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|  Chris Hughes
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More Less | | Questions answered: 6, Questions asked: 1 Easy / 4 PRO, PRO-level points: 16 | Sample translations submitted: 4| Romanian to English: EU Energy Efficiency Action Plan (Romania) | Source text - Romanian
CAPITOLUL I
SINTEZA PLANULUI NAŢIONAL DE ACŢIUNE ÎN DOMENIUL EFICIENŢEI ENERGETICE
Sectorul energetic naţional trebuie să facă faţă principalelor provocări ce se manifestă la nivel intern şi global: securitatea alimentării cu energie, creşterea competitivităţii economice şi reducerea impactului asupra mediului. Aceste provocări sunt deosebit de importante, în condiţiile în care România trebuie să recupereze decalajul de performanţă economică faţă de ţările dezvoltate ale UE.
O contribuţie majoră la realizarea acestor obiective o are creşterea eficienţei energetice, unul dintre elementele prioritare ale politicii energetice româneşti.
În acest context, România a creat un cadru legislativ şi instituţional adecvat pentru promovarea eficienţei energetice aliniat la acquis-ul comunitar.
Cadrul legislativ
Principalele acte normative în domeniu sunt:
• Legea nr. 199/2000 privind utilizarea eficientă a energiei, modificată şi completată prin Legea 56/2006, al cărei scop este crearea cadrului legal necesar pentru elaborarea şi aplicarea unei politici naţionale de utilizare eficientă a energiei.
• Legea nr. 3/2001 pentru ratificarea Protocolului de la Kyoto la Convenţia-Cadru a Naţiunilor Unite asupra Schimbărilor Climatice. Potrivit Protocolului de la Kyoto, România are obligaţia de a reduce cu 8% emisiile de gaze cu efect de seră faţă de nivelul anului 1989, în perioada 2008-2012.
• OUG nr. 174/2002 privind instituirea unor măsuri speciale pentru reabilitarea termică a clădirilor de locuit multietajate, aprobată prin Legea nr. 211/2003.
• HG nr. 163/2004 privind aprobarea “Strategiei Naţionale privind Eficienţa Energetică” al cărei scop principal este identificarea posibilităţilor şi mijloacelor de creştere a eficienţei energetice pe întreg lanţul energetic, prin implementarea de programe adecvate.
• HG nr. 1535/2003 privind “Strategia de Valorificare a Surselor Regenerabile de Energie” şi HG nr. 443/10.04.2003 privind promovarea producţiei de energie electrică din surse regenerabile de energie amendată de HG nr. 958/2005 (care transpune Directiva 2001/77/CE), şi care asigură cadrul legal pentru promovarea surselor regenerabile de energie, cu efecte directe asupra reducerii consumului de energie finală.
Legislaţia anterior menţionată este completată cu legislaţia naţională care a preluat integral acquis-ul privind eficienţa energetică, în termenele prevazute de acesta.
Cadrul instituţional
Cadrul instituţional aferent promovării măsurilor de utilizare eficientă a energiei a fost creat prin înfiinţarea în 1990 a Agenţiei Române pentru Conservarea Energiei (ARCE), organism ale cărui responsabilităţi au fost întărite în 2000 prin adoptarea Legii 199/2000 privind utilizarea eficientă a energiei, modificată şi completată prin Legea 56/2006. Legea prevede că Agenţia Română pentru Conservarea Energiei este autoritatea specializată la nivel naţional în domeniul eficienţei energetice, cu personalitate juridică şi funcţionare în subordinea Ministerului Economiei şi Finanţelor.
Alte instituţii/ministere cu atribuţii în domeniul eficienţei energetice sunt:
- Ministerul Economiei şi Finanţelor (MEF) aplică politica Guvernului în sectorul energetic, inclusiv în domeniul eficienţei energetice şi resurselor regenerabile,
- Ministerul Dezvoltării, Lucrărilor Publice şi Locuinţelor (MDLPL), pentru locuinţe,
- Ministerul Mediului şi Dezvoltării Durabile (MMDD),
- Ministerul Internelor şi Reformei Administrative (MIRA), pentru administraţia locală,
- Ministerul Transporturilor (MT), pentru sectorul transporturilor.
