspatione summae rerum et descriptio subtilior abscedentium cosmicorum ; accommodatio in paragrapho ‘Gratiae’.
www.db-universe.org
Latin to English: Latin English Lexicon General field: Other Detailed field: Linguistics
Source text - Latin A
ā (before consonants), ab (before vowels and consonants, esp. h, l, n, r, s), abs (only before c, q, and t, esp. before tē) prep. (+ abl.) from, away from, out of (of motion); at (of the direction from which an object is viewed); by (of agency); since, after (of time)
abacus, -ī nm. abacus, counting board; gaming board; square board
abaliēnō, -aliēnāre, -aliēnāvī, -aliēnātum v.t. convey away; sell, transfer ownership; remove; estrange
abdicātiō, -ōnis nf. disowning (of children); resignation (from public office)
abdicō, -dicāre, -dicāvī, -dicātum v.t. resign (from public office); renounce (a child)
abditus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. hidden, concealed; secluded, remote (of places)
abdō, -dere, -didī, -ditum v.t. hide; put away
abdōmen, -inis nnt. abdomen, paunch; gluttony, sensuality
abeō, -īre, -īvī (-iī), -itum v.i. go away, leave; pass away, disappear
abhinc adv. hereafter; ago
abhorrēo, -horrēre, -horruī, --- v.t., v.i. shrink back from; shudder at; be inconsistent with, be averse to, be unconnected with (+ ab + abl.)
abiciō (abjic-), -icere, -iēcī, -iectum v.t. throw away, cast away; abandon, give up
abiectus (abject-), -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. cast down, overwhelmed; low, worthless
abigō, -igere,- ēgī, - āctum v.t. drive away; banish, get rid of
abnegō, -negāre, -negāvī, -negātum v.t. refuse; (+ infinitive) refuse (to do something); deny
abōminor, abōminārī, abōminātus sum v.d. deprecate; abhor, detest
abortiō, -ōnis nf. miscarriage, premature birth
abrogō, -rogāre, -rogāvī, -rogātum v.t. annul, repeal (of laws); revoke, take away, remove (of public office; w. acc. of office + dat. of person)
abrumpō, -rumpere, -rūpī, -ruptum v.t. break off; tear, burst
abruptus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. sheer, steep (of places)
abs See ā.
abscēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessum v.i. give way, withdraw, march away (of armies); disappear; abandon, desist from (+ ab + abl. or w. abl. alone)
absconditus, -a, -um adj. hidden, secret
absēns (absent-) (w. sup.) adj. absent, not present, away
absentia, -ae nf. absence
absolūtiō, -ōnis nf. acquittal (in law); completeness (of rhetorical expression)
absolūtus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. complete; unconditional, absolute (of rhetorical expression)
absolvō, -solvere, -solvī, -solūtum v.t. set free; acquit, absolve (+ abl., gen., or dē + abl. of the charge); pay off, satisfy; complete, finish
absque prep. (+ abl.) without
abstergeō, -tergēre, -tersī, -tersum v.t. wipe off; break off; banish, expel
abstinentia, -ae nf. abstinence, temperance; starvation
abstineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentum v.t., v.i. hold back, keep away from; abstain from (+ abl., ab + abl., infinitive, quīn or quōminus + subjunctive, or gen.)
abstrahō, -trahere, -trāxī, -tractum v.t. drag away; exclude, divert, cut off (+ ab + abl.)
absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrus v.i. be absent, be far, be away
absūmō, -sūmere, -sūmpsī, -sūmptum v.t. take away; diminish, spend, consume; destroy, kill
absurdus, -a, -um adj. out of tune, harsh; incongruous, absurd; stupid, unreasonable
abundantia, -ae nf. abundance, plenty
abundō, -undāre, -undāvī, -undātum v.i. overflow, be rich in, abound with (+ abl.)
abūtor, abūtī, abūsus sum v.t. use up; abuse (+ abl.)
āc conj. See atque.
accēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessum v.i. come near, approach (+ ad or in + acc.)
accelerō, -celerāre, -celerāvī, -celerātum v.i. hasten, hurry; make haste
accendō, -cendere, -cendī, -cēnsum v.t. ignite, kindle; inflame, arouse; encourage, embitter, exasperate
acceptiō, -iōnis nf. acceptance, reception
acceptus, -a, -um adj. welcome, pleasing (of persons, + dat.); popular
accessus, -ūs nm. approach to, access, entrance
accido, -cidere, -cidī, --- v.i. fall upon; reach; come to pass, take place
accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptum v.t. receive, accept; take into possession; receive a guest; learn; meet with, experience; undertake
accipiter, -cipitris nm. hawk
acclīvitās, -ātis nf. inclination, upward slope
accommodātus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. adapted, suited, appropriate (+ dat. or + ad + acc.)
accommodō, -commodāre, -commodāvī, -commodātum v.t. adapt, fit, adjust to (+ ad or in + acc.)
accubō, -cubāre, -cubuī, -cubitum v.i. lie near; recline (+ dat.)
accūrātus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. careful, precise, exact
accūsātiō, -ōnis nf. accusation; indictment
accūsātor, -ōris nm. accuser, prosecutor, plaintiff
accūsō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. find fault with, blame; charge, accuse, prosecute (+ acc. of the person charged + dē + abl. or propter + acc. or gen. of the charge or punishment)
ācer, ācris, ācre (comp. ācrior, sup. ācerrimus) adj. sharp, piercing; harsh, bitter; keen, passionate; violent, fierce; severe
acerbitās, -ātis nf. bitterness; harshness; acerbitātēs, -ātum or –atium nf./pl. sorrows, affliction; calamities
acerbus, -a, -um adj. tart, sharp; harsh, cruel; rigorous
acervus, -ī nm. pile, heap; great quantity, mass
acētāria, -ōrum (sc. olera) nnt./pl. salad prepared with vinegar
acētum, -ī nnt. vinegar, sour wine; sense, shrewedness
acidus, -a, -um adj. sour, disagreeable
acinus or -um, -ī nm. berry; grape; pit of a berry
aciēs, -ēī nf. sharp point, sharp edge; line of battle; battle; force; sharpness of vision
acquiēscō (adq-), -quiēscere, -quiēvī, -quīetum v.i. become quiet; be at rest; be content; be resigned
acquīrō (adq-), -quīrere, -quīsīvī, -quīsītum v.t. gain in addition; add, obtain
āctiō, -ōnis nf. driving, doing; lawsuit; prosecution, trial; actiōnēs, -ōnum nf./pl. public measures
āctum, -ī nnt. act, deed; method of procedure; acta, -ōrum nnt./pl. proceedings; register of public acts (published by the Roman Senate)
āctus, -ūs nm. driving or doing; act, achievement; act of a play
aculeus, -ī nm. sting, point; cutting remarks
acūmen, -inis nnt. point, tip; sharpness, keenness, intelligence
acuō, -ere, acuī, acūtum v.t. sharpen
acus, -ūs nf. needle
acūtus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. sharp, finely pointed; pungent, violent; keen
ad prep. (+ acc.) to, towards, near; at, near to, among, according to; up to, until; for, in order to (+ gerund or gerundive); in regard to, according to
adaequō, -aequāre, -aequāvī, -aequātum v.t., v.i. make equal to (+ cum + abl.); match, keep up with
adamas, -antis nm. hardest iron; durable substance; diamond
adamō, -amāre, -amāvī, -amātum v.t. fall in love with
addīscō, -dīscere, -didicī, --- v.t. learn in addition, continue to learn, gain knowledge of
additīcius, -a, -um adj. additional, annexed
addō, -dere, -didī, -ditum v.t. put to, bring to; add, increase; consider also
addūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductum v.t. lead to, conduct; persuade, prevail upon; draw tight
adeō, -īre, -īvī (-iī), -itum v.i. go to, approach; undertake; encounter; submit to (+ ad + acc.)
adeō adv. thus far, so much, so long; in fact, really
adeps, -ipis nm/f. fat, lard; obesity
adfīgō (aff-), -fīgere, -fīxī, -fīxum v.t. fasten to; annex; impress on
adfīnis (affīnis), -is, -e adj. neighboring, adjoining; connected with (+ dat.); adfīnis (affīnis), -is n. nm/f. relation or relative by marriage
adfīnitās (affīnitās), -ātis nf. relationship through marriage
adhaereō, -haerēre, -haesī, -haesum v.i. cling to, stick to; border on, be near to (+ dat.)
adhaerēscō, -haerēscere, -haesī, -haesum v.i. cling to, adhere; be devoted to; fit, suit ( + dat.)
adhibeō, -hibēre, -hibuī, -hibitum v.t. hold to, apply; furnish; employ, use
adhortor, adhortārī, adhortātus sum v.t. encourage, urge, exhort (+ ut or nē + subjunctive)
adhūc adv. heretofar; so far, as, yet; still
adiaceō (adj-), -iacēre, -īacuī, --- v.i. adjoin, lie by the side of, be adjacent (+ dat.)
adiciō (adj-), -icere, -iēcī, -iectum v.t. throw to, set near; turn; increase; do in addition
adiectiō, -ōnis nf. addition, adding to
adigō, -igere, -ēgī, -āctum v.t. drive, take; thrust, drive home; compel
adimō, -imere, -ēmī, -ēmptum v.t. take away; deprive of, free from
adipīscor, adipīscī, adeptus sum v.t. arrive at; obtain, get, acquire; win, secure
aditus, -ūs nm. going to, approach; way in, entrance; access; arrival
adiūdicō, -iūdicāre, -iūdicāvī, -iūdicātum v.t. award, adjudge; assign
adiūmentum, -ī nnt. assistance, aid
adiungō, -iungere, -iūnxī, -iūnctum v.t. join to, attach to; annex, unite to; win; apply
adiūtor, -ōris nm. assistant, helper; deputy
adiūtrīx, -īcis nf. helper, assistant
adiuvō, -iuvāre, -iūvī, -iūtum v.t. aid, assist; support; sustain
adloquor (all-), adloquī, adlocūtus sum v.t. address, speak to; encourage
administer, administrī nm. attendant, helper, tool
administra, -ae nf. attendant, helper, tool
administrātiō, -ōnis nf. giving of help; administration, management
administrō, -ministrāre, -ministrāvī, -ministrātum v.t. manage, superintend; direct, conduct
admīrābilis, -is, -e adj. admirable, wonderful, strange, astonishing
admīrandus, -a, -um adj. worthy of being admired, wonderful, strange, astonishing
admīrātiō, -ōnis nf. admiration; wonder, surprise; astonishment
admīrōr, admīrārī, admīrātus sum v.d. admire, view with approval; wonder at, be astonished
admisceō, -miscēre, -miscuī, -mixtum or -mīstum v.t. mix with, mingle with; join; involve, implicate
admissiō, -ōnis nf. audience, formal interview
admittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missum v.t. send to; admit, give access; permit; perpetrate
admodum adv. to full measure; quite, at least, no less than; no more than; fully, very; at all; considerably
admoneō, -monēre, -monuī, -monitum v.t. remind, suggest; advise, warn
admonitiō, -ōnis nf. suggestion, reminding
admoveō, -movēre, -mōvī, -mōtum v.t. move to, carry, drive; apply to
admurmurātiō, -ōnis nf. murmuring
adnumerō, -numerāre, -numerāvī, -numerātum v.t. count out, pay; include, reckon among
adnuō (ann-), -nuere, -nuī, -nutum v.i. nod to; nod assent, give assent (+ dat. or acc.)
adoptiō, -ōnis nf. adoption
adoptō, -optāre, -optāvī, -optātum v.t. choose for oneself; adopt a child
adorior, adorīrī, adortus sum v.t. rise up; attack, assault; attempt
adōrnō, -ōrnāre, -ōrnāvī, -ōrnātum v.t. provide, equip; embellish, adorn
adsentior (ass-), adsentīrī, adsēnsus sum v.i. subscribe to, agree to (+ dat.)
adsum, adesse, adfuī, adfutūrus v.i. attend, be present; stand by, support; impend; be near at hand (+ dat. or absol.)
adulēscēns (adol-), -entis adj. young, adolescent; adulēscēns (adol-), -entis nm/f. young person
adulēscentia (adol-), -ae nf. youth (the age between fifteen and twenty-five or so)
adūlor, adūlārī, adūlātus sum v.t. flatter, fawn on
adulter, adultera, adulterum adj. adulterous, unchaste
adulterium, -ī nnt. adultery
adultus, -a, -um (w. comp.) adj. fully grown, mature, adult
adumbrō, -umbrāre, -umbrāvī, -umbrātum v.t. sketch, shade in
advena, -ae nm/f. stranger, foreigner; immigrant; visitor
adveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventum v.i., v.t. arrive, reach, come to (+ in + acc. or + acc. alone)
adventus, -ūs nm. appearance, arrival, approach
adverbium, -ī nnt. adverb
adversārius, -a, -um adj. opposed to; hostile, contrary (+ dat.)
adversor, adversārī, adversātus sum v.t. oppose, resist (+ dat.)
adversum (adversus) adv. opposite to, against, toward; prep. (+ acc.) before, facing; in the presence of; in answer to; in comparison with; in respect of; against, contrary to
adversus, -a, -um adj. opposite, towards, facing, placed in front of; unsuccessful; adverse, hostile, opposed
advesperāscit, advesperāscere, advesperāvit v.i. (impersonal) it is getting dark, evening is approaching
advocātiō, -ōnis nf. attendance in response to summons; consultation; counsel; legal aid
advocātus, -ī nm. one called in to help; advisor in a law suit, advocate
advolō, -volāre, -volāvī, -volātum v.i. fly to; hasten to (+ ad + acc.)
adytum, -ī nnt. sanctuary, shrine; inmost, holiest place in a temple
aedicula, -ae nf. small building; small temple, shrine, chapel
aedificātiō, -ōnis nf. the process of construction; building, structure; site
aedificium, -ī nnt. structure, building
aedificō, -ficāre, -ficāvī, -ficātum v.t. build, erect, construct
aedīlis, -is nm. aedile, the magistrate in charge of public works and records, buildings, and spectacles
aedis (aedēs), -is nf. temple, sanctuary; aedēs, -ium nf./pl. house, dwelling
aeger, aegra, aegrum adj. ill, sick; feeble; distressed, suffering; aegrē (comp. aegrius, sup. aegerrimē) adv. painfully; with distress, with difficulty; hardly; reluctantly
aegrōtō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.i. be ill, be sick; languish
aemulātiō, -ōnis nf. rivalry, emulation; jealousy, ill-natured rivalry
aemulor, aemulārī, aemulātus sum v.d. rival, emulate (+ acc.) envy (+ dat.)
aemulus, -a, -um adj. rivaling in, emulous; zealous (+ gen. or dat.)
aēneus (ahēn-), -a, -um adj. made of bronze or copper; bronze in color
aenigma, -matis nnt. riddle, mystery
aequābilis, -is, -e adj. like, similar, uniform; impartial, fair
aequālis, -is, -e adj. like, equal; equal in age, contemporary (+ dat.)
aequātus, -a, -um adj. made equal, level, even
aequitās, -ātis nf. evenness; fairness, equity; calmness, contentment
aequō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. make level, make equal; equal, come up to
aequus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. even, level; equitable, reasonable, fair; calm, patient; favorable; aequē adv. equally; just as, in like manner
āēr, āeris nm. air, atmosphere; sky; mist, vapor; weather
aerārium, -ī nnt. the public treasury; finances
aerūginōsus, -a, -um adj. rusty, covered with rust
aerumna, -ae nf. hardship, trouble
aes, aeris nnt. bronze, copper; bronze coinage; aes aliēnum, aeris aliēnī nnt. debt
aestās, -ātis nf. summer; aestāte adv. in summer
aestimātiō, -ōnis nf. appraisal, valuation; worth, value
aestimō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. value, set a price on (+ abl. or gen. of value)
aestīvus, -a, -um adj. pertaining to summer
aestuō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.i. burn, be warm, glow; be excited, be inflamed; waver, hesitate; boil, seethe
aestuōsus, -a, -um (w. sup.) adj. hot; agitated
aestus, -ūs nm. violent agitation; heat, glow; swell, wave; ardor; doubt
aetās, -ātis nf. age, period of time; lifetime; generation; old age
aeternitās, -ātis nf. eternity; immortality; enduring renown
aeternus, -a, -um (w. comp.) adj. eternal, lasting; endless; unbroken, perpetual
aethēr, -eris nm. the upper air
aethereus, -a, -um adj. belonging to the upper air; heavenly
aevum, -ī nnt. eternity; period of life, lifetime; old age; age, generation
affectus (adf-), -a, -um adj. provided with, gifted; disposed; weakened; nearly at an end
affectus (adf-), -ūs nm. disposition, mood; desire, affection
afferō (adf-), afferre, attulī, allātum v.t. bring to, carry to; introduce; report, announce; contribute, offer
afficiō (adf-), -ficere, -fēcī, -fectum v.t. do something to, use; affect, influence; afflict, weaken, impair
affīrmātiō (adf-), -ōnis nf. confirmation, asseveration
affīrmō (adf-), -fīrmāre, -fīrmāvī, -fīrmātum v.t. strengthen; confirm, encourage; maintain, aver
afflātus (adf-), -ūs nm. blowing on, breathing on; inspiration
afflīctō (adf-), -flīctāre, -flīctāvī, -flīctātum v.t. break to pieces; curse; afflict, harass
afflīctus (adf-), -a, -um adj. cast down; dejected, distressed
affluēns (adf-) (affluent-, adfluent-) adj. abounding, overflowing
agellus, -ī nm. lot, section of land; small field
ager, agrī nm. field; land; territory, district
agger, aggeris nm. heap, pile dam, mole, barrier
aggravō (adg-), -gravāre, -gravāvī, -gravātum v.t. increase, aggravate, make worse
aggredior (adg-), aggredī, agressus sum v.t. approach, advance; address; attack; assume, begin; try
aggregō (adg-), -gregāre, -gregāvī, -gregātum v.t. add to a flock; attach; collect, gather together
agilis, -is, -e adj. easily moved, light; quick, active, nimble, prompt
agitātiō, -ōnis nf. movement; pursuit, activity in; flourishing, quick movement
agitātor, -ōris nm. driver of cattle or horses; charioteer
agitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. set in motion; brandish, agitate; stir up, vex; consider, discuss
agmen, -minis nnt. a collection moving forward; train, stream, army, band; army on the march
agnoscō, -noscere, -nōvī, -nitum v.t. identify, recognize; acknowledge; perceive; understand
āgnus, -ī nm. lamb
agō, agere, ēgī, āctum v.t., v.i. set in motion, drive; lead, guide; incite; pursue; rob; do, transact; manage; accomplish; spend time, live; deal with confer; plead
agrestis, -is, -e adj. of the country, rural; rude, uncultivated
agrīcola, -ae nm. farmer; peasant; rustic
agrīcultūra, -ae nf. agriculture
āiō v.i. (defective) say, assert (Used parenthetically.)
