 Member since Jun '09
Working languages: English to Spanish
Spanish (monolingual)
Spanish to English
|    Laura Barzilai
MEDICINE & BIOCHEMISTRY
Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay Local time: 10:58 UYST (GMT-2)
Native in: Spanish  | | |
Sworn Translator specialized in medical and farmaceutical translations | Freelancer,  Verified member | | Translation, Interpreting, Editing/proofreading, Voiceover (dubbing), Subtitling, Post-editing, Transcription, Project management | | Specializes in: | | Energy / Power Generation | Chemistry; Chem Sci/Eng | | Medical: Pharmaceuticals | Biology (-tech,-chem,micro-) | | Medical (general) |
| Also works in: | | Botany | Mathematics & Statistics | | Music | Computers (general) | | Electronics / Elect Eng | Education / Pedagogy | | Construction / Civil Engineering | Computers: Systems, Networks | | Computers: Software | Computers: Hardware | | Patents | IT (Information Technology) | | Genetics | Law: Patents, Trademarks, Copyright | | Mechanics / Mech Engineering | Environment & Ecology | | Telecom(munications) | Forestry / Wood / Timber | | Medical: Health Care | Military / Defense | | Physics | Fisheries | | Certificates, Diplomas, Licenses, CVs | Law: Contract(s) |
More Less | English to Spanish - Rates: 0.09 - 0.11 USD per word / 33 - 50 USD per hour
Spanish to English - Rates: 0.09 - 0.11 USD per word / 33 - 50 USD per hour
| | Wire transfer | Sample translations submitted: 1 English to Spanish: Solicitud de patente de producto farmacéutico
General field: Science
Detailed field: Medical: Pharmaceuticals | Source text - English
The first step in the electrochemical manufacturing of sodium chlorate (NaClO3) is the anodic discharge of the chlorine (Cl-) to the anode with the production of hydrogen (H2) as a complementary reaction to the cathode. Currently, steel or titanium is frequently used as an electrode material for the cathode. The cathodic overpotential of the steel electrodes is about 900 mV at a current density of 250 mA/cm2. This overpotential is practically an order of magnitude greater than the overpotential in the anode and constitutes in turn the main source of energy loss of the electrochemical process of synthesizing sodium chlorate. Substantial energy savings can be attained by replacing the current steel cathodes by more efficient materials that represent a smaller cathodic overpotential.
US Patent No. xxxx and corresponding Canadian Patent Application No. xxxxx belonging to Xaxaxaxa, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, take on this problematic by proposing a new alloy based on Ti, Ru, Fe and O which enables to reduce the overpotential at the cathode from about 300 mV. This gain corresponds to an improvement of about 10% in the overall energy efficiency of the process. It is mentioned however in the patent that: "Whatever be the value given to the integers x, y, z, t or u in the formula, the alloy must contain ruthenium. However, the amount of ruthenium should not be too high because of the expensive price of this metal and its lack of stability when it is used in an electrolyte solution.". It would therefore be very desirable to find an element which could replace in part the Ru for reducing the cost of these new electrodes and to improve their stability while preserving their good electrocatalytic properties, namely a small cathodic overpotential in the order of 600 mV and at a current density of about 250 mA/cm2.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION:
It has been found in the context of the present invention that aluminum, which is a very inexpensive element, can in fact replace Ru in materials similar to those of US Patent No. xxxx and in this, in a significant quantity, without necessarily loosing the advantageous properties of these new cathode materials.
In order to meet the requirements of sodium chlorate manufacturers, the cathode materials must ideally meet the following conditions:
1) have a low overpotential;
2) be inactive in response to the decomposition of hypochlorite;
3) slightly reduce the hypochlorite and the chlorate at the cathode;
4) do not interfere with the surface chrome hydroxide layer;
5) be stable in a condition of open circuit to operating temperatures;
6) be resistant to the fragilization by hydrogen;
7) have a life expectancy of several years;
8) be able to tolerate periodic cleanings with nitric acid; and finally
9) be inexpensive. | Translation - Spanish
El primer paso en la fabricación electroquímica del clorato de sodio (NaClO3) es la descarga anódica del cloro (Cl-) sobre el ánodo con la producción de hidrógeno (H2) como reacción complementaria en el cátodo. En la actualidad es frecuente utilizar acero o titanio como material del electrodo del cátodo. El sobrepotencial catódico de los electrodos de acero es de aproximadamente 900 mV a una densidad de corriente de 250 mA/cm2. Dicho sobrepotencial es prácticamente un orden de magnitud mayor que el sobrepotencial en el ánodo y constituye, a su vez, la fuente más importante de pérdida de energía del proceso electroquímico de sintetizar clorato de sodio. Es posible obtener un importante ahorro de energía reemplazando los cátodos de acero actuales por materiales más eficientes que representen un sobrepotencial catódico menor.