De asemenea, în anul 2003 s-a înfiinţat Observatorul Energetic National (OEN), care realizează banca de date şi determină principalii indicatori de eficienţă energetică pentru România.
Din acelasi an, 2003, a început să opereze Fondul Român pentru Eficienţa Energiei (FREE) care finanţează, în condiţii comerciale, companiile din sectorul industral şi alţi consumatori de energie pentru a le facilita finanţarea proiectelor de utilizare eficientă a energiei.
Ţinta naţională de economisire a energiei
Directiva nr. 2006/32/CE privind eficienţa energetică la utilizatorii finali şi serviciile energetice, care va fi preluată în legislaţia naţională în anul 2008, prevede, în conformitate cu prevederile art. 14(2), că statele membre UE se angajează să realizeze reducerea consumului de energie finală cu cel putin 9% într-o perioadă de nouă ani (2008-2016) comparativ cu media consumului din ultimii cinci ani pentru care există date disponibile (2001-2005).
Ţinta intermediară stabilită pentru România pentru anul 2010 este de 940 mii tep, ceea ce corespunde unui procent de 4,5 % din media anilor 2001-2005.
La stabilirea ţintei s-a avut în vedere potenţialul de economii de energie din România, pe sectoarele economiei din sfera de acţiune a Directivei nr. 2006/32/CE respectiv industrie, alte ramuri decât cele incluse în Planul National de Alocare, rezidenţial, terţiar şi transporturi.
Potenţialul economic (eficient din punct de vedere al costurilor) de economii de energie, în anul 2001 a fost:
Sector Potenţialul mediu de economii de energie, estimat ca procent din consum Valori maximale pentru potenţialul de economii de energie
[ % ] [ ktep/an ]
Industrie 13.0 1590
Rezidenţial 41.5 3600
Transport şi comunicaţii 31.5 1390
Sector Terţiar (servicii) 14.0 243
TOTAL 100 6823
Sursa: Strategia Naţională în domeniul Eficienţei Energetice
Prin Planul Sectorial în domeniul Cercetării-Dezvoltarii din Industrie este în curs de elaborare un studiu care are drept scop actualizarea potenţialului de economii de energie în industrie, transporturi, rezidenţial, agricultură, terţiar (servicii), cogenerare.
Reducerea consumului de energie finală contrabalansează tendinţele de creştere a consumului de resurse primare şi a consumului final de energie în economia românească, consumul naţional de energie electrică fiind, în aceste condiţii, prognozat să crească constant cu 3% pe an, până în 2020.
Măsurile de îmbunătăţire a eficienţei energetice incluse în primul Plan Naţional de Acţiune în domeniul Eficienţei Energetice
Măsurile de îmbunătăţire a eficienţei energetice incluse în primul Plan Naţional de Acţiune în domeniul Eficienţei Energetice (PNAEE) se înscriu în următoarele categorii:
• Reglementări
• Informare şi măsuri legislative (Campanii de informare, Audit Energetic)
• Acorduri voluntare şi instrumente de cooperare (Companii industriale, Acorduri pe Termen Lung)
• Servicii energetice pentru economii de energie (Finanţare cu a treia parte, Contracte de performanţă energetică)
• Instrumente financiare (Subvenţii, Scutirea de taxe la eliberarea autorizaţiei de construire pentru efectuarea lucrărilor de reabilitare termică, Cofinanţarea lucrărilor)
• Mecanisme de eficienţă energetică şi alte combinaţii între celelalte sub-categorii (Fonduri de eficienţă energetică)
De asemenea, PNAEE cuprinde măsuri orizontale şi transectoriale, respectiv reglementări (transpunerea în legislaţia naţională a prevederilor Directivei 2006/32/CE şi a Directivei 2005/32/CE), campanii de informare, scheme de finanţare preconizate a se derula în parteneriat cu Banca Europeană de Reconstrucţie şi Dezvoltare.