āla, -ae nf. wing of a bird; armpit; military squadron, wing of an army
alacer, alacris, alacre (w. comp.) adj. lively, quick; eager, enthusiastic; cheerful
alapa, -ae nf. cuff, slap
albus, -a, -um adj. white, dead white; pale; bright
alea, -ae nf. dice; playing with dice, gambling; chance, risk; uncertainty
aleātor, -ōris nm. dice player, gambler
alga, -ae nf. seaweed
algor, -ōris nm. cold
aliās adv. at another time; sometimes
alibī adv. at another place, elsewhere; otherwise, in other respects
alicubī adv. somewhere, anywhere
aliēnus, -a, um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. of another, another’s; alien, strange; out-of-place, unsuitable; unfriendly; aliēnum, -ī nnt. the property of another
alimenta, -ōrum nnt./pl. nourishment, food; support, maintenance
alipta, -ae and aliptēs, -is nm. trainer or manager of wrestlers; wrestling master
aliquamdiū adv. for a while, for some time
aliquandō adv. occasionally, from time to time; formerly; hereafter; finally
aliquantus, -a, -um adj. moderate, not small; aliquantō adv. somewhat, rather
aliquantum, -ī nnt. small amount; something
aliquī, aliqua, aliquod adj. some, any, some other
aliquis, aliqua, aliquid pron. someone; anyone, anybody
aliquō adv. to some place, somewhere; elsewhere
aliquot adj. (indecl.) several, some
aliter adv. otherwise; in another manner
ālium or allium, -ī nnt. garlic
alius or alis, alia, aliud or alid (gen. alterĭus) adj. other, another; different, else
alliciō (adl-), -licere, -lexī, -lectum v.t. allure; attract; persuade (+ ad + acc.)
alligō (adl-), -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. fasten, tie down, tie to; hold fast, detain, hinder; oblige; accuse
alō, -ere, aluī, altum or alitum v.t. feed, maintain, support, nourish; cherish
altāria, -ium nnt./pl. altar
alter, altera, alterum (gen. alterĭus, dat. alterĭ) adj. the other of two, second, next; alter (altera, alterum)…alter (altera, alterum) pron. the one…the other
altercātiō, -ōnis nf. debate, discussion; altercation
alternus, -a, -um adj. one after the other; by turns
a1teruter, alterutra, alterutrum (gen. alterutrīus or alterĭus utrīus, dat. alterutri or alterī utrī) adj. one or the other, either
altitūdō, -inis nf. height, altitude; depth; secrecy
altus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. grown great; high; deep; secret; ancient; altē (w. comp. and sup.) adv. high, from above; deeply, far; remotely; altum, -ī nnt. height; depth; the sea; the sky
alumna, -ae nf. foster daughter
alumnus, -ī nm. foster child, foster son
alveus, -ī nm. hollow, cavity; trough, tub; bath-tub; river bed; bee hive
amābilis, -is, -e (w. comp. + sup.) adj. loveable, lovely, attractive
amārus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. bitter, sour; pungent; shrill; disagreeable, unpleasant; irritable; biting, acrimonious
ambigō, -igere, ---, -āctum v.i. be busy with two things at the same time; go about; avoid; hesitate, doubt; argue, debate
ambitiō, -ōnis nf. going around; canvassing for votes; flattery
ambitiōsus, -a, -um (w. comp.) adj. surrounding, entwining; ambitious; eager for favor or honor
ambitus, -ūs nm. going around; revolution, circuit; border, circumference; canvassing for votes
ambō, ambae, ambō adj. both (of two together)
ambulātiō, -ōnis nf. walk, stroll; place for walking
ambulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.i. walk, take a walk
ambūrō, -ūrere, -ussī, -ūstum v.t. burn around; singe; consume; be numb, be nipped
āmēns (āment-) (w. comp. + sup.) adj. out of one’s senses, frantic; foolish
āmentia, -ae nf. madness; stupidity
amiciō, -īre, amixī or amicuī, amictum v.t. throw around, wrap around; clothe; surround, enclose
amīcitia, -ae nf. friendship; alliance
amīcus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. friendly, dear; kind; pleasing; amīcus, -ī nm. and amīca, -ae nf. friend
amita, -ae nf. paternal aunt
āmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missum v.t. send away, let go; lose
amnis, -is nm. steam, river
amō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. love, like; be fond of, take pleasure in; (+ infinitive) like to, be wont to
amoenitās, -ātis nf. beauty, pleasantness, charm (usu. of places)
amoenus, -a, -um (w. sup.) adj. beautiful, pleasant; delightful to look at, charming
amor, -ōris nm. love, affection; devotion; passion
āmoveō, -movēre, -mōvī, -mōtum v.t. move away, take away; eliminate, remove; banish; get rid of
amplector, amplectī, amplexus sum v.d. hug, embrace; love, esteem
amplexus, -ūs nm. embrace; caress; confining circuit, limits, confines
amplificō, -ficāre, -ficāvī, -ficātum v.t. enlarge, broaden, extend, enhance
amplius adv. further, besides, more
amplus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. ample, large, considerable; magnificent; renowned, honorable
ampulla, -ae nf. vial, flask, bottle
amputō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. cut off; amputate; diminish
amygdala, -ae nf. and amygdalum, -ī nnt. almond
amylum or amulum, -ī nnt. starch
an conj. or, or rather, or indeed (Introduces the second item of an alternative question.)
anas, anatis nf. (gen. pl. anatum or anatium) duck
anatomia, -ae nf. anatomy
anceps (ancipit-) (abl. sg. always ancipitī) adj. two-headed, two-fold; uncertain, undecided
ancilla, -ae nf. maid, female servant
ancora, -ae nf. anchor
ancorāle, -is nnt. cable
andrōn, -ōnis nm. corridor
anfrāctus or amfrāctus, -ī, -a, -um adj. bending, turning, winding, crooked
angelus, -ī nm. messenger; angel
angiportus, -ūs nm. alley, narrow street
angō, angere, anxī, actum or anxum v.t. draw tight, squeeze; choke; distress, vex
angor, -ōris nm. throttling, strangling; anguish, torment
anguilla, -ae nf. eel
anguis, -is nm/f. snake, serpent
angulus, -ī nm. angle, corner
angustiae, -ārum nf./pl. narrowness; defile, strait; brevity; scarcity; distress
angustus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. narrow; short; pinching; critical; difficult; petty
anhēlitus, -ūs nm. wheezing, puffing, panting; vapor
anhēlō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.i., v.t. pant, puff, wheeze; pant for, desire eagerly
anīlis, -is, -e adj. of an old woman; silly
anima, -ae nf. air, air current; breath of life, soul
animadversiō, -ōnis nf. observation, inquiry; censure, punishment
animadvertō, -vertere, -vertī, -versum v.t. attend to, pay attention to; regard, perceive; censure, punish
animal, -ālis nnt. animal, any living thing including mankind
animāns (animant-) adj. imparting life, animating; animāns, animantis nm/f. living being, animal
animus, -ī nm. soul, life; intellect, reason; heart, affection, passion; courage; frame of mind, temper; arrogance; resolution, design
annālis, -is, -e adj. yearly
annītor (adn-), annītī, annīsus or annīxus sum v.d. lean on; exert oneself; make an effort (+ ut or nē + subjunctive)
anniversārius, -a, -um adj. annual, yearly
annōna, -ae nf. the year’s crop; grain; price of grain; the grain supply
annotō (adn-), -notāre, -notāvī, -notātum v.t. observe, note down
annus, -ī nm. year
annuus, -a, -um adj. annual, for a year; lasting a year
ānsa, -ae nf. handle
ānser, ānseris nm. goose
ante adv. before, in front of; previously, earlier; prep. (+ acc.) before, previous to; superior to, in comparison with
anteā adv. before, previously, formerly
antecapiō, -capere, -cēpī, -ceptum v.t. take before, receive before, preoccupy; anticipate
antecēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessum v.t., v.i. go before, precede; excel, be eminent
antecellō, -cellere, ---, --- v.i. rise beyond, surpass
anteferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum v.t. carry before; prefer
antelūcānus, -a, -um adj. before daylight, before light
antenna, -ae nf. sailyard
antepōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positum v.t. set before; prefer
antequam adv. sooner than, before
antevertō, -vertere, -vertī, -versum v.t. go before, precede; anticipate, prefer
antīquitās, -ātis nf. antiquity; the past
antīquus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. old, ancient; aged; former, old-fashioned; venerable
antlia, -ae nm. pump
ānulus, -ī nm. ring, signet ring
anus, -ūs nf. old woman
anxius, -a, -um adj. anxious, troubled; troublesome; cautious, uneasy
aper, aprī nm. wild boar
aperiō, -īre, aperuī, apertum v.t. open, reveal, uncover; make accessible; make known, explain
apertus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. uncovered; open, unobstructed; plain, clear; accessible, undefended
apex, apicis nm. peak, point, summit; helmet; crown, tiara; top of the flamen’s conical cap; highest honor
apis (apēs), apis nf. bee
apium, -ī nnt. parsley; celery
apparātus, -ūs nm. preparing, getting ready; apparatus; supplies; splendor, pomp; display
appāreō, -pārēre, -pāruī, -pāritum v.i. appear, be evident; attend, serve
appāritor, -ōris nm. servant; attendant on a magistrate
apparō, -parāre, -parāvī, -parātum v.t. prepare, provide; make ready for; add
appellō, -pellāre, -pellāvī, -pellātum v.t. address, request; call, name; beg, call upon
appendix, -icis nf. appendix, appendage
appetēns (appetent-) adj. desirous of, eager for; greedy (+ gen.)
appetō, -petere, -petīvī (-petiī), -petītum v.t., v.i. strive for; attack; long for, seek
applicātiō, -ōnis nf. applying; inclination
applicō, -plicāre, -plicāvī, -plicātum v.t. join, add to; direct; bring; arrive
apportō, -portāre, -portāvī, -portātum v.t. carry; bring in, bring to
appositus, -a, -um adj. contiguous, bordering on (+ dat.); fit, proper, adapted (+ ad + acc.)
approbātiō, -ōnis nf. approval, assent
approbō, -probāre, -probāvī, -probātum v.t. assent to, favor
appropinquō, -propinquāre, -propinquāvī, -propinquātum v.i. approach, come near to (+ dat. or + ad + acc.)
aprīcus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. sunny; loving the sun
Aprīlis, -is, -e adj. April, belonging to April
aptō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. fit, adapt, adjust; prepare
aptus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. fitted, joined (+ abl.); proper, suitable (+ ad or in + acc.)
apud prep. (+ acc.) at, by, near; at the house of; in the presence of; in the time of
aqua, -ae nf. water
aquaeductus, -ūs nm. aqueduct; conveying of water
aquārius, -a, -um adj. watery, belonging to water
aquātilis, -is, -e adj. aquatic, living or growing in water
aquila, -ae nf. eagle; the legionary eagle standard
aquilifer, aquiliferī nm. legionary standard bearer
āra, -ae nf. altar
arānea, -ae nf. spider; spider web
arātrum, -ī nnt. plow
arbitrium, -ī nnt. judgment, opinion; dominion, power; choice, will
arbitror, arbitrārī, arbitrātus sum v.d. declare one’s judgment; believe, think
arbor, -oris nf. tree
arca, -ae nf. box, chest
arcānus, -a, -um adj. secret
arceō, -ēre, arcuī, --- v.t. keep away; hinder, prevent
arcessō (accersō), -ere, -īvī, -ītum v.t. send for, summon
architectonicus, -a, -um adj. architectural, relating to architecture
architectūra, -ae nf. architecture
architectus, -ī nm. architect, master builder
arcus, -ūs nm. bow; rainbow; arch, vault
ardea, -ae nf. heron
ārdeō, -ēre, ārsī, ārsum v.i. be on fire, burn; flash, shine; be aflame
ārdēscō, -ere, arsī, --- v.i. ignite, take fire
ārdor, -ōris nm. glow
arduus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. steep; high, erect; difficult
ārea, -ae nf. threshing floor; building-site; open space, courtyard
argentāria, -ae nf. bank for exchanging money; silver mine
argentārius, -ī nm. banker, money-changer
argenteus, -a, -um adj. silver
argentum, -ī nnt. silver; silver coinage; object made of silver
argilla, -ae nf. clay, potter’s clay
argūmentum, -ī nnt. argument, proof; evidence, sign, token; subject; plot of a play
arguō, -ere, arguī, argūtum v.t. show, prove; betray, accuse; inform, allege against; find guilty
arithmētica, -ae or -ē, - ēs nf. arithmetic
arma, -ōrum nt./pl. arms, weapons; armor; tools; war; soldiers; defense
armārium, -ī nnt. cupboard, chest
armō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. furnish with weapons; equip
arō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. plow, cultivate
arripiō (adr-), -ripere, -ripuī, -reptum v.t. catch hurriedly; grasp; take; seize upon; attack; ridicule
arrogantia (adr-), -ae nf. assumption; pride, conceit
ars, artis nf. skill, art; science, learning, knowledge; trait, virtue
artēria, -ae nf. the wind pipe; blood vessel, artery
articulus, -ī nm. small joint; knob; division of a discourse; moment in time, crisis; part, division
artifex, -ficis nm/f. artist, craftsman
artificiōsus, -a, -um adj. skillfull; skillfully made, ingenious
artificium, -ī nnt. practice of a craft; profession, trade; workmanship, skill; trick, artifice; work of art
artūs, -uum nm./pl. the limbs, joints
arx, arcis nf. citadel, stronghold; refuge, protection
as, assis nm. unit; the as, the lowest coin denomination
ascendō, -scendere, -scendī, -scēnsum v.t. climb, go up; board ship
ascēnsus, -ūs nm. climbing up, ascent
ascīscō, -ere, ascīvī, ascītum v.t. receive, adopt; win over
ascrībō, -scrībere, -scrīpsī, -scrīptum v.t. write in addition, enroll, add; appoint; impute
aspectus, -ūs nm. sight, look; view, aspect, appearance
asper, aspera, asperum (w. comp. + sup.) adj. rough, rugged; uneven; harsh; adverse, dangerous; wild, fierce
aspergō, -spergere, -spersī, -spersum v.t. sprinkle
aspergō, -inis nf. spray
asperitās, -ātis nf. roughness; harshness; adversity; austerity; difficulty; inhumanity; rudeness
aspernor, aspernārī, aspernātus sum v.d. despise, disdain
aspiciō (adsp-), -spicere, -spexī, -spectum v.t., v.i. see, look upon, behold; observe, consider
asportō, -portāre, -portāvī, -portātum v.t. carry away, remove
assēnsus (ads-), -ūs nm. agreement; approval
assentātiō (ads-), -ōnis nf. assenting, approval; flattery
assentiō (ads-), -sentīre, -sēnsī, -sēnsum v.t. agree with; assent to
assentor (ads-), assentārī, assentātus sum v.d. agree with always; flatter
assequor (ads-), assequī, assecūtus sum v.d. follow up; accomplish; obtain
asser, asseris nm. pole, staff
asservō (ads-), -servāre, -servāvī, -servātum v.t. watch over, preserve; guard
assideō (ads-), -sidēre, -sēdī, -sessum v.t. sit by; attend; nurse, care for the ill; be busy
assīdō (ads-), -sīdere, -sēdī, --- v.i. sit down
assiduitās (ads-), -ātis nf. constant attendance; devotion; continuance
assiduus (ads-), -a, -um adj. settled, having landed property; constantly in attendance; diligent, devoted; persevering, industrious; continual, frequent
assistō (ads-), -sistere, astitī, --- v.i. stand near, attend; take a station; stand before
assuēfaciō (ads-), -facere, -fēcī, -factum v.t. make accustomed to
assuēscō (ads-), -ere, assuēvī, assuētum v.t. accustom; become accustomed to
assula, -ae nf. chip, shaving
assurgō (ads-), -surgere, -surrēxī, -surrēctum v.i. rise up, stand up
assus, -a, -um adj. roasted
asthmaticus, -a, -um adj. asthmatic, short of breath
astō (ads-), -stāre, -stitī, ---v.i. stand near (+ dat.); stand up
astrictōrius, -a, -um adj. astringent, binding
astrologia, -ae nf. knowledge of the stars; astrology, astronomy
astūtia, -ae nf. shrewdness, cunning; dexterity; astūtiae, -ārum nf./pl. cunning, tricks
astūtus, -a, -um adj. subtle, clever; crafty
at or ast conj. but on the other hand, yet; nevertheless, however; but on the contrary
āter, ātra, ātrum adj. dead black; gloomy, sad; malicious
āthlēta, -ae nmf. athlete, wrestler
atomus, -ī nm. atom, thing incapable of being divided
atque (before vowels and consonants), āc (only before consonants) conj. and also, as well as, and too; as, than
atquī conj. and yet, but yet; but nevertheless, however
ātrāmentum, -ī nnt. black fluid; ink
ātrium, -ī nnt. atrium, hall
atrōx or ātrōx (atrōc-) (w. comp. + sup.) adj. fierce, savage; severe; horrible, violent; atrōciter adv. terribly, cruelly
attendō, -tendere, attendī, attentum v.t. direct to; consider; listen, pay attention to
attentus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. attentive, careful; frugal
attenuō, -tenuāre, -tenuāvī, -tenuātum v.t. make thin, lessen, weaken
attingō, -tingere, -tigī, -tāctum v.t., v.i. touch; seize; attack; approach; concern, relate to; refer to
attrahō, -trahere, -trāxī, -trāctum v.t. draw, pull; attract; drag before; allure
attribuō, -tribuere, -tribuī, -tribūtum v.t. assign, allot; intrust; attribute
auctiō, -ōnis nf. increasing; auction
auctor, -ōris nm. author, originator; father; founder; counselor, leader, adviser
auctōritās, -ātis nf. supremacy, authority; decision, opinion; decree, warrant; influence, dignity, reputation; importance, consequence
auctus, -ūs nm. development, growth, increase
audācia, -ae nf. nerve, boldness, daring; impudence, insolence; daring deed
audāx (audāc-) (w. comp. + sup.) adj. bold, daring; foolhardy, rash
audeo, -ēre, ausus sum v.d. dare, risk
audientia, -ae nf. hearing; attention; audience
audio, -īre, -īvī, -ītum v.t. hear, hear of; listen to; learn from; assent
audītiō, -ōnis nf. hearing, listening; report
auditōrium, -ī nnt. lecture room
auditōr, -ōris nm. listener, hearer
audītus, -ūs nm. hearing, sense of hearing
auferō, -ferre, abstulī, ablātum v.t. carry off, rob, steal; take away, remove; destroy
aufugiō, -fugere, -fūgī, --- v.i. flee away, escape
augeō, -ēre, auxī, auctum v.t. increase, enlarge; extend, enrich; praise
augur, auguris nm. augur, diviner
augurium, -ī nnt. augury; observance of omens; omen, sign; prediction
auguror, augurārī, augurātus sum v.d. act as an augur; predict, interpret omens; conjecture, imagine
Augustus, -a, -um adj. pertaining to the emperor Augustus; pertaining to the month August
augustus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. majestic, venerable, sacred
aulaeum, -ī nnt. tapestry; curtain of a theatre; elaborate hanging
aura, -ae nf. breath; draft, breeze
aureus, -a, -um adj. golden, of gold
auris, -is nf. ear
aurum, -ī nnt. gold
auspicium, -ī nnt. augury from birds; divination; omen
aut conj. or; or at least; aut…aut conj. either…or
autem conj. (usu. postpositive) however, but, on the contrary
autumnus, -a, -um adj. autumn; nm. autumn
auxilium, -ī nnt. assistance, help, support; auxilia, -ōrum nnt./pl. auxiliary units of the army
avāritia, -ae nf. greed
avārus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. greedy, covetous
avēna, -ae nf. oats; stalk, straw
aveō, -ēre, ---, --- v.i. wish for, long for
aversus, -a, -um adj. turned away, turned back; withdrawn; averse, hostile
āvertō, -vertere, -vertī, -versum v.t. turn away, turn aside; remove; ward off
avia, -ae nf. grandmother
avidus, -a, -um adj. eager, desirous; covetous; greedy, jealous (w. gen. or dat.)