La patente estadounidense Nº xxxx y la correspondiente solicitud de patente canadiense Nº xxxx, propiedad de Xaxaxaxa, cuyos contenidos se incluyen en la presente a modo de referencia, trata dicha problemática proponiendo una nueva aleación en base a Ti, Ru, Fe y O que permite reducir el sobrepotencial en el cátodo en alrededor de 300 mV. Dicha ganancia corresponde a una mejora de alrededor de 10% en la eficiencia energética total del proceso. Sin embargo se menciona en la patente que: “Cualquiera sea el valor dado a los números enteros x, y, z, t ó u en la fórmula, la aleación debe contener rutenio. Sin embargo, la cantidad de rutenio no deberá ser demasiado alta debido al precio elevado de este metal y su falta de estabilidad cuando se utiliza en soluciones electrolíticas”. Por lo tanto sería deseable encontrar un elemento que pudiera reemplazar parcialmente al Ru para reducir el costo de estos nuevos electrodos y para mejorar su estabilidad y a su vez preservar sus buenas propiedades electrocatalíticas; concretamente un sobrepotencial catódico en el orden de 600 mV y a una densidad de corriente de aproximadamente 250 mA/cm2.
RESUMEN DE LA INVENCIÓN:
En el contexto de la presente invención se encontró que el aluminio, un elemento muy económico, puede de hecho reemplazar al Ru en materiales similares a aquellos de la patente estadounidense Nº xxxxx y a los de esta, de manera significativa sin necesariamente perder las ventajosas propiedades de estos nuevos materiales catódicos.
Para cumplir con los requisitos de los fabricantes de clorato de sodio, los materiales catódicos deben, idealmente, cumplir las siguientes condiciones:
1) tener un sobrepotencial bajo;
2) ser inactivos como respuesta a la descomposición del hipoclorito;
3) reducir levemente el hipoclorito y el clorato en el cátodo;
4) no interferir con la capa superficial de hidróxido de cromo;
5) ser estables en condiciones de circuito abierto a temperatura de trabajo;
6) ser resistentes a la fragilización causada por el hidrógeno;
7) tener una esperanza de vida de varios años;
8) ser capaces de tolerar limpiezas periódicas con ácido nítrico; y finalmente
9) ser económicos. |
More Less | | Master's degree - University of the Republic of Uruguay | | Years of translation experience: 12. Registered at ProZ.com: May 2003. Became a member: Jun 2009. | English to Spanish (Universidad de la República, Facultad de Derecho, verified)
Spanish to English (Universidad de la República, Facultad de Derecho, verified)
| | CTPU | | Adobe Acrobat, Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word, Others, Word, Pagemaker, Powerpoint, SDL TRADOS, Wordfast | | http://esl.proz.com/profile/53611 | | Spanish (PDF), English (PDF) | | Laura Barzilai endorses ProZ.com's Professional Guidelines. | | About me • Freelance Uruguayan Public Translator, proof-reader and editor.
• Conference interpreter.
• More than 10 years of experience as a translator and proof-reader.
• Confidentiality, accuracy, observance of tight deadlines and achieving excellence guaranteed.
• I know how to follow instructions and use pressure as a motivator for superior quality.
• Area of expertise: Pharmaceutical and medical translation.
• Studied biochemistry at the University for more than 2 years.
• Graduated from the School of Law of the University of the Republic of Uruguay in 2002.
• Legal and fishery-related documents, websites, business, formal and informal letters, statistical information, CVs, medicine-related documents and papers for physicians, manuals and brochures, contracts, patents of invention including medical and pharmacological patents, decrees, textbooks, laboratory reports, web sites.
• Project manager of a team of 12 translators during the translation of a 180,000-word e-learning course on forest management certification.
• Working for a group of translators that receive books from American publishing houses and send me the "dirty" Spanish versions of their translations for me to read, correct, edit and polish.
• Trados & Wordfast
• Can handle big volumes in short periods of time.
• Proof-read and flawless translations within the stipulated terms.
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