Pentru aplicarea măsurilor, sunt necesare, printre altele, schimbări de mentalităţi şi comportament, context în care în PNAEE una din măsurile importante în toate sectoarele sunt campaniile de informare.
Pentru sectorul industrial, un sector cu un important potenţial de economisire, în cadrul unui studiu SAVE („Scheme şi măsuri pentru implementarea în România a unor Acorduri pe Termen Lung specifice pentru industrie”), desfăşurat în 2000-2001, au fost identificate acordurile voluntare ca unul dintre cele mai eficiente instrumente pentru a obţine angajarea industriei în creşterea eficienţei energetice.
Un impact important se poate obţine, de asemenea, prin activităţi de management energetic, însoţite de investiţii în echipamente de măsură şi control privind consumul de energie.
Pentru sectorul transporturilor măsurile de economisire a energiei se referă la promovarea utilizării biocarburanţilor, dar şi la modernizări ale trenurilor de călatori şi de marfă şi a metroului.
În sistemul rezidenţial, programul de reabilitare termică a clădirilor multi-etajate va continua şi va crea economii de energie şi reducerea costurilor către populaţie. De asemenea, se va emite certificatul de performanţă energetică pentru clădirile nou construite începând din anul 2007, precum şi, începând din anul 2010, certificatul de performanţă energetică pentru locuinţele unifamiliale şi apartamentele din blocurile de locuinţe existente care sunt vândute sau închiriate.
Odată cu creşterea eficienţei energetice şi reducerii pierderilor în clădiri, se va urmări promovarea utilizării surselor regenerabile locale pentru producerea energiei electrice şi termice la consumatorii finali printr-o iniţiativă legislativă care să stimuleze programe de investiţii destinate creşterii eficienţei energetice utilizând surse regenerabile.
Importante economii de energie se vor obţine şi prin activităţile societăţilor de servicii energetice de tip ESCO, context în care în PNAEE se prevede elaborarea legislaţiei necesare pentru dezvoltarea ESCO în România.
În vederea îmbunătăţirii iluminatului public, la nivel regional, se vor derula acţiuni ce constau în înlocuirea aparatelor de iluminat vechi cu altele noi, eficiente din punct de vedere energetic, înlocuirea echipamentelor neperformante, introducerea dipozitivelor de reducere a fluxului luminos pe arterele principale în perioadele cu trafic redus.
Până în prezent, facilităţile financiare şi fiscale pentru susţinerea proiectelor de eficienţă au fost aplicate numai pentru promovarea biocarburanţilor, resurselor regenerabile utilizate pentru producerea de energie electrică şi auditurile clădirilor, urmând ca în perioada acoperită de PNAEE să se extindă pentru susţinerea înlocuirii aparatelor frigorifice, maşinilor de spălat şi aparatelor de climatizare pentru consumatorii casnici, cofinanţarea realizării bilanţurilor energetice pentru operatorii din sectorul industrial, finanţarea programelor destinate creşterii eficienţei energetice în sectorul industrial, promovarea programelor de investiţii destinate utilizării surselor regenerabile de energie pentru producerea energiei electrice şi termice, în vederea creşterii eficienţei energetice.
În calitate de stat membru al UE, România va beneficia şi de cofinanţare prin Programul Operaţional Sectorial de Creşterea Competitivităţii Economice, care prin axele sale va stimula şi creşterea eficienţei energetice. Astfel, Axa 4 se referă în mod expres la creşterea eficienţei energetice şi siguranţa furnizării, în contextul combaterii schimbărilor climatice.
De asemenea, prin Programul Operaţional Sectorial de Creşterea Competitivităţii Economice, Axa 1 (axa IMM-urilor) firmele vor putea obţine finanţare de până la 65% pe o perioada de 3 ani pentru obţinerea etichetei ecologice pentru aparatură electrocasnică şi de birou.