avis, avis nf. fowl, bird
āvocō, -vocāre, -vocāvī, -vocātum v.t. call away; withdraw; divert, turn aside
avunculus, -ī nm. maternal uncle
avus, -ī nm. grandfather
axis, -is nm. axle of a wheel; axis of the earth; open air, the heavens; region
B
bāca or bacca, -ae nf. berry; olive; anything berry-shaped; pearl
bacchor, bacchārī, bacchātus sum v.d. celebrate the festival of Bacchus; revel
baculum, -ī nnt. staff, cane
bālaena, -ae nf. whale
balbūtiō, -īre, ---, --- v.i. stammer, stutter
balineum or balneum, -ī nnt. bath; bathing establishment
ballista or bālista, -ae nf. ballista, a military machine that threw huge stones
balneum, -ī nf. See balineum.
balteus, -ī nm. girdle, belt; sword belt
baptīsma, -atis nnt. washing, dipping in water; baptism
baptīzō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. baptize
barba, -ae nf. beard
barbarus, -a, -um adj. unintelligible; foreign, strange; of barbarians, of foreigners; barbarous, savage, uncivilized
barbātus, -a, -um adj. having a beard, bearded
basilica, -ae nf. basilica, a double-colonnaded public building for law courts and merchants
basis, -is nf. base, foundation; support; pedestal
beātus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. happy, fortunate; prosperous, wealthy
bellāria, -ōrum nnt./pl. dessert
bellicōsus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. warlike, martial
bellicus, -a, -um adj. warlike, martial; of the army
bellō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.i. make war; fight (+ cum + abl. or + adversus + acc.)
bellum, ī nnt. war
bellus, -a, -um (+ sup.) adj. pretty, charming, handsome
bēlua, -ae nf. (large) beast, monster; wild beast
bene or benē (w. sup.) adv. well, successfully, prosperously; very, quite
benedictiō, -ōnis nf. praising, lauding; sacred object; a blessing
beneficium, -ī nnt. kindness, favor, service, benefit; honor
beneficus, -a, -um (comp. beneficentior, sup. beneficentissimus) adj. generous, liberal; serviceable
benevolentia, -ae nf. kindness, good-will; friendship
benevolus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. kind, obliging; well-disposed
benignitās, -ātis nf. kindness, courtesy; liberality; favor
benignus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. kind, friendly; generous, gracious, welcoming
beō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. bless, make happy
bēstia, -ae nf. beast; wild beast; animal
bēta, -ae nf. beet
biblia, bibliōrum nnt./pl. bible
bibliopōla, -ae nm. bookseller
bibliothēca, -ae nf. library; collection of books
bibō, -ere, bibī, bibitum v.t. drink
biduum, -ī nnt. period of two days
biennium, -ī nnt. period of two years
bīnī, -ae, -a adv. two by two, two at a time; double
bipertītō or bipartītō adv. in two divisions, in two parts
bis adv. twice, on two occasions; doubly, twofold
bivium, -ī nnt. fork of a road; cross-road
blandīmentum, -ī nnt. flattery; compliment; pleasure, delight
blandior, blandīrī, blandītus sum v.d. flatter, caress; compliment; please, allure, invite
blanditia, -ae nf. caressing, fondness; flattery; blanditiae, -ārum nf./pl. fascination, captivation
blatta -ae nf. insect that avoids the light; moth, cockroach
bonitās, -ātis nf. goodness; kindness, friendliness; excellence
bonus, -a, -um (comp. melior, sup. optimus) adj. good; worthy, excellent; kind; loyal; bonum, -ī nnt. a good thing; profit, advantage; bona, -ōrum nnt./pl. property, goods
bōs, bovis nm/f. ox, bullock, cow; bovēs, bovum, or boum nm/f./pl. oxen, cattle
brāchium or bracchium, -ī nnt. forearm; arm; the limb of an animal, claw, thigh, leg; arm of the sea, spur of a mountain chain
branchiae, -ārum nf./pl. gills
brassica, -ae nf. cabbage
brevis, -is, -e (w. comp. + sup.) adj. short, brief; concise; little; brevī (sc. tempore) adv. shortly, in a short time; breviter (w. comp. + sup.) adv. shortly, in a few words
brevitās, -ātis nf. shortness, brevity; conciseness
būbō, būbōnis nm. owl
būbula, -ae nf. beef
bucca, -ae nf. cheek; trumpeteer
buccellātum, -ī nnt. biscuit, especially that of soldiers
būcula, -ae nf. young cow, heifer
būfō, -ōnis nm. toad
bulbus, -ī nm. bulb; onion
bulla, -ae nf. bubble; knob; metal stud; bulla, the amulet of Roman boys
būstum, -ī nnt. place for burning bodies; funeral pyre; place for burying bodies, mound, tomb, grave
C
cacūmen, -inis nnt. summit, top; zenith; end
cadāver, -eris nnt. corpse, dead body
cadō, -ere, cecidī, cāsum v.i. fall, fall down; fall dead, perish; be subject to; befall, happen
cadūcus, -a, -um adj. inclined to fall; perishable, transitory
caecitās, -ātis nf. blindness
caecus, -a, -um (w. comp.) adj. devoid of light; blind, blinded
caedēs, -is nf. slaughter, murder
caedo, -ere, cecīdī, caesum v.t. cut, cut down, hew; cut off; cut to pieces; strike; kill, murder; destroy
caelebs (caelib-) adj. single, unmarried
caelestis or coelestis, -is, -e adj. of heaven, celestial; nmf. deity; caelestia, -ium nt/pl. heavely bodies
caelum, -ī nnt. heaven, sky; air, climate, weather, atmosphere; temperature; height; summit of honor; vault, arch
caepa, -ae nf. or caepe, -is nnt. onion
caerimōnium, -ī nnt. sacredness; veneration; religious ceremony
caeruleus or caerulus, -a, -um adj. dark blue, dark green
Caesar, Caesaris nm. title of the Roman emperor
calamitās, -ātis nf. loss, hurt; calamity, ruin, disaster
calamitōsus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. causing loss, destructive, disastrous; suffering loss; unfortunate, unhappy
calcar, -āris nnt. spur; stimulus
calceus, -ī nm. shoe, half-boot
calcitrō, -āre, ---, --- v.t., v.i. kick
calefaciō or calfaciō, -facere, -fēcī, -factum v.t. heat, make warm; vex
calidus or caldus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. warm, hot; fiery; fierce, impassioned
caliga, -ae nf. leather shoe; soldier’s boot
cālīginōsus or cālīgōsus, -a, -um (w. sup.) adj. foggy, misty; gloomy
cālīgō, -inis nf. fog, thick air, mist; darkness, gloom; confusion, ignorance; calamity
callidus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. skillful, shrewd, astute; crafty, artful
callis, -is nm/f. trail, path, foot-path; declivity, mountain pass
calor, -ōris nm. heat, warmth, glow
calumnia, -ae nf. cunning, trickery; pretense; misrepresentation; false accusation, libel, malicious charge
calumnior, calumniārī, calumniātus sum v.d. accuse falsely, practice trickery; misrepresent, calumniate
calvāria, -ae nf. human skull; the Hill of Calvary
calvus, -a, -um adj. bald
calx, calcis nf. heel; limestone, chalk; goal of the race track
camēlus, -ī nm/f. camel
camera or camara, -ae nf. vault, arch, arched ceiling
campester, campestris, campestre adj. flat, level
campus, -ī nm. field, plain; open country
canālis, -is nm. pipe, groove, channel; splint
cancer, cancrī nm. crab; cancer, ulcer
candēla, -ae nf. candle, wax taper
candeō, -ēre, canduī, --- v.i. glitter, glisten; glow
candidātus, -ī nm. one clothed in a very white toga; candidate for office
candidus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. shining, white, clear, bright; splendid; clothed in white; guileless; honest, candid; prosperous;
canis, -is nm/f. dog, bitch; shameless person; the worst throw of the dice
canō, -ere, cecinī, cantum v.t., v.i. sing, make music; sing of; foretell
canōrus, -a, -um adj. tuneful
canto, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t., v.i. sing; play (+ abl. of instrument)
cantor, -ōris nm. singer
cantus, -ūs nm. singing, song; music
cānus, -a, -um adj. white; hoary, gray; old; cānī, -ōrum nt/pl. gray hair
capāx (capāc-) (w. sup.) adj. able to hold (+ gen.); roomy, spacious; capable of, fit for (+ ad + acc.)
caper, caprī nm. he-goat
capessō, -ere, -īvī (-iī),-ītum v.t. lay hold of; repair to; undertake eagerly; manage
capillāmentum, -ī nnt. wig, false hair
capillus, -ī nm. hair
capiō, -ere, cēpī, captum v.t. seize, take, lay hold of; take possession of; capture; win, captivate; deceive, betray; harm; deprive of; suffer, experience; entertain; undertake; accept, gain; comprehend; be large enough to hold
capitālis, -is, -e adj. of the head; foremost; involving life, capital; dangerous
capra, -ae nf. she-goat
captīvus, -a, -um adj. taken prisoner, captive; captured, plundered
captō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. snatch; strive after; lay in wait for, try to trap, allure
captus, -ūs nm. seizing; capacity of mind, power of comprehension
caput, capitis nnt. head; person; life, soul; top, summit; source; citizenship; chapter, passage; point; principal thing
carbasus, -ī nf. linen canvas, sail cloth
carbō, -ōnis nm. coal, charcoal
carbunculus, ī nm. small coal; red precious stone, ruby; tumor
carcer, carceris nm. prison, place of confinement
cardō, -inis nm. hinge; astronomical pole; critical turn of events
careō, -ēre, -caruī, caritūrum v.t. be without; do without, keep from; lack, be deprived of (+ abl.)
carīna, -ae nf. keel of boat; boat, ship
cāritās, -ātis nf. dearness; high price; love, affection
carmen, -īnis nnt. song, hymn; poem; form of prayer; prophecy, spell; metrical inscription
carō, carnis nf. flesh, meat; pulp
carpō, -ere, carpsī, carptum v.t. pull, pluck; browse, gnaw, tear off; carp at; wear away; harass; cut to pieces
cārus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. dear, beloved; affectionate; expensive
casa, -ae nf. cottage, hut, simple house
cāseus or cāseum, -ī nmnt. cheese
cassis, -idis nf. helmet
castellum, -ī nnt. fort, citadel, stronghold; refuge
cāstīgātōrius, -a, -um adj. relating to reproof; implying reproof
castitās, -ātis nf. purity, chastity
castra, castrōrum nnt./pl. camp, fort
castus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. pure, chaste; morally pure; holy, sacred
cāsus, -ūs nm. falling; happening, accident; emergency; destruction, misfortune, calamity
catasta, -ae nf. scaffold, stage
catēna, -ae nf. chain, shackle; fetter
caterva, -ae nf. crowd, trop; gang, armed group
catulus, -ī nm. the young of an animal; puppy
cauda, -ae nf. tail
caulis, -is nm. stem of a plant; cabbage stalk, cabbage
caupō, -ōnis nm. landlord of an inn; tradesman
caupōna, -ae nf. inn, shop; female shopkeeper
causa, -ae nf. cause, reason; pretext, motive; condition, case, situation; lawsuit; side, faction
cautiō, -ōnis nf. watchfulness, precaution; safety
cautus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. cautious, circumspect, wary
cavea, -ae nf. hollow, cavity; cage, enclosure; seating area of a theatre
caveō, -ēre, cāvī, cautum v.t. beware, be on guard; provide against; order; protect
cavum, -ī nnt. hole, cavity
-ce enclitic. Demonstrative particle joined on to pronouns and adverbs.
cēdō, -ere, cessī, cessum v.i. go away; retreat, yield, submit, surrender; comply; be inferior to; conform to (+ dat.)
cedrus, -ī nf. cedar; juniper
celeber, celebris, celebre (comp. celebrior, sup. celeberrimus) adj. crowded, thronged; honored, famous
celebrātiō, -ōnis nf. large gathering, crowd; celebration
celebritās, -ātis nf. crowd, throng; fame, publicity
celebrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. crowd, throng; engage in; celebrate; make famous, make known
celer, celeris, celere (comp. celerior, sup. celerrimus) adj. quick, swift; hasty, rash; celeriter (comp. celerius, sup. celerrimē) adv. speedily, quickly; in haste, immediately
celeritās, -ātis nf. speed, quickness
cella, -ae nf. room; storeroom; sanctuary inside of a temple
cēlō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. conceal, hide, keep ignorant of; elude; keep secret
cēna, -ae nf. dinner, which Romans ate in the late afternoon; banquet; course of the meal
cēnāculum, -ī nnt. loft, room under a roof
cēnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t., v.i. dine; eat dinner
cēnseō, -ēre, cēnsuī, cēnsum v.t. assess, estimate; be of the opinion that, propose, vote (+ ut or nē + subjunctive); suppose, think; decide
cēnsor, -ōris nm. the censor, the magistrate in charge of the census, registration lists, assessment of property, and awarding of public contracts
cēnsus, -ūs nm. registration of citizens and of property; appraisement; census
centēsimus, -a, -um adj. hundredth
centrum, -ī nnt. center, middle point of a circle
centum num. (indecl.) hundred
centuria, -ae nf. division of one hundred; century, the military unit of a legion; the division of the Roman people in an assembly
centuriō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. divide into centuries; organize into companies
centuriō, -ōnis nm. officer of a century, centurion
cēra, -ae nf. wax; wax writing tablet; seal
cernō, -ere, crēvī, crētum v.t. distinguish, discern; perceive, see; understand; decide, resolve (+ ut or nē + subjunctive)
cērō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. wax, smear with wax
certāmen, -inis nnt. contest, conflict, battle; dispute; match, rivalry, competition
certātim adv. zealously, competitively, earnestly
certō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.i. compete with; fight, contend; strive (+ cum + abl. or + inter + acc.)
certus, -a, -um (+ comp. + sup.) adj. certain, fixed, settled; special, definite; confident; trustworthy; unerring; certē adv. of course; certō adv. surely, certainly; at least, yet surely
cerva, -ae nf. deer
cervīcal, -ālis nnt. pillow, cushion
cervisia or cervesia or cerevisia, -ae nf. ale, beer
cervīx, -īcis nf. neck; throat
cervus, -ī nm. stag
cessō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.i. loiter, delay, cease from doing; be unemployed, be idle; be null and void
cēterus or caeterus, -a, -um adj. the other, rest, remainder; cēterī or caeterī, -ōrum pron. m./pl. the rest, the others
charta, -ae nf. piece of papyrus, paper; that which is written on papyrus
chirūrgia, -ae nf. surgery
chorus, -ī nm. dance in a ring, choral dance; troop of dancers and singers, chorus; multitude, crowd
Christiānus, -a, -um adj. Christian
Christus, Christī, nm. the Christ
cibāria, -ōrum nnt./pl. rations, provisions; fodder
cibus, -ī nm. food, nourishment
cicāda, -ae nf. tree cricket
cicātrīx, -trīcis nf. scar
cicōnia, -ae nf. stork
cieō, -ēre, cīvī, citum v.t. cause to move, drive; disturb; summon, appeal to; enliven; produce, beget
cincinnus, -ī nm. hair curl, lock of hair
cingō, -ere, cīnxī, cīnctum v.t. surround, enclose; gird, wreathe; beseige
cingulum, -ī nm. or cingulus, -ī nnt. belt; zone
cinis, cineris nm. ashes, embers
cinnamōmum or cinnamon or cinnamum, -ī nnt. cinnamon
circā adv. around, about, near; prep. (+ acc.) about, around, surrounding; among; near to; nearly, almost; on both sides
circiter adv., prep (+ acc.) about, near
circitor, -ōris nm. guard, watchman
circuitō, -ōnis nf. patrol, patrolling; circuit
circuitus, -ūs nm. circling, circuit; compass; circumlocution
circulātor, -ōris nm. quack; pedlar
circum adv. about, around; prep. (+ acc.) around, about; among; near, near to
circumagō, -āgere, -ēgī, -āctum v.t. drive in a circle; turn about, turn round, wheel
circumclūdō, -clūdere, -clūsī, -clūsum v.t. enclose; surround
circumdō, -dare, -dedī, -datum v.t. put around; surround, encircle, beseige
circumeō, -īre, -iī (-īvī), -itum v.t. go around, travel around; solicit; surround, enclose; deceive
circumiectus or circumjectus, -a, -um adj. surrounding, lying around
circummittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missum v.t. send around
circumscrībō, -scrībere, -scrīpsī, -scrīptum v.t. limit, restrict; cheat; cancel, set aside
circumscrīptor, -ōris nm. cheat, defrauder
circumstō, -stāre, -stetī, --- v.t., v.i. stand around, surround; threaten; besiege
circumveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventum v.t. encircle, surround; beset, oppress, afflict, overthrow; deceive, entrap; attack
cis prep. (+ acc.) on this side of
cista, -ae nf. trunk, box
citerior (citeriōr-) adj. on this side, on the nearer side; nearer, next; citimus, -a, -um adj. on the nearest side, nearest
cithera, -ae nf. cithara, lyre
citō adv. quickly; citius adv. more quickly; citissimē adv. most quickly
citrā prep. (+ acc.) on this side of; nearer; short of, without
cīvīlis, -is, -e adj. relating to a citizen, civil, civic; political, public
cīvis, -is nm/f. citizen
cīvitās, -ātis nf. citizenship; state, commonwealth; inhabitants of a city; city, town
clādēs, -is nf. destruction, harm, misfortune, disaster; slaughter; defeat, reverse, calamity
clām adv. secretly, in secret
clāmitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t., v.i. cry out loud; proclaim, reveal; betray
clāmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. cry out, shout, exclaim; invoke; proclaim
clāmor, -ōris nm. loud cry, shout; din; applause, acclamation; war-shout, noise
clandestīnus, -a, -um adj. secret, concealed
clāritās, -ātis nf. brightness, clearness; fame; splendor
clārus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. bright, shining, clear; manifest; renowned, honored, noble, illustrious; clārē (w. comp. + sup.) adv. brightly; distinctly, plainly, honorably, splendidly, aloud, loudly
classis, -is nf. division, class; rank; army; fleet; navy
claudicō, -āre, ---, --- v.i. limp, be lame; be deflected; halt, be defective
claudō, -ere, clausī, clausum v.t. close, shut; finish, end; shut in, besiege
claudus or clūdus or clōdus, -a, -um adj. crippled; lame; defective
claustra, -ōrum nnt./pl. bar, lock, bolt; barrier; dam, dike; barricade, defence
clāva, -ae nf. bat, club, staff
clāvis, -is nf. key
clāvulus, -ī nm. tack, small nail
clāvus, -ī nm. nail; rudder; purple stripe on clothing
clēmēns (clēment-) (w. comp. + sup.) adj. mild, calm; gentle; forebearing
clēmentia, -ae nf. mildness, forbearance; clemency
clēricus, -ī nm. clergyman
cliēns, clientis nm. client, personal dependent; retainer; companion; ally
clientēla, -ae nf. relationshiup of patron and client, patronage, clientship
clīvōsus, -a, -um adj. hilly, full of hills
clīvus, -ī nm. incline, slope; hill
cloāca, -ae nf. drain, sewer
coaedificō, -ficāre, ---, -ficātum v.t. build up, build upon; build together, join
coartō or coarctō, -artāre, -artāvī, -artātum v.t. press together, compress, contract; abridge, sum up, summarize
coccinus, -a, -um adj. scarlet
coclea or cochlea, -ae nf. snail; water screw
coclear or cochlear, -āris nnt. spoon; spoonful
cōdicillī, -ōrum nm./pl. writing tablet; anything written on a tablet
coemō, -emere, -ēmī, -ēmptum v.t. purchase, buy up
coeō, -īre, -īvī (-iī), -itum v.i. come together, meet, join in battle; gather, unite; ally oneself, agree; conspire
coepiō, -ere, coepī, coeptum v.t., v.i. begin, commence
coerceō, -ercēre, -ercuī, -ercitum v.t. confine, shut in; restrain, repress, curb
coetus or coitus, -ūs nm. assembly, meeting; crowd
cōgitātē adv. thoughtfully, with reflection
cōgitātiō, -ōnis nf. reflection, meditation; thought, imagination, reasoning
cōgitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.i. think, ponder (+ dē + abl.); meditate; design, plan; plot (+ acc. or + acc. + finitive)
cōgnātus, -a, -um adj. related by blood, sprung from the same kin
cognitiō, -ōnis nf. knowledge; investigation, trial
cognitor, -ōris nm. attorney, advocate; defender, protector; supporter
cognitus, -a, -um (w comp. + sup.) adj. known; proved (+ dat.)
cognōmen, -inis nnt. surname; name; name of the family
cōgnōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitum v.t. hear of, learn; know; examine, investigate; recognize, acknowledge; appreciate
cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctum v.t. drive together; gather together, assemble; urge, compel (+ acc. + infinitive or + ut or nē + subjunctive)
cohaereō, -haerēre, -haesī, -haesum v.t. cling together; be united, be connected with
cohibeō, -hibēre, -hibuī, -hibitum v.t. hold together, contain; repress, check
cohors, cohortis nf. enclosure; crowd, throng; cohort, the tenth part of a legion; the general’s staff, body-guard
cohortātiō, -ōnis nf. exhorting, encouragement
cohortor, cohortārī, cohortātus sum v.d. encourage, admonish; address
coitus or coetus, -ūs nm. coming together, assembly; joining together; sexual intercourse
collābor (conl-), collabī, collapsus sum v.d. fall together, fall in ruins; faint, swoon
collāre, -is nnt. collar for a dog or prisoner; neck-chain
collātiō (conl-), -ōnis nf. bringing together; hostile meeting; collision; contribution
collēga (conl-), -ae nm. colleague, associate in office
collēgium (conl-), -ī nf. colleagueship; association, guild, corporation, college
colligō (conl-), -ligere, -lēgī, -lectum v.t. gather, collect; acquire; deduce, infer
collis, -is nm. hill; height
collocō (conl-), -locāre, -locāvī, -locātum v.t. set, place; arrange; set up; locate, station (+ in + abl.)
collocūtiō (conl-), -ōnis nf. conversation; conference; chat, talk
colloquium (conl-), -ī nnt. conversation; conference
colloquor (conl-), colloquī, collocūtus sum v.d. speak, talk, converse; negotiate with
collum, -ī nnt. neck
colluviō (conl-), -ōnis nf. dirt; dregs, impurities; pollution
colō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. strain, filter; purify
colō, colere, coluī, cultum v.t. cultivate; abide, inhabit; care for, love; adore, worship; seek, practice, adhere to
cōlon, -ī nnt. colon; colic
colōnia, -ae nf. settlement, colony
colōnus, -ī nm. farmer; settler, colonist
color, -ōris nm. color, hue; complexion; appearance
colōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.i. tan, become darkened by the sun
cōlum, -ī nnt. filter, strainer
columba, -ae nf. female pigeon, dove
columbus, -ī nm. male pigeon, dove
columen, -inis nnt. top, summit, ridge; highest part; pillar, support; gable, roof; acme
columna, -ae nf. column, pillar, post; support
combibō, -bibere, -bibī, --- v.t. drink with a companion; drink up completely, absorb
comes, comitis nm/f. companion, associate; attendant
cōmicus, -a, -um adj. comic, pertaining to comedy
cōmis, -is, -e adj. mellow, gentle, affable, polite
cōmitās, -ātis nf. courtesy, kindness, politeness
comitātus, -ūs nm. escort, retinue; company, band
comitia, -ōrum nnt./pl. comitia, meeting of citizens
comitium, -ī nnt. meeting place; the Comitium, the place of assembly of the people in the Forum
comitor, comitārī, comitātus sum v.d. attend, accompany, escort
commemorātiō, -ōnis nf. reminding; remembrance
commemorō, -memorāre, -memorāvī, -memorātum v.t. remember; recall; recount
commendātiō, -ōnis nf. recommendation, commending
commendō, -mendāre, -mendāvī, -mendātum v.t. leave for safe keeping, entrust; commend, recommend
commentārium, -ī nnt. note book; memorandum, notes; commentary
commentum, -ī nnt. invention; falsehood; embellishment
commercium, -ī nnt. commerce, trade; fellowship; communication
commercor, commercārī, commercātus sum v.d. trade, buy up
commereō, -merēre, -meruī, -meritum v.t. deserve, merit; commit an offence, be guilty
comminuō, -minuere, -minuī, minūtum v.t. break into pieces, crumble; lessen; impair
comminus adv. hand to hand, at close quarters
committō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missum v.t. bring together, combine; fight, carry on; intrust (+ acc. + dat.); expose; be guilty of; practice
commoditās, -ātis nf. convenience, fitness; suitable occasion; advantage; courtesy, forbearance
commodō, -modāre, -modāvī, -modātum v.t. lend; supply
commodum, -ī nnt. convenience; advantage, gain
commodus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. complete; suitable, comfortable; useful, pleasant; polite; commodē (w. comp. + sup.) adv. properly; skillfully; suitably
commoror, commorārī, commorātus sum v.d. tarry, linger, stay for a while
commōtiō, -ōnis nf. motion; excitement, agitation, commotion
commoveō, -movēre, -mōvī, -mōtum v.t. stir, shake; affect, move emotionally; influence
commūnicātiō, -ōnis nf. communication, imparting
commūnicō, -mūnicāre, -mūnicāvī, -mūnicātum v.t. share (+ acc. + cum + abl.); join, unite; confer with, communicate (+ dē + abl.); participate in (+ acc.)
commūnis, -is, -e adj. common, general, public (+ gen. or + dat. or + inter + acc.); courteous; sociable
commūnitās, -ātis nf. sharing in common; fellowship; affability
commūtō, -mūtāre, -mūtāvī, -mūtātum v.t. change, convert, exchange; substitute
cōmō, -ere, cōmpsī, cōmptum v.t. bring together, construct; dress hair, style hair, braid
cōmoedia, -ae nf. comedy
compāgēs, -is nf. joining together; frame, structure
comparātiō, -ōnis nf. comparison; trial of skill
comparō, -parāre, -parāvī, -parātum v.t. make ready, provide; collect; levy
comparō, -parāre, -parāvī, -parātum v.t. couple together, pair up, match; count as equal
compellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsum v.t. drive together; force; incite, constrain
compēnsō, -pēnsāre, -pēnsāvī, -pēnsātum v.t. balance; compensate, make up
comperio, -perīre, -perī, -pertum v.t. find out, learn (+ acc. or + acc. + infinitive in indirect discourse)
compēs, -pedis nf. shackle, fetter; chain
competītor, -ōris nm. rival, opponent
compitum, -ī nnt. crossroad
complector, complectī, complexus sum v.d. clasp, embrace; encircle, seize; understand; explain, describe
compleō, -plēre, -plēvī, -plētum v.t. fill up (+ abl.); complete, finish; live through; pass
complexus, -ūs nm. embrace, embracing
complicō, -plicāre, -plicāvī, -plicātum v.t. fold up, fold together, roll up
complūrēs, complūrēs, complūria adj. many, several
compluvium, -ī nnt. pool in the atrium that collected rain water from the roof, the compluvium
compōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positum v.t. put, place, lay, bring together, join; collect; bring together in hostility; contrast, compare; mix, bring together, construct; compose, write; put away, store up; lay at rest, pacify, reconcile, compromise, settle; set in order, adjust; dispose, arrange, devise; contrive, feign
compositē adv. in an orderly way; with polished words
comprehendō, -prehendere, -prehendī, -prehēnsum v.t. seize, grasp; lay hold of; capture, arrest; comprehend; recount
comprehēnsiō, -ōnis nf. seizure, arrest, catching; comprehension, perception; ability to comprehend
comprimō, -primere, -pressī, -pressum v.t. press together; check, restrain; suppress, silence
comptus, -a, -um (w. comp.) adj. embellished, adorned
computātiō, -ōnis nf. calculation, reckoning
computō, -putāre, -putāvī, -putātum v.t. add up, reckon, calculate
cōnātus, -ūs nm. attempt, effort, undertaking
concēdō, cēdere, -cessī, -cessum v.i. withdraw, depart; yield, submit; concede, allow; acknowledge, admit
concentus, -ūs nm. harmony, blended sounds; concord, agreement
concerpō, -cerpere, -cerpsī, -cerptum v.t. tear in pieces; gather; pluck
concertō, -certāre, -certāvī, -certātum v.t. contend with; debate with, argue with (+ dat. or + cum + abl.)
concessiō, -ōnis nf. granting, concession; yielding
concha, -ae nf. shellfish, mollusk; shell
concidō, -cidere, -cidī, --- v.i. fall down; fall dead; fail; be destroyed
concīdō, -cīdere, -cīdī, -cīsum v.t. cut, cut up; ruin, destroy, kill; defeat soundly
conciliō, -ciliāre, -ciliāvī, -ciliātum v.t. procure, gain; win over, conciliate
concilium, -ī nnt. meeting, assembly; council
conciō or concieō -cīre or -ciēre, -cīvī, -cītum v.t. bring together, collect; shake; attract; excite, provoke
concipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptum v.t. receive; imagine, conceive of; understand; harbor, plan
concitō, -citāre, -citāvī, -citātum v.t. stir up, excite; urge, instigate
conclāmō, -clāmāre, -clāmāvī, -clāmātum v.t. shout together; cry for help; exclaim
conclāve, -is nnt. room, dining-hall, cage, stall
conclūdō, -clūdere, -clūsī, -clūsum v.t. shut up; enclose, restrain; conclude; argue, demonstrate
concolor (concolōr-) adj. of same color (+ dat.)
concoquo, -coquere, -cōxī, -coctum v.t. boil together; digest; prepare, ripen; endure, put up with; think upon, ponder
concordia, -ae nf. union, concord; unanimity
concors (concord-) (w. comp. + sup.) adj. unanimous, agreeing, harmonious
concrēscō, -crēscere, -crēvī, -crētum v.i. grow together; harden, congeal, thicken; increase
concupīscō, -cupīscere, -cupīvī, -cupītum v.t. long for, covet
concurrō, -currere, -currī or -cucurrī) , -cursum v.i. run together; assemble, meet; come together in combat; make haste; coincide, meet; happen
concursus, -ūs nm. running together; assembly; assault; collision (+ gen.)
concutiō, -cutere, -cussī, -cussum v.t. shake, strike together; agitate
condemnō, -demnāre, -demnāvī, -demnātum v.t. find guilty, convict, condemn (+ gen. of charge)
condīciō, -ōnis nm. agreement, compact, proposal, terms; position, circumstances
condimentum, -ī nnt. spice, seasoning
condiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum v.t. preserve, conserve; pickle, season
conditor, -ōris nm. founder, maker, builder
condītus, -a, -um (w. comp.) adj. spicy, well-seasoned
condo, -dere, -didī, -ditum v.t. found, build; write; store up, preserve; bury, hide
condōnō, -dōnāre, -dōnāvī, -dōnātum v.t. present, deliver up; surrender, sacrifice; remit; pardon
condūcō, -ducere, -dūxī, -ductum v.t. draw together, assemble; unite; hire, rent; employ; be of use
conductiō, -ōnis nf. bringing together; hiring
cōnectō, -nectere, -nexuī, -nexum v.t. tie together, connect, link
cōnfectiō, -ōnis nf. preparing, finishing; ending, completion
cōnfectus, -a, -um adj. tired out, weakened, consumed
cōnferō, -ferre, -tulī, collātum or conlātum v.t. bring together, collect, join; match against; compare; consult; carry; employ; lend, grant; refer; assign; postpone; blame; transfer
cōnfertus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. crowded, crammed; dense; stuffed, full (+ abl.)
cōnfessiō, -ōnis nf. acknowledgment, admission
cōnficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectum v.t. accomplish, complete; do, draw up; bring about; provide, prepare; wear out, subdue; kill
cōnfīdō, -fīdere, -fīsus sum v.d. rely, trust, believe (+ dat.); be confident
cōnfīrmātiō, -ōnis nf. securing, establishing; encouragement; confirmation, verification
cōnfīrmō, -fīrmāre, -fīrmāvī, -fīrmātum v.t. strengthen, reinforce; encourage; establish; assert, prove
cōnfiteor, cōnfitērī, cōnfessus sum v.d. confess, admit, acknowledge
cōnflagrō, -flagrāre, -flagrāvī, -flagrātum v.t., v.i. burn up
cōnflīgō, -flīgere, -flīxī, -flīctum v.t., v.i. collide, dash together; fight, contend
cōnflō, -flāre, -flāvī, -flātum v.t. kindle, inflame; bring together; cause, bring about
cōnfluō, -fluere, -flūxī, --- v.i. flow together; crowd; assemble
cōnfodiō, -fodere, -fōdī, -fossum v.