Abrevieri
MEF – Ministerul Economiei şi Finanţelor
MMGA – Ministerul Mediului şi Dezvoltării Durabile
MDLPL – Ministerul Dezvoltării, Lucrărilor Publice şi Locuinţei
MIRA - Ministerul Internelor şi Reformei Administrative
MT - Ministerul Transporturilor
ARCE - Agenţia Română pentru Conservarea Energiei
PNAEE – Planul Naţional de Acţiune în domeniul Eficienţei Energetice
EE – Eficienţă Energetică
FREE - Fondul Român de Eficienţă Energetică
OEN - Observatorul Energetic National | Translation - English
CHAPTER 1
OVERVIEW OF THE NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY ACTION PLAN
The national energy sector must face up to the principal challenges manifesting themselves at the internal and global level: the security of the energy supply, increased economic competitiveness and the reduction of the impact on the environment. These challenges are extremely important, in circumstances in which Romania must catch up in terms of economic performance with the developed Member States of the EU.
A key contribution to the meeting of these targets is increased energy efficiency, one of the priority areas of Romanian energy policy.
In this context, Romania has set up a legislative and institutional framework geared towards the promotion of energy efficiency in line with Community acquis.
The legislative framework
The principal legislative acts in this field are:
• Law nr. 199/2000 regarding the efficient use of energy, modified and extended in Law 56/2006, the aim of which is the establishment of the legal framework required to draw up and apply a national policy on efficient use of energy.
• Law nr. 3/2001, which ratifies the Kyoto Protocol on the United Nations Framework-Convention on Climate Change. According to the Kyoto Protocol, Romania is obliged to reduce her greenhouse gas emissions by 8% on the level in 1989, in the period 2008-2012.
• OUG nr. 174/2002 regarding the implementation of special measures for the thermal remodelling of multi-storey residential buildings, ratified in Law nr. 211/2003.
• HG nr. 163/2004 regarding the ratification of “The National Energy Efficiency Strategy”, the main objective of which is to identify options and resources for increasing energy efficiency across the entire energy network, through the implementation of targeted programmes.
• HG nr. 1535/2003 regarding “The Assessment of Renewable Sources of Energy Strategy” and HG nr. 443/10.04.2003 regarding the promotion of the production of electricity from renewable energy sources amended by HG nr. 958/2005 (which transposes Directive 2001/77/CE), and which provides the legal framework for the promotion of renewable energy sources, with direct effects on final energy consumption.
The aforementioned legislation is complemented by national legislation which has fully embraced the acquis regarding energy efficiency, in the terms that this stipulates.
The institutional framework
The institutional framework applying to the promotion of efficient use of energy measures was established through the foundation in 1990 of the Romanian Agency for Energy Conservation (ARCE), a body whose responsibilities were reinforced in 2000 through the adoption of Law 199/2000 regarding efficient use of energy, modified and extended in Law 56/2006. The law stipulates that the Romanian Agency for Energy Conservation is the specialised authority at national level in the field of energy efficiency, staffed by legal experts and civil servants subordinated to the Ministry of Economy and Finance.
Other institutions/ministries with roles in the energy efficiency field are:
-The Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) applies the policy of the Government in the energy sector, including in the field of energy efficiency and renewable sources,
- The Ministry of Development, Public Works and Housing (MDLPL), for housing,
- The Ministry of the Environment and Lasting Development (MMDD),
- The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administrative Reform (MIRA), for local administration,
- The Ministry of Transport (MT), for the transport sector.
In addition, in the year 2003 the National Energy Watchdog (OEN) was established to carry out data capture and to determine the main energy efficiency indicators for Romania.
In this same year, 2003, the Romanian Fund for Energy Efficiency (FREE) began operating, financing, in commercial conditions, industrial sector companies and other energy consumers in order to enable them to finance efficient use of energy projects.