Translation - English A
ā (before consonants), ab (before vowels and consonants, esp. h, l, n, r, s), abs (only before c, q, and t, esp. before tē) prep. (+ abl.) from, away from, out of (of motion); at (of the direction from which an object is viewed); by (of agency); since, after (of time)
abacus, -ī nm. abacus, counting board; gaming board; square board
abaliēnō, -aliēnāre, -aliēnāvī, -aliēnātum v.t. convey away; sell, transfer ownership; remove; estrange
abdicātiō, -ōnis nf. disowning (of children); resignation (from public office)
abdicō, -dicāre, -dicāvī, -dicātum v.t. resign (from public office); renounce (a child)
abditus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. hidden, concealed; secluded, remote (of places)
abdō, -dere, -didī, -ditum v.t. hide; put away
abdōmen, -inis nnt. abdomen, paunch; gluttony, sensuality
abeō, -īre, -īvī (-iī), -itum v.i. go away, leave; pass away, disappear
abhinc adv. hereafter; ago
abhorrēo, -horrēre, -horruī, --- v.t., v.i. shrink back from; shudder at; be inconsistent with, be averse to, be unconnected with (+ ab + abl.)
abiciō (abjic-), -icere, -iēcī, -iectum v.t. throw away, cast away; abandon, give up
abiectus (abject-), -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. cast down, overwhelmed; low, worthless
abigō, -igere,- ēgī, - āctum v.t. drive away; banish, get rid of
abnegō, -negāre, -negāvī, -negātum v.t. refuse; (+ infinitive) refuse (to do something); deny
abōminor, abōminārī, abōminātus sum v.d. deprecate; abhor, detest
abortiō, -ōnis nf. miscarriage, premature birth
abrogō, -rogāre, -rogāvī, -rogātum v.t. annul, repeal (of laws); revoke, take away, remove (of public office; w. acc. of office + dat. of person)
abrumpō, -rumpere, -rūpī, -ruptum v.t. break off; tear, burst
abruptus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. sheer, steep (of places)
abs See ā.
abscēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessum v.i. give way, withdraw, march away (of armies); disappear; abandon, desist from (+ ab + abl. or w. abl. alone)
absconditus, -a, -um adj. hidden, secret
absēns (absent-) (w. sup.) adj. absent, not present, away
absentia, -ae nf. absence
absolūtiō, -ōnis nf. acquittal (in law); completeness (of rhetorical expression)
absolūtus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. complete; unconditional, absolute (of rhetorical expression)
absolvō, -solvere, -solvī, -solūtum v.t. set free; acquit, absolve (+ abl., gen., or dē + abl. of the charge); pay off, satisfy; complete, finish
absque prep. (+ abl.) without
abstergeō, -tergēre, -tersī, -tersum v.t. wipe off; break off; banish, expel
abstinentia, -ae nf. abstinence, temperance; starvation
abstineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentum v.t., v.i. hold back, keep away from; abstain from (+ abl., ab + abl., infinitive, quīn or quōminus + subjunctive, or gen.)
abstrahō, -trahere, -trāxī, -tractum v.t. drag away; exclude, divert, cut off (+ ab + abl.)
absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrus v.i. be absent, be far, be away
absūmō, -sūmere, -sūmpsī, -sūmptum v.t. take away; diminish, spend, consume; destroy, kill
absurdus, -a, -um adj. out of tune, harsh; incongruous, absurd; stupid, unreasonable
abundantia, -ae nf. abundance, plenty
abundō, -undāre, -undāvī, -undātum v.i. overflow, be rich in, abound with (+ abl.)
abūtor, abūtī, abūsus sum v.t. use up; abuse (+ abl.)
āc conj. See atque.
accēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessum v.i. come near, approach (+ ad or in + acc.)
accelerō, -celerāre, -celerāvī, -celerātum v.i. hasten, hurry; make haste
accendō, -cendere, -cendī, -cēnsum v.t. ignite, kindle; inflame, arouse; encourage, embitter, exasperate
acceptiō, -iōnis nf. acceptance, reception
acceptus, -a, -um adj. welcome, pleasing (of persons, + dat.); popular
accessus, -ūs nm. approach to, access, entrance
accido, -cidere, -cidī, --- v.i. fall upon; reach; come to pass, take place
accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptum v.t. receive, accept; take into possession; receive a guest; learn; meet with, experience; undertake
accipiter, -cipitris nm. hawk
acclīvitās, -ātis nf. inclination, upward slope
accommodātus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. adapted, suited, appropriate (+ dat. or + ad + acc.)
accommodō, -commodāre, -commodāvī, -commodātum v.t. adapt, fit, adjust to (+ ad or in + acc.)
accubō, -cubāre, -cubuī, -cubitum v.i. lie near; recline (+ dat.)
accūrātus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. careful, precise, exact
accūsātiō, -ōnis nf. accusation; indictment
accūsātor, -ōris nm. accuser, prosecutor, plaintiff
accūsō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. find fault with, blame; charge, accuse, prosecute (+ acc. of the person charged + dē + abl. or propter + acc. or gen. of the charge or punishment)
ācer, ācris, ācre (comp. ācrior, sup. ācerrimus) adj. sharp, piercing; harsh, bitter; keen, passionate; violent, fierce; severe
acerbitās, -ātis nf. bitterness; harshness; acerbitātēs, -ātum or –atium nf./pl. sorrows, affliction; calamities
acerbus, -a, -um adj. tart, sharp; harsh, cruel; rigorous
acervus, -ī nm. pile, heap; great quantity, mass
acētāria, -ōrum (sc. olera) nnt./pl. salad prepared with vinegar
acētum, -ī nnt. vinegar, sour wine; sense, shrewedness
acidus, -a, -um adj. sour, disagreeable
acinus or -um, -ī nm. berry; grape; pit of a berry
aciēs, -ēī nf. sharp point, sharp edge; line of battle; battle; force; sharpness of vision
acquiēscō (adq-), -quiēscere, -quiēvī, -quīetum v.i. become quiet; be at rest; be content; be resigned
acquīrō (adq-), -quīrere, -quīsīvī, -quīsītum v.t. gain in addition; add, obtain
āctiō, -ōnis nf. driving, doing; lawsuit; prosecution, trial; actiōnēs, -ōnum nf./pl. public measures
āctum, -ī nnt. act, deed; method of procedure; acta, -ōrum nnt./pl. proceedings; register of public acts (published by the Roman Senate)
āctus, -ūs nm. driving or doing; act, achievement; act of a play
aculeus, -ī nm. sting, point; cutting remarks
acūmen, -inis nnt. point, tip; sharpness, keenness, intelligence
acuō, -ere, acuī, acūtum v.t. sharpen
acus, -ūs nf. needle
acūtus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. sharp, finely pointed; pungent, violent; keen
ad prep. (+ acc.) to, towards, near; at, near to, among, according to; up to, until; for, in order to (+ gerund or gerundive); in regard to, according to
adaequō, -aequāre, -aequāvī, -aequātum v.t., v.i. make equal to (+ cum + abl.); match, keep up with
adamas, -antis nm. hardest iron; durable substance; diamond
adamō, -amāre, -amāvī, -amātum v.t. fall in love with
addīscō, -dīscere, -didicī, --- v.t. learn in addition, continue to learn, gain knowledge of
additīcius, -a, -um adj. additional, annexed
addō, -dere, -didī, -ditum v.t. put to, bring to; add, increase; consider also
addūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductum v.t. lead to, conduct; persuade, prevail upon; draw tight
adeō, -īre, -īvī (-iī), -itum v.i. go to, approach; undertake; encounter; submit to (+ ad + acc.)
adeō adv. thus far, so much, so long; in fact, really
adeps, -ipis nm/f. fat, lard; obesity
adfīgō (aff-), -fīgere, -fīxī, -fīxum v.t. fasten to; annex; impress on
adfīnis (affīnis), -is, -e adj. neighboring, adjoining; connected with (+ dat.); adfīnis (affīnis), -is n. nm/f. relation or relative by marriage
adfīnitās (affīnitās), -ātis nf. relationship through marriage
adhaereō, -haerēre, -haesī, -haesum v.i. cling to, stick to; border on, be near to (+ dat.)
adhaerēscō, -haerēscere, -haesī, -haesum v.i. cling to, adhere; be devoted to; fit, suit ( + dat.)
adhibeō, -hibēre, -hibuī, -hibitum v.t. hold to, apply; furnish; employ, use
adhortor, adhortārī, adhortātus sum v.t. encourage, urge, exhort (+ ut or nē + subjunctive)
adhūc adv. heretofar; so far, as, yet; still
adiaceō (adj-), -iacēre, -īacuī, --- v.i. adjoin, lie by the side of, be adjacent (+ dat.)
adiciō (adj-), -icere, -iēcī, -iectum v.t. throw to, set near; turn; increase; do in addition
adiectiō, -ōnis nf. addition, adding to
adigō, -igere, -ēgī, -āctum v.t. drive, take; thrust, drive home; compel
adimō, -imere, -ēmī, -ēmptum v.t. take away; deprive of, free from
adipīscor, adipīscī, adeptus sum v.t. arrive at; obtain, get, acquire; win, secure
aditus, -ūs nm. going to, approach; way in, entrance; access; arrival
adiūdicō, -iūdicāre, -iūdicāvī, -iūdicātum v.t. award, adjudge; assign
adiūmentum, -ī nnt. assistance, aid
adiungō, -iungere, -iūnxī, -iūnctum v.t. join to, attach to; annex, unite to; win; apply
adiūtor, -ōris nm. assistant, helper; deputy
adiūtrīx, -īcis nf. helper, assistant
adiuvō, -iuvāre, -iūvī, -iūtum v.t. aid, assist; support; sustain
adloquor (all-), adloquī, adlocūtus sum v.t. address, speak to; encourage
administer, administrī nm. attendant, helper, tool
administra, -ae nf. attendant, helper, tool
administrātiō, -ōnis nf. giving of help; administration, management
administrō, -ministrāre, -ministrāvī, -ministrātum v.t. manage, superintend; direct, conduct
admīrābilis, -is, -e adj. admirable, wonderful, strange, astonishing
admīrandus, -a, -um adj. worthy of being admired, wonderful, strange, astonishing
admīrātiō, -ōnis nf. admiration; wonder, surprise; astonishment
admīrōr, admīrārī, admīrātus sum v.d. admire, view with approval; wonder at, be astonished
admisceō, -miscēre, -miscuī, -mixtum or -mīstum v.t. mix with, mingle with; join; involve, implicate
admissiō, -ōnis nf. audience, formal interview
admittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missum v.t. send to; admit, give access; permit; perpetrate
admodum adv. to full measure; quite, at least, no less than; no more than; fully, very; at all; considerably
admoneō, -monēre, -monuī, -monitum v.t. remind, suggest; advise, warn
admonitiō, -ōnis nf. suggestion, reminding
admoveō, -movēre, -mōvī, -mōtum v.t. move to, carry, drive; apply to
admurmurātiō, -ōnis nf. murmuring
adnumerō, -numerāre, -numerāvī, -numerātum v.t. count out, pay; include, reckon among
adnuō (ann-), -nuere, -nuī, -nutum v.i. nod to; nod assent, give assent (+ dat. or acc.)
adoptiō, -ōnis nf. adoption
adoptō, -optāre, -optāvī, -optātum v.t. choose for oneself; adopt a child
adorior, adorīrī, adortus sum v.t. rise up; attack, assault; attempt
adōrnō, -ōrnāre, -ōrnāvī, -ōrnātum v.t. provide, equip; embellish, adorn
adsentior (ass-), adsentīrī, adsēnsus sum v.i. subscribe to, agree to (+ dat.)
adsum, adesse, adfuī, adfutūrus v.i. attend, be present; stand by, support; impend; be near at hand (+ dat. or absol.)
adulēscēns (adol-), -entis adj. young, adolescent; adulēscēns (adol-), -entis nm/f. young person
adulēscentia (adol-), -ae nf. youth (the age between fifteen and twenty-five or so)
adūlor, adūlārī, adūlātus sum v.t. flatter, fawn on
adulter, adultera, adulterum adj. adulterous, unchaste
adulterium, -ī nnt. adultery
adultus, -a, -um (w. comp.) adj. fully grown, mature, adult
adumbrō, -umbrāre, -umbrāvī, -umbrātum v.t. sketch, shade in
advena, -ae nm/f. stranger, foreigner; immigrant; visitor
adveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventum v.i., v.t. arrive, reach, come to (+ in + acc. or + acc. alone)
adventus, -ūs nm. appearance, arrival, approach
adverbium, -ī nnt. adverb
adversārius, -a, -um adj. opposed to; hostile, contrary (+ dat.)
adversor, adversārī, adversātus sum v.t. oppose, resist (+ dat.)
adversum (adversus) adv. opposite to, against, toward; prep. (+ acc.) before, facing; in the presence of; in answer to; in comparison with; in respect of; against, contrary to
adversus, -a, -um adj. opposite, towards, facing, placed in front of; unsuccessful; adverse, hostile, opposed
advesperāscit, advesperāscere, advesperāvit v.i. (impersonal) it is getting dark, evening is approaching
advocātiō, -ōnis nf. attendance in response to summons; consultation; counsel; legal aid
advocātus, -ī nm. one called in to help; advisor in a law suit, advocate
advolō, -volāre, -volāvī, -volātum v.i. fly to; hasten to (+ ad + acc.)
adytum, -ī nnt. sanctuary, shrine; inmost, holiest place in a temple
aedicula, -ae nf. small building; small temple, shrine, chapel
aedificātiō, -ōnis nf. the process of construction; building, structure; site
aedificium, -ī nnt. structure, building
aedificō, -ficāre, -ficāvī, -ficātum v.t. build, erect, construct
aedīlis, -is nm. aedile, the magistrate in charge of public works and records, buildings, and spectacles
aedis (aedēs), -is nf. temple, sanctuary; aedēs, -ium nf./pl. house, dwelling
aeger, aegra, aegrum adj. ill, sick; feeble; distressed, suffering; aegrē (comp. aegrius, sup. aegerrimē) adv. painfully; with distress, with difficulty; hardly; reluctantly
aegrōtō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.i. be ill, be sick; languish
aemulātiō, -ōnis nf. rivalry, emulation; jealousy, ill-natured rivalry
aemulor, aemulārī, aemulātus sum v.d. rival, emulate (+ acc.) envy (+ dat.)
aemulus, -a, -um adj. rivaling in, emulous; zealous (+ gen. or dat.)
aēneus (ahēn-), -a, -um adj. made of bronze or copper; bronze in color
aenigma, -matis nnt. riddle, mystery
aequābilis, -is, -e adj. like, similar, uniform; impartial, fair
aequālis, -is, -e adj. like, equal; equal in age, contemporary (+ dat.)
aequātus, -a, -um adj. made equal, level, even
aequitās, -ātis nf. evenness; fairness, equity; calmness, contentment
aequō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. make level, make equal; equal, come up to
aequus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. even, level; equitable, reasonable, fair; calm, patient; favorable; aequē adv. equally; just as, in like manner
āēr, āeris nm. air, atmosphere; sky; mist, vapor; weather
aerārium, -ī nnt. the public treasury; finances
aerūginōsus, -a, -um adj. rusty, covered with rust
aerumna, -ae nf. hardship, trouble
aes, aeris nnt. bronze, copper; bronze coinage; aes aliēnum, aeris aliēnī nnt. debt
aestās, -ātis nf. summer; aestāte adv. in summer
aestimātiō, -ōnis nf. appraisal, valuation; worth, value
aestimō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. value, set a price on (+ abl. or gen. of value)
aestīvus, -a, -um adj. pertaining to summer
aestuō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.i. burn, be warm, glow; be excited, be inflamed; waver, hesitate; boil, seethe
aestuōsus, -a, -um (w. sup.) adj. hot; agitated
aestus, -ūs nm. violent agitation; heat, glow; swell, wave; ardor; doubt
aetās, -ātis nf. age, period of time; lifetime; generation; old age
aeternitās, -ātis nf. eternity; immortality; enduring renown
aeternus, -a, -um (w. comp.) adj. eternal, lasting; endless; unbroken, perpetual
aethēr, -eris nm. the upper air
aethereus, -a, -um adj. belonging to the upper air; heavenly
aevum, -ī nnt. eternity; period of life, lifetime; old age; age, generation
affectus (adf-), -a, -um adj. provided with, gifted; disposed; weakened; nearly at an end
affectus (adf-), -ūs nm. disposition, mood; desire, affection
afferō (adf-), afferre, attulī, allātum v.t. bring to, carry to; introduce; report, announce; contribute, offer
afficiō (adf-), -ficere, -fēcī, -fectum v.t. do something to, use; affect, influence; afflict, weaken, impair
affīrmātiō (adf-), -ōnis nf. confirmation, asseveration
affīrmō (adf-), -fīrmāre, -fīrmāvī, -fīrmātum v.t. strengthen; confirm, encourage; maintain, aver
afflātus (adf-), -ūs nm. blowing on, breathing on; inspiration
afflīctō (adf-), -flīctāre, -flīctāvī, -flīctātum v.t. break to pieces; curse; afflict, harass
afflīctus (adf-), -a, -um adj. cast down; dejected, distressed
affluēns (adf-) (affluent-, adfluent-) adj. abounding, overflowing
agellus, -ī nm. lot, section of land; small field
ager, agrī nm. field; land; territory, district
agger, aggeris nm. heap, pile dam, mole, barrier
aggravō (adg-), -gravāre, -gravāvī, -gravātum v.t. increase, aggravate, make worse
aggredior (adg-), aggredī, agressus sum v.t. approach, advance; address; attack; assume, begin; try
aggregō (adg-), -gregāre, -gregāvī, -gregātum v.t. add to a flock; attach; collect, gather together
agilis, -is, -e adj. easily moved, light; quick, active, nimble, prompt
agitātiō, -ōnis nf. movement; pursuit, activity in; flourishing, quick movement
agitātor, -ōris nm. driver of cattle or horses; charioteer
agitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. set in motion; brandish, agitate; stir up, vex; consider, discuss
agmen, -minis nnt. a collection moving forward; train, stream, army, band; army on the march
agnoscō, -noscere, -nōvī, -nitum v.t. identify, recognize; acknowledge; perceive; understand
āgnus, -ī nm. lamb
agō, agere, ēgī, āctum v.t., v.i. set in motion, drive; lead, guide; incite; pursue; rob; do, transact; manage; accomplish; spend time, live; deal with confer; plead
agrestis, -is, -e adj. of the country, rural; rude, uncultivated
agrīcola, -ae nm. farmer; peasant; rustic
agrīcultūra, -ae nf. agriculture
āiō v.i. (defective) say, assert (Used parenthetically.)
āla, -ae nf. wing of a bird; armpit; military squadron, wing of an army
alacer, alacris, alacre (w. comp.) adj. lively, quick; eager, enthusiastic; cheerful
alapa, -ae nf. cuff, slap
albus, -a, -um adj. white, dead white; pale; bright
alea, -ae nf. dice; playing with dice, gambling; chance, risk; uncertainty
aleātor, -ōris nm. dice player, gambler
alga, -ae nf. seaweed
algor, -ōris nm. cold
aliās adv. at another time; sometimes
alibī adv. at another place, elsewhere; otherwise, in other respects
alicubī adv. somewhere, anywhere
aliēnus, -a, um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. of another, another’s; alien, strange; out-of-place, unsuitable; unfriendly; aliēnum, -ī nnt. the property of another
alimenta, -ōrum nnt./pl. nourishment, food; support, maintenance
alipta, -ae and aliptēs, -is nm. trainer or manager of wrestlers; wrestling master
aliquamdiū adv. for a while, for some time
aliquandō adv. occasionally, from time to time; formerly; hereafter; finally
aliquantus, -a, -um adj. moderate, not small; aliquantō adv. somewhat, rather
aliquantum, -ī nnt. small amount; something
aliquī, aliqua, aliquod adj. some, any, some other
aliquis, aliqua, aliquid pron. someone; anyone, anybody
aliquō adv. to some place, somewhere; elsewhere
aliquot adj. (indecl.) several, some
aliter adv. otherwise; in another manner
ālium or allium, -ī nnt. garlic
alius or alis, alia, aliud or alid (gen. alterĭus) adj. other, another; different, else
alliciō (adl-), -licere, -lexī, -lectum v.t. allure; attract; persuade (+ ad + acc.)
alligō (adl-), -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. fasten, tie down, tie to; hold fast, detain, hinder; oblige; accuse
alō, -ere, aluī, altum or alitum v.t. feed, maintain, support, nourish; cherish
altāria, -ium nnt./pl. altar
alter, altera, alterum (gen. alterĭus, dat. alterĭ) adj. the other of two, second, next; alter (altera, alterum)…alter (altera, alterum) pron. the one…the other
altercātiō, -ōnis nf. debate, discussion; altercation
alternus, -a, -um adj. one after the other; by turns
a1teruter, alterutra, alterutrum (gen. alterutrīus or alterĭus utrīus, dat. alterutri or alterī utrī) adj. one or the other, either
altitūdō, -inis nf. height, altitude; depth; secrecy
altus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. grown great; high; deep; secret; ancient; altē (w. comp. and sup.) adv. high, from above; deeply, far; remotely; altum, -ī nnt. height; depth; the sea; the sky
alumna, -ae nf. foster daughter
alumnus, -ī nm. foster child, foster son
alveus, -ī nm. hollow, cavity; trough, tub; bath-tub; river bed; bee hive
amābilis, -is, -e (w. comp. + sup.) adj. loveable, lovely, attractive
amārus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. bitter, sour; pungent; shrill; disagreeable, unpleasant; irritable; biting, acrimonious
ambigō, -igere, ---, -āctum v.i. be busy with two things at the same time; go about; avoid; hesitate, doubt; argue, debate
ambitiō, -ōnis nf. going around; canvassing for votes; flattery
ambitiōsus, -a, -um (w. comp.) adj. surrounding, entwining; ambitious; eager for favor or honor
ambitus, -ūs nm. going around; revolution, circuit; border, circumference; canvassing for votes
ambō, ambae, ambō adj. both (of two together)
ambulātiō, -ōnis nf. walk, stroll; place for walking
ambulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.i. walk, take a walk
ambūrō, -ūrere, -ussī, -ūstum v.t. burn around; singe; consume; be numb, be nipped
āmēns (āment-) (w. comp. + sup.) adj. out of one’s senses, frantic; foolish
āmentia, -ae nf. madness; stupidity
amiciō, -īre, amixī or amicuī, amictum v.t. throw around, wrap around; clothe; surround, enclose
amīcitia, -ae nf. friendship; alliance
amīcus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. friendly, dear; kind; pleasing; amīcus, -ī nm. and amīca, -ae nf. friend
amita, -ae nf. paternal aunt
āmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missum v.t. send away, let go; lose
amnis, -is nm. steam, river
amō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. love, like; be fond of, take pleasure in; (+ infinitive) like to, be wont to
amoenitās, -ātis nf. beauty, pleasantness, charm (usu. of places)
amoenus, -a, -um (w. sup.) adj. beautiful, pleasant; delightful to look at, charming
amor, -ōris nm. love, affection; devotion; passion
āmoveō, -movēre, -mōvī, -mōtum v.t. move away, take away; eliminate, remove; banish; get rid of
amplector, amplectī, amplexus sum v.d. hug, embrace; love, esteem
amplexus, -ūs nm. embrace; caress; confining circuit, limits, confines
amplificō, -ficāre, -ficāvī, -ficātum v.t. enlarge, broaden, extend, enhance
amplius adv. further, besides, more
amplus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. ample, large, considerable; magnificent; renowned, honorable
ampulla, -ae nf. vial, flask, bottle
amputō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. cut off; amputate; diminish
amygdala, -ae nf. and amygdalum, -ī nnt. almond
amylum or amulum, -ī nnt. starch
an conj. or, or rather, or indeed (Introduces the second item of an alternative question.)
anas, anatis nf. (gen. pl. anatum or anatium) duck
anatomia, -ae nf. anatomy
anceps (ancipit-) (abl. sg. always ancipitī) adj. two-headed, two-fold; uncertain, undecided
ancilla, -ae nf. maid, female servant
ancora, -ae nf. anchor
ancorāle, -is nnt. cable
andrōn, -ōnis nm. corridor
anfrāctus or amfrāctus, -ī, -a, -um adj. bending, turning, winding, crooked
angelus, -ī nm. messenger; angel
angiportus, -ūs nm. alley, narrow street
angō, angere, anxī, actum or anxum v.t. draw tight, squeeze; choke; distress, vex
angor, -ōris nm. throttling, strangling; anguish, torment
anguilla, -ae nf. eel
anguis, -is nm/f. snake, serpent
angulus, -ī nm. angle, corner
angustiae, -ārum nf./pl. narrowness; defile, strait; brevity; scarcity; distress
angustus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. narrow; short; pinching; critical; difficult; petty
anhēlitus, -ūs nm. wheezing, puffing, panting; vapor
anhēlō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.i., v.t. pant, puff, wheeze; pant for, desire eagerly
anīlis, -is, -e adj. of an old woman; silly
anima, -ae nf. air, air current; breath of life, soul
animadversiō, -ōnis nf. observation, inquiry; censure, punishment
animadvertō, -vertere, -vertī, -versum v.t. attend to, pay attention to; regard, perceive; censure, punish
animal, -ālis nnt. animal, any living thing including mankind
animāns (animant-) adj. imparting life, animating; animāns, animantis nm/f. living being, animal
animus, -ī nm. soul, life; intellect, reason; heart, affection, passion; courage; frame of mind, temper; arrogance; resolution, design
annālis, -is, -e adj. yearly
annītor (adn-), annītī, annīsus or annīxus sum v.d. lean on; exert oneself; make an effort (+ ut or nē + subjunctive)
anniversārius, -a, -um adj. annual, yearly
annōna, -ae nf. the year’s crop; grain; price of grain; the grain supply
annotō (adn-), -notāre, -notāvī, -notātum v.t. observe, note down
annus, -ī nm. year
annuus, -a, -um adj. annual, for a year; lasting a year
ānsa, -ae nf. handle
ānser, ānseris nm. goose
ante adv. before, in front of; previously, earlier; prep. (+ acc.) before, previous to; superior to, in comparison with
anteā adv. before, previously, formerly
antecapiō, -capere, -cēpī, -ceptum v.t. take before, receive before, preoccupy; anticipate
antecēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessum v.t., v.i. go before, precede; excel, be eminent
antecellō, -cellere, ---, --- v.i. rise beyond, surpass
anteferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum v.t. carry before; prefer
antelūcānus, -a, -um adj. before daylight, before light
antenna, -ae nf. sailyard
antepōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positum v.t. set before; prefer
antequam adv. sooner than, before
antevertō, -vertere, -vertī, -versum v.t. go before, precede; anticipate, prefer
antīquitās, -ātis nf. antiquity; the past
antīquus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. old, ancient; aged; former, old-fashioned; venerable
antlia, -ae nm. pump
ānulus, -ī nm. ring, signet ring
anus, -ūs nf. old woman
anxius, -a, -um adj. anxious, troubled; troublesome; cautious, uneasy
aper, aprī nm. wild boar
aperiō, -īre, aperuī, apertum v.t. open, reveal, uncover; make accessible; make known, explain
apertus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. uncovered; open, unobstructed; plain, clear; accessible, undefended
apex, apicis nm. peak, point, summit; helmet; crown, tiara; top of the flamen’s conical cap; highest honor
apis (apēs), apis nf. bee
apium, -ī nnt. parsley; celery
apparātus, -ūs nm. preparing, getting ready; apparatus; supplies; splendor, pomp; display
appāreō, -pārēre, -pāruī, -pāritum v.i. appear, be evident; attend, serve
appāritor, -ōris nm. servant; attendant on a magistrate
apparō, -parāre, -parāvī, -parātum v.t. prepare, provide; make ready for; add
appellō, -pellāre, -pellāvī, -pellātum v.t. address, request; call, name; beg, call upon
appendix, -icis nf. appendix, appendage
appetēns (appetent-) adj. desirous of, eager for; greedy (+ gen.)
appetō, -petere, -petīvī (-petiī), -petītum v.t., v.i. strive for; attack; long for, seek
applicātiō, -ōnis nf. applying; inclination
applicō, -plicāre, -plicāvī, -plicātum v.t. join, add to; direct; bring; arrive
apportō, -portāre, -portāvī, -portātum v.t. carry; bring in, bring to
appositus, -a, -um adj. contiguous, bordering on (+ dat.); fit, proper, adapted (+ ad + acc.)
approbātiō, -ōnis nf. approval, assent
approbō, -probāre, -probāvī, -probātum v.t. assent to, favor
appropinquō, -propinquāre, -propinquāvī, -propinquātum v.i. approach, come near to (+ dat. or + ad + acc.)
aprīcus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. sunny; loving the sun
Aprīlis, -is, -e adj. April, belonging to April
aptō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. fit, adapt, adjust; prepare
aptus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. fitted, joined (+ abl.); proper, suitable (+ ad or in + acc.)
apud prep. (+ acc.) at, by, near; at the house of; in the presence of; in the time of
aqua, -ae nf. water
aquaeductus, -ūs nm. aqueduct; conveying of water
aquārius, -a, -um adj. watery, belonging to water
aquātilis, -is, -e adj. aquatic, living or growing in water
aquila, -ae nf. eagle; the legionary eagle standard
aquilifer, aquiliferī nm. legionary standard bearer
āra, -ae nf. altar
arānea, -ae nf. spider; spider web
arātrum, -ī nnt. plow
arbitrium, -ī nnt. judgment, opinion; dominion, power; choice, will
arbitror, arbitrārī, arbitrātus sum v.d. declare one’s judgment; believe, think
arbor, -oris nf. tree
arca, -ae nf. box, chest
arcānus, -a, -um adj. secret
arceō, -ēre, arcuī, --- v.t. keep away; hinder, prevent
arcessō (accersō), -ere, -īvī, -ītum v.t. send for, summon
architectonicus, -a, -um adj. architectural, relating to architecture
architectūra, -ae nf. architecture
architectus, -ī nm. architect, master builder
arcus, -ūs nm. bow; rainbow; arch, vault
ardea, -ae nf. heron
ārdeō, -ēre, ārsī, ārsum v.i. be on fire, burn; flash, shine; be aflame
ārdēscō, -ere, arsī, --- v.i. ignite, take fire
ārdor, -ōris nm. glow
arduus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. steep; high, erect; difficult
ārea, -ae nf. threshing floor; building-site; open space, courtyard
argentāria, -ae nf. bank for exchanging money; silver mine
argentārius, -ī nm. banker, money-changer
argenteus, -a, -um adj. silver
argentum, -ī nnt. silver; silver coinage; object made of silver
argilla, -ae nf. clay, potter’s clay
argūmentum, -ī nnt. argument, proof; evidence, sign, token; subject; plot of a play
arguō, -ere, arguī, argūtum v.t. show, prove; betray, accuse; inform, allege against; find guilty
arithmētica, -ae or -ē, - ēs nf. arithmetic
arma, -ōrum nt./pl. arms, weapons; armor; tools; war; soldiers; defense
armārium, -ī nnt. cupboard, chest
armō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. furnish with weapons; equip
arō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. plow, cultivate
arripiō (adr-), -ripere, -ripuī, -reptum v.t. catch hurriedly; grasp; take; seize upon; attack; ridicule
arrogantia (adr-), -ae nf. assumption; pride, conceit
ars, artis nf. skill, art; science, learning, knowledge; trait, virtue
artēria, -ae nf. the wind pipe; blood vessel, artery
articulus, -ī nm. small joint; knob; division of a discourse; moment in time, crisis; part, division
artifex, -ficis nm/f. artist, craftsman
artificiōsus, -a, -um adj. skillfull; skillfully made, ingenious
artificium, -ī nnt. practice of a craft; profession, trade; workmanship, skill; trick, artifice; work of art
artūs, -uum nm./pl. the limbs, joints
arx, arcis nf. citadel, stronghold; refuge, protection
as, assis nm. unit; the as, the lowest coin denomination
ascendō, -scendere, -scendī, -scēnsum v.t. climb, go up; board ship
ascēnsus, -ūs nm. climbing up, ascent
ascīscō, -ere, ascīvī, ascītum v.t. receive, adopt; win over
ascrībō, -scrībere, -scrīpsī, -scrīptum v.t. write in addition, enroll, add; appoint; impute
aspectus, -ūs nm. sight, look; view, aspect, appearance
asper, aspera, asperum (w. comp. + sup.) adj. rough, rugged; uneven; harsh; adverse, dangerous; wild, fierce
aspergō, -spergere, -spersī, -spersum v.t. sprinkle
aspergō, -inis nf. spray
asperitās, -ātis nf. roughness; harshness; adversity; austerity; difficulty; inhumanity; rudeness
aspernor, aspernārī, aspernātus sum v.d. despise, disdain
aspiciō (adsp-), -spicere, -spexī, -spectum v.t., v.i. see, look upon, behold; observe, consider
asportō, -portāre, -portāvī, -portātum v.t. carry away, remove
assēnsus (ads-), -ūs nm. agreement; approval
assentātiō (ads-), -ōnis nf. assenting, approval; flattery
assentiō (ads-), -sentīre, -sēnsī, -sēnsum v.t. agree with; assent to
assentor (ads-), assentārī, assentātus sum v.d. agree with always; flatter
assequor (ads-), assequī, assecūtus sum v.d. follow up; accomplish; obtain
asser, asseris nm. pole, staff
asservō (ads-), -servāre, -servāvī, -servātum v.t. watch over, preserve; guard
assideō (ads-), -sidēre, -sēdī, -sessum v.t. sit by; attend; nurse, care for the ill; be busy
assīdō (ads-), -sīdere, -sēdī, --- v.i. sit down
assiduitās (ads-), -ātis nf. constant attendance; devotion; continuance
assiduus (ads-), -a, -um adj. settled, having landed property; constantly in attendance; diligent, devoted; persevering, industrious; continual, frequent
assistō (ads-), -sistere, astitī, --- v.i. stand near, attend; take a station; stand before
assuēfaciō (ads-), -facere, -fēcī, -factum v.t. make accustomed to
assuēscō (ads-), -ere, assuēvī, assuētum v.t. accustom; become accustomed to
assula, -ae nf. chip, shaving
assurgō (ads-), -surgere, -surrēxī, -surrēctum v.i. rise up, stand up
assus, -a, -um adj. roasted
asthmaticus, -a, -um adj. asthmatic, short of breath
astō (ads-), -stāre, -stitī, ---v.i. stand near (+ dat.); stand up
astrictōrius, -a, -um adj. astringent, binding
astrologia, -ae nf. knowledge of the stars; astrology, astronomy
astūtia, -ae nf. shrewdness, cunning; dexterity; astūtiae, -ārum nf./pl. cunning, tricks
astūtus, -a, -um adj. subtle, clever; crafty
at or ast conj. but on the other hand, yet; nevertheless, however; but on the contrary
āter, ātra, ātrum adj. dead black; gloomy, sad; malicious
āthlēta, -ae nmf. athlete, wrestler
atomus, -ī nm. atom, thing incapable of being divided
atque (before vowels and consonants), āc (only before consonants) conj. and also, as well as, and too; as, than
atquī conj. and yet, but yet; but nevertheless, however
ātrāmentum, -ī nnt. black fluid; ink
ātrium, -ī nnt. atrium, hall
atrōx or ātrōx (atrōc-) (w. comp. + sup.) adj. fierce, savage; severe; horrible, violent; atrōciter adv. terribly, cruelly
attendō, -tendere, attendī, attentum v.t. direct to; consider; listen, pay attention to
attentus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. attentive, careful; frugal
attenuō, -tenuāre, -tenuāvī, -tenuātum v.t. make thin, lessen, weaken
attingō, -tingere, -tigī, -tāctum v.t., v.i. touch; seize; attack; approach; concern, relate to; refer to
attrahō, -trahere, -trāxī, -trāctum v.t. draw, pull; attract; drag before; allure
attribuō, -tribuere, -tribuī, -tribūtum v.t. assign, allot; intrust; attribute
auctiō, -ōnis nf. increasing; auction
auctor, -ōris nm. author, originator; father; founder; counselor, leader, adviser
auctōritās, -ātis nf. supremacy, authority; decision, opinion; decree, warrant; influence, dignity, reputation; importance, consequence
auctus, -ūs nm. development, growth, increase
audācia, -ae nf. nerve, boldness, daring; impudence, insolence; daring deed
audāx (audāc-) (w. comp. + sup.) adj. bold, daring; foolhardy, rash
audeo, -ēre, ausus sum v.d. dare, risk
audientia, -ae nf. hearing; attention; audience
audio, -īre, -īvī, -ītum v.t. hear, hear of; listen to; learn from; assent
audītiō, -ōnis nf. hearing, listening; report
auditōrium, -ī nnt. lecture room
auditōr, -ōris nm. listener, hearer
audītus, -ūs nm. hearing, sense of hearing
auferō, -ferre, abstulī, ablātum v.t. carry off, rob, steal; take away, remove; destroy
aufugiō, -fugere, -fūgī, --- v.i. flee away, escape
augeō, -ēre, auxī, auctum v.t. increase, enlarge; extend, enrich; praise
augur, auguris nm. augur, diviner
augurium, -ī nnt. augury; observance of omens; omen, sign; prediction
auguror, augurārī, augurātus sum v.d. act as an augur; predict, interpret omens; conjecture, imagine
Augustus, -a, -um adj. pertaining to the emperor Augustus; pertaining to the month August
augustus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. majestic, venerable, sacred
aulaeum, -ī nnt. tapestry; curtain of a theatre; elaborate hanging
aura, -ae nf. breath; draft, breeze
aureus, -a, -um adj. golden, of gold
auris, -is nf. ear
aurum, -ī nnt. gold
auspicium, -ī nnt. augury from birds; divination; omen
aut conj. or; or at least; aut…aut conj. either…or
autem conj. (usu. postpositive) however, but, on the contrary
autumnus, -a, -um adj. autumn; nm. autumn
auxilium, -ī nnt. assistance, help, support; auxilia, -ōrum nnt./pl. auxiliary units of the army
avāritia, -ae nf. greed
avārus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. greedy, covetous
avēna, -ae nf. oats; stalk, straw
aveō, -ēre, ---, --- v.i. wish for, long for
aversus, -a, -um adj. turned away, turned back; withdrawn; averse, hostile
āvertō, -vertere, -vertī, -versum v.t. turn away, turn aside; remove; ward off
avia, -ae nf. grandmother
avidus, -a, -um adj. eager, desirous; covetous; greedy, jealous (w. gen. or dat.)