The national energy saving target
Directive nr. 2006/32/CE regarding the energy efficiency of end users and energy services, which will be adopted in national legislation in 2008, stipulates, in keeping with the provisions of art. 14(2), that EU member states commit to achieving a reduction in final energy consumption of at least 9% in a nine-year period (2008-2016) compared with the average consumption of the last five years for which available data exists (2001-2005).
The mid-term target set for Romania for the year 2010 is 940 thousand tep , which corresponds to a rate of 4.5% of the average over the years 2001-2005.
The potential for energy savings in Romania was taken into account in the setting of the target, specifically in terms of the sectors of the economy included in the remit of Directive nr. 2006/32/CE covering branches of industry not included in the National Allocation Plan, these being residential, tertiary and transport.
The economic potential (efficient from the costs perspective) of energy savings, in the year 2001 was:
Sector The mean potential of energy savings, estimated as a percentage of consumption
[%] Maximum values for the potential of energy savings
[ ktep/year]
Industry 13.0 1590
Residential 41.5 3600
Transport and communications 31.5 1390
Tertiary Sector (services) 14.0 243
TOTAL 100 6823
Source: The National Strategy in the field of Energy Efficiency
Through the Sectoral Plan in the Industry's Research and Development field, a study is underway, which aims to update the potential of energy savings in the transport, residential, agricultural, tertiary (services) and cogeneration industries.
The reduction of final energy consumption counterbalances the upward trends in the consumption of primary resources and final energy consumption in the Romanian economy, with national electricity consumption, under these conditions, being forecast to grow constantly by 3% per year up to 2020.
Measures aimed at improving energy efficiency included in the first National Energy Efficiency Action Plan
Measures aimed at improving energy efficiency included in the first National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (PNAEE) come into the following categories:
• Regulation
• Information and legislative measures (Information campaigns, Energy Audit)
• Voluntary agreements and tools for co-operation (Industrial companies, Long-Term Agreements)
• Energy services for energy savings (Third-party financing, Energy performance contracts)
• Financial incentives (Subsidies, Tax exemption on issuing authorisation to build for carrying out thermal remodelling projects, Joint financing of works)
• Energy efficiency mechanisms and other combinations of the other sub-categories (Energy efficiency funds)
In addition, the PNAEE includes horizontal and trans-sector measures, such as regulation (the transposition in national legislation of the provisions of Directive 2006/32/CE and of Directive 2005/32/CE), information campaigns, finance schemes intended to run in partnership with the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
In order to apply these measures, it is necessary, amongst other things, to change mentalities and behaviour, in which context one of the key measures in the PNAEE in all sectors is that of information campaigns.
For the industrial sector, a sector with significant potential for savings, in the framework of a SAVE study (“Schemes and measures for the implementation in Romania of specific Long-Term Agreements for industry”), carried out in 2000-2001, voluntary agreements were identified as one of the most efficient tools for obtaining industry commitment to increasing energy efficiency.
An important impact can also be achieved through energy management activities, accompanied by investment in measurement and control equipment relating to energy consumption.
For the transport sector energy-saving measures refer to the promotion of the use of bio-fuels, but also to the modernisation of passenger and goods trains and of underground trains.
In the residential sector, the programme of thermal remodelling of multi-storey buildings will continue and will create energy savings and the reduction of costs for the population. In addition, a certificate of energy performance will be issued for newly-built buildings starting in the year 2007, as well as, starting in the year 2010, a certificate of energy performance for one-family residences and apartments in existing apartment blocks which are sold or rented out.
Following in tandem with increasing energy efficiency and the reduction of energy loss in buildings, will be the promotion of the use of local renewable sources for the production of electricity and thermal energy for end consumers by means of a legislative initiative which should stimulate investment programmes aimed at increasing energy efficiency using renewable sources.
Significant energy savings will also be made through the activities of energy services societies such as ESCO, and in this context the PNAEE provides for the working-up of the legislation needed to develop ESCO in Romania.
With a view to improving public awareness, at the regional level, there will be a roll-out of action plans incorporating the replacement of old methods of public awareness- raising with other new, energy-efficient ones, the replacement of non-performing equipment, the introduction of devices to reduce light pollution on the main arterial routes in periods of reduced traffic.