avis, avis nf. fowl, bird
āvocō, -vocāre, -vocāvī, -vocātum v.t. call away; withdraw; divert, turn aside
avunculus, -ī nm. maternal uncle
avus, -ī nm. grandfather
axis, -is nm. axle of a wheel; axis of the earth; open air, the heavens; region
B
bāca or bacca, -ae nf. berry; olive; anything berry-shaped; pearl
bacchor, bacchārī, bacchātus sum v.d. celebrate the festival of Bacchus; revel
baculum, -ī nnt. staff, cane
bālaena, -ae nf. whale
balbūtiō, -īre, ---, --- v.i. stammer, stutter
balineum or balneum, -ī nnt. bath; bathing establishment
ballista or bālista, -ae nf. ballista, a military machine that threw huge stones
balneum, -ī nf. See balineum.
balteus, -ī nm. girdle, belt; sword belt
baptīsma, -atis nnt. washing, dipping in water; baptism
baptīzō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. baptize
barba, -ae nf. beard
barbarus, -a, -um adj. unintelligible; foreign, strange; of barbarians, of foreigners; barbarous, savage, uncivilized
barbātus, -a, -um adj. having a beard, bearded
basilica, -ae nf. basilica, a double-colonnaded public building for law courts and merchants
basis, -is nf. base, foundation; support; pedestal
beātus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. happy, fortunate; prosperous, wealthy
bellāria, -ōrum nnt./pl. dessert
bellicōsus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. warlike, martial
bellicus, -a, -um adj. warlike, martial; of the army
bellō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.i. make war; fight (+ cum + abl. or + adversus + acc.)
bellum, ī nnt. war
bellus, -a, -um (+ sup.) adj. pretty, charming, handsome
bēlua, -ae nf. (large) beast, monster; wild beast
bene or benē (w. sup.) adv. well, successfully, prosperously; very, quite
benedictiō, -ōnis nf. praising, lauding; sacred object; a blessing
beneficium, -ī nnt. kindness, favor, service, benefit; honor
beneficus, -a, -um (comp. beneficentior, sup. beneficentissimus) adj. generous, liberal; serviceable
benevolentia, -ae nf. kindness, good-will; friendship
benevolus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. kind, obliging; well-disposed
benignitās, -ātis nf. kindness, courtesy; liberality; favor
benignus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. kind, friendly; generous, gracious, welcoming
beō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. bless, make happy
bēstia, -ae nf. beast; wild beast; animal
bēta, -ae nf. beet
biblia, bibliōrum nnt./pl. bible
bibliopōla, -ae nm. bookseller
bibliothēca, -ae nf. library; collection of books
bibō, -ere, bibī, bibitum v.t. drink
biduum, -ī nnt. period of two days
biennium, -ī nnt. period of two years
bīnī, -ae, -a adv. two by two, two at a time; double
bipertītō or bipartītō adv. in two divisions, in two parts
bis adv. twice, on two occasions; doubly, twofold
bivium, -ī nnt. fork of a road; cross-road
blandīmentum, -ī nnt. flattery; compliment; pleasure, delight
blandior, blandīrī, blandītus sum v.d. flatter, caress; compliment; please, allure, invite
blanditia, -ae nf. caressing, fondness; flattery; blanditiae, -ārum nf./pl. fascination, captivation
blatta -ae nf. insect that avoids the light; moth, cockroach
bonitās, -ātis nf. goodness; kindness, friendliness; excellence
bonus, -a, -um (comp. melior, sup. optimus) adj. good; worthy, excellent; kind; loyal; bonum, -ī nnt. a good thing; profit, advantage; bona, -ōrum nnt./pl. property, goods
bōs, bovis nm/f. ox, bullock, cow; bovēs, bovum, or boum nm/f./pl. oxen, cattle
brāchium or bracchium, -ī nnt. forearm; arm; the limb of an animal, claw, thigh, leg; arm of the sea, spur of a mountain chain
branchiae, -ārum nf./pl. gills
brassica, -ae nf. cabbage
brevis, -is, -e (w. comp. + sup.) adj. short, brief; concise; little; brevī (sc. tempore) adv. shortly, in a short time; breviter (w. comp. + sup.) adv. shortly, in a few words
brevitās, -ātis nf. shortness, brevity; conciseness
būbō, būbōnis nm. owl
būbula, -ae nf. beef
bucca, -ae nf. cheek; trumpeteer
buccellātum, -ī nnt. biscuit, especially that of soldiers
būcula, -ae nf. young cow, heifer
būfō, -ōnis nm. toad
bulbus, -ī nm. bulb; onion
bulla, -ae nf. bubble; knob; metal stud; bulla, the amulet of Roman boys
būstum, -ī nnt. place for burning bodies; funeral pyre; place for burying bodies, mound, tomb, grave
C
cacūmen, -inis nnt. summit, top; zenith; end
cadāver, -eris nnt. corpse, dead body
cadō, -ere, cecidī, cāsum v.i. fall, fall down; fall dead, perish; be subject to; befall, happen
cadūcus, -a, -um adj. inclined to fall; perishable, transitory
caecitās, -ātis nf. blindness
caecus, -a, -um (w. comp.) adj. devoid of light; blind, blinded
caedēs, -is nf. slaughter, murder
caedo, -ere, cecīdī, caesum v.t. cut, cut down, hew; cut off; cut to pieces; strike; kill, murder; destroy
caelebs (caelib-) adj. single, unmarried
caelestis or coelestis, -is, -e adj. of heaven, celestial; nmf. deity; caelestia, -ium nt/pl. heavely bodies
caelum, -ī nnt. heaven, sky; air, climate, weather, atmosphere; temperature; height; summit of honor; vault, arch
caepa, -ae nf. or caepe, -is nnt. onion
caerimōnium, -ī nnt. sacredness; veneration; religious ceremony
caeruleus or caerulus, -a, -um adj. dark blue, dark green
Caesar, Caesaris nm. title of the Roman emperor
calamitās, -ātis nf. loss, hurt; calamity, ruin, disaster
calamitōsus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. causing loss, destructive, disastrous; suffering loss; unfortunate, unhappy
calcar, -āris nnt. spur; stimulus
calceus, -ī nm. shoe, half-boot
calcitrō, -āre, ---, --- v.t., v.i. kick
calefaciō or calfaciō, -facere, -fēcī, -factum v.t. heat, make warm; vex
calidus or caldus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. warm, hot; fiery; fierce, impassioned
caliga, -ae nf. leather shoe; soldier’s boot
cālīginōsus or cālīgōsus, -a, -um (w. sup.) adj. foggy, misty; gloomy
cālīgō, -inis nf. fog, thick air, mist; darkness, gloom; confusion, ignorance; calamity
callidus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. skillful, shrewd, astute; crafty, artful
callis, -is nm/f. trail, path, foot-path; declivity, mountain pass
calor, -ōris nm. heat, warmth, glow
calumnia, -ae nf. cunning, trickery; pretense; misrepresentation; false accusation, libel, malicious charge
calumnior, calumniārī, calumniātus sum v.d. accuse falsely, practice trickery; misrepresent, calumniate
calvāria, -ae nf. human skull; the Hill of Calvary
calvus, -a, -um adj. bald
calx, calcis nf. heel; limestone, chalk; goal of the race track
camēlus, -ī nm/f. camel
camera or camara, -ae nf. vault, arch, arched ceiling
campester, campestris, campestre adj. flat, level
campus, -ī nm. field, plain; open country
canālis, -is nm. pipe, groove, channel; splint
cancer, cancrī nm. crab; cancer, ulcer
candēla, -ae nf. candle, wax taper
candeō, -ēre, canduī, --- v.i. glitter, glisten; glow
candidātus, -ī nm. one clothed in a very white toga; candidate for office
candidus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. shining, white, clear, bright; splendid; clothed in white; guileless; honest, candid; prosperous;
canis, -is nm/f. dog, bitch; shameless person; the worst throw of the dice
canō, -ere, cecinī, cantum v.t., v.i. sing, make music; sing of; foretell
canōrus, -a, -um adj. tuneful
canto, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t., v.i. sing; play (+ abl. of instrument)
cantor, -ōris nm. singer
cantus, -ūs nm. singing, song; music
cānus, -a, -um adj. white; hoary, gray; old; cānī, -ōrum nt/pl. gray hair
capāx (capāc-) (w. sup.) adj. able to hold (+ gen.); roomy, spacious; capable of, fit for (+ ad + acc.)
caper, caprī nm. he-goat
capessō, -ere, -īvī (-iī),-ītum v.t. lay hold of; repair to; undertake eagerly; manage
capillāmentum, -ī nnt. wig, false hair
capillus, -ī nm. hair
capiō, -ere, cēpī, captum v.t. seize, take, lay hold of; take possession of; capture; win, captivate; deceive, betray; harm; deprive of; suffer, experience; entertain; undertake; accept, gain; comprehend; be large enough to hold
capitālis, -is, -e adj. of the head; foremost; involving life, capital; dangerous
capra, -ae nf. she-goat
captīvus, -a, -um adj. taken prisoner, captive; captured, plundered
captō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. snatch; strive after; lay in wait for, try to trap, allure
captus, -ūs nm. seizing; capacity of mind, power of comprehension
caput, capitis nnt. head; person; life, soul; top, summit; source; citizenship; chapter, passage; point; principal thing
carbasus, -ī nf. linen canvas, sail cloth
carbō, -ōnis nm. coal, charcoal
carbunculus, ī nm. small coal; red precious stone, ruby; tumor
carcer, carceris nm. prison, place of confinement
cardō, -inis nm. hinge; astronomical pole; critical turn of events
careō, -ēre, -caruī, caritūrum v.t. be without; do without, keep from; lack, be deprived of (+ abl.)
carīna, -ae nf. keel of boat; boat, ship
cāritās, -ātis nf. dearness; high price; love, affection
carmen, -īnis nnt. song, hymn; poem; form of prayer; prophecy, spell; metrical inscription
carō, carnis nf. flesh, meat; pulp
carpō, -ere, carpsī, carptum v.t. pull, pluck; browse, gnaw, tear off; carp at; wear away; harass; cut to pieces
cārus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. dear, beloved; affectionate; expensive
casa, -ae nf. cottage, hut, simple house
cāseus or cāseum, -ī nmnt. cheese
cassis, -idis nf. helmet
castellum, -ī nnt. fort, citadel, stronghold; refuge
cāstīgātōrius, -a, -um adj. relating to reproof; implying reproof
castitās, -ātis nf. purity, chastity
castra, castrōrum nnt./pl. camp, fort
castus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. pure, chaste; morally pure; holy, sacred
cāsus, -ūs nm. falling; happening, accident; emergency; destruction, misfortune, calamity
catasta, -ae nf. scaffold, stage
catēna, -ae nf. chain, shackle; fetter
caterva, -ae nf. crowd, trop; gang, armed group
catulus, -ī nm. the young of an animal; puppy
cauda, -ae nf. tail
caulis, -is nm. stem of a plant; cabbage stalk, cabbage
caupō, -ōnis nm. landlord of an inn; tradesman
caupōna, -ae nf. inn, shop; female shopkeeper
causa, -ae nf. cause, reason; pretext, motive; condition, case, situation; lawsuit; side, faction
cautiō, -ōnis nf. watchfulness, precaution; safety
cautus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. cautious, circumspect, wary
cavea, -ae nf. hollow, cavity; cage, enclosure; seating area of a theatre
caveō, -ēre, cāvī, cautum v.t. beware, be on guard; provide against; order; protect
cavum, -ī nnt. hole, cavity
-ce enclitic. Demonstrative particle joined on to pronouns and adverbs.
cēdō, -ere, cessī, cessum v.i. go away; retreat, yield, submit, surrender; comply; be inferior to; conform to (+ dat.)
cedrus, -ī nf. cedar; juniper
celeber, celebris, celebre (comp. celebrior, sup. celeberrimus) adj. crowded, thronged; honored, famous
celebrātiō, -ōnis nf. large gathering, crowd; celebration
celebritās, -ātis nf. crowd, throng; fame, publicity
celebrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. crowd, throng; engage in; celebrate; make famous, make known
celer, celeris, celere (comp. celerior, sup. celerrimus) adj. quick, swift; hasty, rash; celeriter (comp. celerius, sup. celerrimē) adv. speedily, quickly; in haste, immediately
celeritās, -ātis nf. speed, quickness
cella, -ae nf. room; storeroom; sanctuary inside of a temple
cēlō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. conceal, hide, keep ignorant of; elude; keep secret
cēna, -ae nf. dinner, which Romans ate in the late afternoon; banquet; course of the meal
cēnāculum, -ī nnt. loft, room under a roof
cēnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t., v.i. dine; eat dinner
cēnseō, -ēre, cēnsuī, cēnsum v.t. assess, estimate; be of the opinion that, propose, vote (+ ut or nē + subjunctive); suppose, think; decide
cēnsor, -ōris nm. the censor, the magistrate in charge of the census, registration lists, assessment of property, and awarding of public contracts
cēnsus, -ūs nm. registration of citizens and of property; appraisement; census
centēsimus, -a, -um adj. hundredth
centrum, -ī nnt. center, middle point of a circle
centum num. (indecl.) hundred
centuria, -ae nf. division of one hundred; century, the military unit of a legion; the division of the Roman people in an assembly
centuriō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. divide into centuries; organize into companies
centuriō, -ōnis nm. officer of a century, centurion
cēra, -ae nf. wax; wax writing tablet; seal
cernō, -ere, crēvī, crētum v.t. distinguish, discern; perceive, see; understand; decide, resolve (+ ut or nē + subjunctive)
cērō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. wax, smear with wax
certāmen, -inis nnt. contest, conflict, battle; dispute; match, rivalry, competition
certātim adv. zealously, competitively, earnestly
certō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.i. compete with; fight, contend; strive (+ cum + abl. or + inter + acc.)
certus, -a, -um (+ comp. + sup.) adj. certain, fixed, settled; special, definite; confident; trustworthy; unerring; certē adv. of course; certō adv. surely, certainly; at least, yet surely
cerva, -ae nf. deer
cervīcal, -ālis nnt. pillow, cushion
cervisia or cervesia or cerevisia, -ae nf. ale, beer
cervīx, -īcis nf. neck; throat
cervus, -ī nm. stag
cessō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.i. loiter, delay, cease from doing; be unemployed, be idle; be null and void
cēterus or caeterus, -a, -um adj. the other, rest, remainder; cēterī or caeterī, -ōrum pron. m./pl. the rest, the others
charta, -ae nf. piece of papyrus, paper; that which is written on papyrus
chirūrgia, -ae nf. surgery
chorus, -ī nm. dance in a ring, choral dance; troop of dancers and singers, chorus; multitude, crowd
Christiānus, -a, -um adj. Christian
Christus, Christī, nm. the Christ
cibāria, -ōrum nnt./pl. rations, provisions; fodder
cibus, -ī nm. food, nourishment
cicāda, -ae nf. tree cricket
cicātrīx, -trīcis nf. scar
cicōnia, -ae nf. stork
cieō, -ēre, cīvī, citum v.t. cause to move, drive; disturb; summon, appeal to; enliven; produce, beget
cincinnus, -ī nm. hair curl, lock of hair
cingō, -ere, cīnxī, cīnctum v.t. surround, enclose; gird, wreathe; beseige
cingulum, -ī nm. or cingulus, -ī nnt. belt; zone
cinis, cineris nm. ashes, embers
cinnamōmum or cinnamon or cinnamum, -ī nnt. cinnamon
circā adv. around, about, near; prep. (+ acc.) about, around, surrounding; among; near to; nearly, almost; on both sides
circiter adv., prep (+ acc.) about, near
circitor, -ōris nm. guard, watchman
circuitō, -ōnis nf. patrol, patrolling; circuit
circuitus, -ūs nm. circling, circuit; compass; circumlocution
circulātor, -ōris nm. quack; pedlar
circum adv. about, around; prep. (+ acc.) around, about; among; near, near to
circumagō, -āgere, -ēgī, -āctum v.t. drive in a circle; turn about, turn round, wheel
circumclūdō, -clūdere, -clūsī, -clūsum v.t. enclose; surround
circumdō, -dare, -dedī, -datum v.t. put around; surround, encircle, beseige
circumeō, -īre, -iī (-īvī), -itum v.t. go around, travel around; solicit; surround, enclose; deceive
circumiectus or circumjectus, -a, -um adj. surrounding, lying around
circummittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missum v.t. send around
circumscrībō, -scrībere, -scrīpsī, -scrīptum v.t. limit, restrict; cheat; cancel, set aside
circumscrīptor, -ōris nm. cheat, defrauder
circumstō, -stāre, -stetī, --- v.t., v.i. stand around, surround; threaten; besiege
circumveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventum v.t. encircle, surround; beset, oppress, afflict, overthrow; deceive, entrap; attack
cis prep. (+ acc.) on this side of
cista, -ae nf. trunk, box
citerior (citeriōr-) adj. on this side, on the nearer side; nearer, next; citimus, -a, -um adj. on the nearest side, nearest
cithera, -ae nf. cithara, lyre
citō adv. quickly; citius adv. more quickly; citissimē adv. most quickly
citrā prep. (+ acc.) on this side of; nearer; short of, without
cīvīlis, -is, -e adj. relating to a citizen, civil, civic; political, public
cīvis, -is nm/f. citizen
cīvitās, -ātis nf. citizenship; state, commonwealth; inhabitants of a city; city, town
clādēs, -is nf. destruction, harm, misfortune, disaster; slaughter; defeat, reverse, calamity
clām adv. secretly, in secret
clāmitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t., v.i. cry out loud; proclaim, reveal; betray
clāmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. cry out, shout, exclaim; invoke; proclaim
clāmor, -ōris nm. loud cry, shout; din; applause, acclamation; war-shout, noise
clandestīnus, -a, -um adj. secret, concealed
clāritās, -ātis nf. brightness, clearness; fame; splendor
clārus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. bright, shining, clear; manifest; renowned, honored, noble, illustrious; clārē (w. comp. + sup.) adv. brightly; distinctly, plainly, honorably, splendidly, aloud, loudly
classis, -is nf. division, class; rank; army; fleet; navy
claudicō, -āre, ---, --- v.i. limp, be lame; be deflected; halt, be defective
claudō, -ere, clausī, clausum v.t. close, shut; finish, end; shut in, besiege
claudus or clūdus or clōdus, -a, -um adj. crippled; lame; defective
claustra, -ōrum nnt./pl. bar, lock, bolt; barrier; dam, dike; barricade, defence
clāva, -ae nf. bat, club, staff
clāvis, -is nf. key
clāvulus, -ī nm. tack, small nail
clāvus, -ī nm. nail; rudder; purple stripe on clothing
clēmēns (clēment-) (w. comp. + sup.) adj. mild, calm; gentle; forebearing
clēmentia, -ae nf. mildness, forbearance; clemency
clēricus, -ī nm. clergyman
cliēns, clientis nm. client, personal dependent; retainer; companion; ally
clientēla, -ae nf. relationshiup of patron and client, patronage, clientship
clīvōsus, -a, -um adj. hilly, full of hills
clīvus, -ī nm. incline, slope; hill
cloāca, -ae nf. drain, sewer
coaedificō, -ficāre, ---, -ficātum v.t. build up, build upon; build together, join
coartō or coarctō, -artāre, -artāvī, -artātum v.t. press together, compress, contract; abridge, sum up, summarize
coccinus, -a, -um adj. scarlet
coclea or cochlea, -ae nf. snail; water screw
coclear or cochlear, -āris nnt. spoon; spoonful
cōdicillī, -ōrum nm./pl. writing tablet; anything written on a tablet
coemō, -emere, -ēmī, -ēmptum v.t. purchase, buy up
coeō, -īre, -īvī (-iī), -itum v.i. come together, meet, join in battle; gather, unite; ally oneself, agree; conspire
coepiō, -ere, coepī, coeptum v.t., v.i. begin, commence
coerceō, -ercēre, -ercuī, -ercitum v.t. confine, shut in; restrain, repress, curb
coetus or coitus, -ūs nm. assembly, meeting; crowd
cōgitātē adv. thoughtfully, with reflection
cōgitātiō, -ōnis nf. reflection, meditation; thought, imagination, reasoning
cōgitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.i. think, ponder (+ dē + abl.); meditate; design, plan; plot (+ acc. or + acc. + finitive)
cōgnātus, -a, -um adj. related by blood, sprung from the same kin
cognitiō, -ōnis nf. knowledge; investigation, trial
cognitor, -ōris nm. attorney, advocate; defender, protector; supporter
cognitus, -a, -um (w comp. + sup.) adj. known; proved (+ dat.)
cognōmen, -inis nnt. surname; name; name of the family
cōgnōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitum v.t. hear of, learn; know; examine, investigate; recognize, acknowledge; appreciate
cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctum v.t. drive together; gather together, assemble; urge, compel (+ acc. + infinitive or + ut or nē + subjunctive)
cohaereō, -haerēre, -haesī, -haesum v.t. cling together; be united, be connected with
cohibeō, -hibēre, -hibuī, -hibitum v.t. hold together, contain; repress, check
cohors, cohortis nf. enclosure; crowd, throng; cohort, the tenth part of a legion; the general’s staff, body-guard
cohortātiō, -ōnis nf. exhorting, encouragement
cohortor, cohortārī, cohortātus sum v.d. encourage, admonish; address
coitus or coetus, -ūs nm. coming together, assembly; joining together; sexual intercourse
collābor (conl-), collabī, collapsus sum v.d. fall together, fall in ruins; faint, swoon
collāre, -is nnt. collar for a dog or prisoner; neck-chain
collātiō (conl-), -ōnis nf. bringing together; hostile meeting; collision; contribution
collēga (conl-), -ae nm. colleague, associate in office
collēgium (conl-), -ī nf. colleagueship; association, guild, corporation, college
colligō (conl-), -ligere, -lēgī, -lectum v.t. gather, collect; acquire; deduce, infer
collis, -is nm. hill; height
collocō (conl-), -locāre, -locāvī, -locātum v.t. set, place; arrange; set up; locate, station (+ in + abl.)
collocūtiō (conl-), -ōnis nf. conversation; conference; chat, talk
colloquium (conl-), -ī nnt. conversation; conference
colloquor (conl-), colloquī, collocūtus sum v.d. speak, talk, converse; negotiate with
collum, -ī nnt. neck
colluviō (conl-), -ōnis nf. dirt; dregs, impurities; pollution
colō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.t. strain, filter; purify
colō, colere, coluī, cultum v.t. cultivate; abide, inhabit; care for, love; adore, worship; seek, practice, adhere to
cōlon, -ī nnt. colon; colic
colōnia, -ae nf. settlement, colony
colōnus, -ī nm. farmer; settler, colonist
color, -ōris nm. color, hue; complexion; appearance
colōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v.i. tan, become darkened by the sun
cōlum, -ī nnt. filter, strainer
columba, -ae nf. female pigeon, dove
columbus, -ī nm. male pigeon, dove
columen, -inis nnt. top, summit, ridge; highest part; pillar, support; gable, roof; acme
columna, -ae nf. column, pillar, post; support
combibō, -bibere, -bibī, --- v.t. drink with a companion; drink up completely, absorb
comes, comitis nm/f. companion, associate; attendant
cōmicus, -a, -um adj. comic, pertaining to comedy
cōmis, -is, -e adj. mellow, gentle, affable, polite
cōmitās, -ātis nf. courtesy, kindness, politeness
comitātus, -ūs nm. escort, retinue; company, band
comitia, -ōrum nnt./pl. comitia, meeting of citizens
comitium, -ī nnt. meeting place; the Comitium, the place of assembly of the people in the Forum
comitor, comitārī, comitātus sum v.d. attend, accompany, escort
commemorātiō, -ōnis nf. reminding; remembrance
commemorō, -memorāre, -memorāvī, -memorātum v.t. remember; recall; recount
commendātiō, -ōnis nf. recommendation, commending
commendō, -mendāre, -mendāvī, -mendātum v.t. leave for safe keeping, entrust; commend, recommend
commentārium, -ī nnt. note book; memorandum, notes; commentary
commentum, -ī nnt. invention; falsehood; embellishment
commercium, -ī nnt. commerce, trade; fellowship; communication
commercor, commercārī, commercātus sum v.d. trade, buy up
commereō, -merēre, -meruī, -meritum v.t. deserve, merit; commit an offence, be guilty
comminuō, -minuere, -minuī, minūtum v.t. break into pieces, crumble; lessen; impair
comminus adv. hand to hand, at close quarters
committō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missum v.t. bring together, combine; fight, carry on; intrust (+ acc. + dat.); expose; be guilty of; practice
commoditās, -ātis nf. convenience, fitness; suitable occasion; advantage; courtesy, forbearance
commodō, -modāre, -modāvī, -modātum v.t. lend; supply
commodum, -ī nnt. convenience; advantage, gain
commodus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. complete; suitable, comfortable; useful, pleasant; polite; commodē (w. comp. + sup.) adv. properly; skillfully; suitably
commoror, commorārī, commorātus sum v.d. tarry, linger, stay for a while
commōtiō, -ōnis nf. motion; excitement, agitation, commotion
commoveō, -movēre, -mōvī, -mōtum v.t. stir, shake; affect, move emotionally; influence
commūnicātiō, -ōnis nf. communication, imparting
commūnicō, -mūnicāre, -mūnicāvī, -mūnicātum v.t. share (+ acc. + cum + abl.); join, unite; confer with, communicate (+ dē + abl.); participate in (+ acc.)
commūnis, -is, -e adj. common, general, public (+ gen. or + dat. or + inter + acc.); courteous; sociable
commūnitās, -ātis nf. sharing in common; fellowship; affability
commūtō, -mūtāre, -mūtāvī, -mūtātum v.t. change, convert, exchange; substitute
cōmō, -ere, cōmpsī, cōmptum v.t. bring together, construct; dress hair, style hair, braid
cōmoedia, -ae nf. comedy
compāgēs, -is nf. joining together; frame, structure
comparātiō, -ōnis nf. comparison; trial of skill
comparō, -parāre, -parāvī, -parātum v.t. make ready, provide; collect; levy
comparō, -parāre, -parāvī, -parātum v.t. couple together, pair up, match; count as equal
compellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsum v.t. drive together; force; incite, constrain
compēnsō, -pēnsāre, -pēnsāvī, -pēnsātum v.t. balance; compensate, make up
comperio, -perīre, -perī, -pertum v.t. find out, learn (+ acc. or + acc. + infinitive in indirect discourse)
compēs, -pedis nf. shackle, fetter; chain
competītor, -ōris nm. rival, opponent
compitum, -ī nnt. crossroad
complector, complectī, complexus sum v.d. clasp, embrace; encircle, seize; understand; explain, describe
compleō, -plēre, -plēvī, -plētum v.t. fill up (+ abl.); complete, finish; live through; pass
complexus, -ūs nm. embrace, embracing
complicō, -plicāre, -plicāvī, -plicātum v.t. fold up, fold together, roll up
complūrēs, complūrēs, complūria adj. many, several
compluvium, -ī nnt. pool in the atrium that collected rain water from the roof, the compluvium
compōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positum v.t. put, place, lay, bring together, join; collect; bring together in hostility; contrast, compare; mix, bring together, construct; compose, write; put away, store up; lay at rest, pacify, reconcile, compromise, settle; set in order, adjust; dispose, arrange, devise; contrive, feign
compositē adv. in an orderly way; with polished words
comprehendō, -prehendere, -prehendī, -prehēnsum v.t. seize, grasp; lay hold of; capture, arrest; comprehend; recount
comprehēnsiō, -ōnis nf. seizure, arrest, catching; comprehension, perception; ability to comprehend
comprimō, -primere, -pressī, -pressum v.t. press together; check, restrain; suppress, silence
comptus, -a, -um (w. comp.) adj. embellished, adorned
computātiō, -ōnis nf. calculation, reckoning
computō, -putāre, -putāvī, -putātum v.t. add up, reckon, calculate
cōnātus, -ūs nm. attempt, effort, undertaking
concēdō, cēdere, -cessī, -cessum v.i. withdraw, depart; yield, submit; concede, allow; acknowledge, admit
concentus, -ūs nm. harmony, blended sounds; concord, agreement
concerpō, -cerpere, -cerpsī, -cerptum v.t. tear in pieces; gather; pluck
concertō, -certāre, -certāvī, -certātum v.t. contend with; debate with, argue with (+ dat. or + cum + abl.)
concessiō, -ōnis nf. granting, concession; yielding
concha, -ae nf. shellfish, mollusk; shell
concidō, -cidere, -cidī, --- v.i. fall down; fall dead; fail; be destroyed
concīdō, -cīdere, -cīdī, -cīsum v.t. cut, cut up; ruin, destroy, kill; defeat soundly
conciliō, -ciliāre, -ciliāvī, -ciliātum v.t. procure, gain; win over, conciliate
concilium, -ī nnt. meeting, assembly; council
conciō or concieō -cīre or -ciēre, -cīvī, -cītum v.t. bring together, collect; shake; attract; excite, provoke
concipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptum v.t. receive; imagine, conceive of; understand; harbor, plan
concitō, -citāre, -citāvī, -citātum v.t. stir up, excite; urge, instigate
conclāmō, -clāmāre, -clāmāvī, -clāmātum v.t. shout together; cry for help; exclaim
conclāve, -is nnt. room, dining-hall, cage, stall
conclūdō, -clūdere, -clūsī, -clūsum v.t. shut up; enclose, restrain; conclude; argue, demonstrate
concolor (concolōr-) adj. of same color (+ dat.)
concoquo, -coquere, -cōxī, -coctum v.t. boil together; digest; prepare, ripen; endure, put up with; think upon, ponder
concordia, -ae nf. union, concord; unanimity
concors (concord-) (w. comp. + sup.) adj. unanimous, agreeing, harmonious
concrēscō, -crēscere, -crēvī, -crētum v.i. grow together; harden, congeal, thicken; increase
concupīscō, -cupīscere, -cupīvī, -cupītum v.t. long for, covet
concurrō, -currere, -currī or -cucurrī) , -cursum v.i. run together; assemble, meet; come together in combat; make haste; coincide, meet; happen
concursus, -ūs nm. running together; assembly; assault; collision (+ gen.)
concutiō, -cutere, -cussī, -cussum v.t. shake, strike together; agitate
condemnō, -demnāre, -demnāvī, -demnātum v.t. find guilty, convict, condemn (+ gen. of charge)
condīciō, -ōnis nm. agreement, compact, proposal, terms; position, circumstances
condimentum, -ī nnt. spice, seasoning
condiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum v.t. preserve, conserve; pickle, season
conditor, -ōris nm. founder, maker, builder
condītus, -a, -um (w. comp.) adj. spicy, well-seasoned
condo, -dere, -didī, -ditum v.t. found, build; write; store up, preserve; bury, hide
condōnō, -dōnāre, -dōnāvī, -dōnātum v.t. present, deliver up; surrender, sacrifice; remit; pardon
condūcō, -ducere, -dūxī, -ductum v.t. draw together, assemble; unite; hire, rent; employ; be of use
conductiō, -ōnis nf. bringing together; hiring
cōnectō, -nectere, -nexuī, -nexum v.t. tie together, connect, link
cōnfectiō, -ōnis nf. preparing, finishing; ending, completion
cōnfectus, -a, -um adj. tired out, weakened, consumed
cōnferō, -ferre, -tulī, collātum or conlātum v.t. bring together, collect, join; match against; compare; consult; carry; employ; lend, grant; refer; assign; postpone; blame; transfer
cōnfertus, -a, -um (w. comp. + sup.) adj. crowded, crammed; dense; stuffed, full (+ abl.)
cōnfessiō, -ōnis nf. acknowledgment, admission
cōnficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectum v.t. accomplish, complete; do, draw up; bring about; provide, prepare; wear out, subdue; kill
cōnfīdō, -fīdere, -fīsus sum v.d. rely, trust, believe (+ dat.); be confident
cōnfīrmātiō, -ōnis nf. securing, establishing; encouragement; confirmation, verification
cōnfīrmō, -fīrmāre, -fīrmāvī, -fīrmātum v.t. strengthen, reinforce; encourage; establish; assert, prove
cōnfiteor, cōnfitērī, cōnfessus sum v.d. confess, admit, acknowledge
cōnflagrō, -flagrāre, -flagrāvī, -flagrātum v.t., v.i. burn up
cōnflīgō, -flīgere, -flīxī, -flīctum v.t., v.i. collide, dash together; fight, contend
cōnflō, -flāre, -flāvī, -flātum v.t. kindle, inflame; bring together; cause, bring about
cōnfluō, -fluere, -flūxī, --- v.i. flow together; crowd; assemble
cōnfodiō, -fodere, -fōdī, -fossum v.
Latin to English (University of Massachusetts-B.A, M.A.) Latin to Spanish (University of Massachusetts-B.A., M.A.) English to Latin (University of Massachusetts-B.A., M.A.) Spanish to Latin (University of Massachusetts-B.A., M.A.) Greek (Ancient) to English (University of Massachusetts-B.A., M.A.)
English to Greek (Ancient) (University of Massachusetts-B.A., M.A.) Greek (Ancient) to Spanish (University of Massachusetts-B.A., M.A.) Spanish to Greek (Ancient) (University of Massachusetts-B.A., M.A.) Latin to Greek (Ancient) (literary exercise) Greek (Ancient) to Latin (literary exercise)
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I am a retired Classicist with 50 years’ experience
at translating, emending, and annotating Ancient Greek and Latin texts,
inscriptions, and papyri into English, Spanish, Italian, and French, and vice
versa, as well as written materials from the aforesaid modern languages into
Ancient Greek and Latin. I also occasionally work, to a limited degree,
in Lithuanian, German, and Portuguese.
I have, during the past half century, rendered a
wide assortment of documents, including, but not exclusive of, hundreds of
advertisements and slogans for national and international companies, both
private and public; thousands of college, university, and other scholastic
degrees, generally composed in Latin; a very wide array of business,
religious, medical, and academic documents, theses, diagnoses, and discussions
in numerous fields; compositions, such as legal indictments, cosmological
theories, and medical and scientific treatises; scenes for American, British,
and Turkish television; social welfare documents; genealogical documents;
commercial promotions and slogans; funerary inscriptions; skits for Disney
theme parks; proofreading of a bilingual Latin <> English dictionary;
consultant on Latin etymology; consultant on Ancient Greek etymology and
phonology; prayers, mottos, and tattoos; Latin translations and
phonemicizations of Latin and Italian words, phrases, and sentences for
language learning calendars; birth, baptismal, and death certificates;
supplementation of Ancient Greek coinage and Latin military inscriptions; Latin
recordings for the first chapters of Caesar’s de bello Gallico and of the first
chapters of Xenophon’s Anabasis for Mango Languages; English translations of
the extant poetry of Alcman, Alcaeus, and Sappho; English translation of the
poetry of C. Valerius Catullus; English translations of the extant fragments of
Heraclitus’ On Nature; English translation of Hieronymus Magius On Bells;
English translation of Johannes Trithemius’ Latin treatise Steganographia:
English translations of Latin medical correspondence between John Clephane,
Gauthier van Doeveren, Amadaeus Emanuel Haller, William Hunter, Johann Gottlieb
Walter, Vicq d’Azyr, et al., dated between 1757 and 1778; proofread,
translated, emended, and devised neologisms for a Latin version of the computer
game Glorie die Römer; Latin translation of a manual for a GPS navigation
system; English translation of Michael Florentius' Latin treatise On
Spherography; analysis of Latin and Greek names proposed for new pharmaceutical
drugs to determine their marketability; Latin literary translation from Thomas
Hardy; and much, much more.
A full CV is available upon request.
Rates:
These are based upon the number of words in the
source text, excluding repetitions and words the standard meaning of which is uncommon.
Latin <> English/Ancient Greek/Spanish/French/Italian $0.15 USD per word/$15.00 USD per page
Payment is accepted via PayPal (at [email protected]), Western
Union, cheque, or money order,
Terms of 15, 30, 45, and 60 days net are available.
Please note that
1. I will not translate a document without
previously having reviewed it.
2. I do not work in collaboration
with other linguists.
3. I do not take translation tests
in excess of 100 words.
This user has earned KudoZ points by helping other translators with PRO-level terms. Click point total(s) to see term translations provided.
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