Up until now, financial and fiscal facilities for sustaining efficiency projects have been applied only to the promotion of bio-fuels, renewable resources used for the production of electricity and audits of buildings, but in the period covered by the PNAEE these will now go on to cover sustaining the replacement of refrigerators, washing machines and air-conditioning equipment for domestic consumers, joint financing of the practice of energy balancing for operators in the industrial sector, the promotion of investment programmes aimed at the use of renewable energy sources for the production of electricity and thermal energy, with a view to increasing energy efficiency.
In her capacity as a member state of the EU, Romania will also benefit from joint financing through the Sectoral Operational Programme – Increase of Economic Competitiveness, which, through its axes, will also stimulate increased energy efficiency. Thus, Axis 4 expressly refers to increased energy efficiency and guarantee of supply, in the context of combating climate change.
In addition, through the Sectoral Operational Programme – Increase of Economic Competitiveness, Axis 1 (the axis of IMMs), firms will be able to obtain financing of up to 65% over a period of 3 years in order to obtain the ecological ticket for domestic and office electrical appliances.
Abbreviations
MEF – the Ministry of Economy and Finance
MMGA – the Ministry of the Environment and Lasting Development
MDLPL – the Ministry of Development, Public Works and Housing
MIRA – the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administrative Reform
MT – the Ministry of Transport
ARCE – The Romanian Agency for Energy Conservation
PNAEE – the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan
EE – Energy Efficiency
FREE – the Romanian Energy Efficiency Fund
OEN – the National Energy Watchdog
| | Albanian to English: The Kosovo Negotiating Team in London | Source text - Albanian
Ekipi Negociator i Kosovës në Londër
Ekipi Negociator i Kosovës është të martën në Londër ku do të takohet me shefin e diplomacisë britanike, David Milliband.
Vizita e Ekipit Negociator në Londër realizohet pak ditë para se udhëheqësit më të lartë kosovarë dhe ata serbë të zhvillojnë në Bruksel, më 14 tetor, takimin e dytë të drejtpërdrejtë në kuadër të bisedimeve shtesë për statusin e Kosovës, të udhëhequra nga treshja SHBA-BE-Rusi.
Gjatë vizitës në Londër, Ekipi Negociator i Kosovës pritet të kërkojë nga Britania e Madhe që të luajë një rol dinamik në kuadër të Bashkimit Evropian për zgjidhjen sa më të shpejtë të statusit
Para nisjes ata kanë thënë se Kosova nuk mund të krahasohet me Bosnjën, duke iu përgjigjur deklaratës së ndërmjetësit evropian Wolfgang Ischinger.
Në KS të OKB-së pritet që sot të raportojë shefi i UNMIK-ut, Joachim Ruecker.
Një anëtar i Ekipit Negociator të Kosovës, Veton Surroi, ka vlerësuar qëndrimin britanik në mbështetje të pavarësisë.
"Mbretëria e Bashkuar ka një qëndrim të avancuar (për statusin e Kosovës), këtë e ka shprehur disa herë," tha zoti Surroi.
"Shpresojmë që Mbretëria e Bashkuar dhe Franca do të luajnë rolin e vet dinamik brenda Bashkimit Evropian, por ajo që do cekur është domosdoshmëria e një roli shumë më të madh të Gjermanisë në procesin e përcaktimit të statusit," tha zoti Surroi.
"Dejton" për Kosovën
Ndërkohë, ndërmjetësuesi evropian për statusin, Wolfgang Ischinger, i ka deklaruar një gazete serbe se në fund të muajit nëntor ose në fillim të dhjetorit mund të mbahet një konferencë e ngjashme me atë të Dejtonit për Bosnjën, ku pala kosovare dhe ajo serbe do të diskutonin për statusin e Kosovës.
Diplomati gjerman ka thënë se konferenca do të mbahej diku në Evropë, meqënëse Kosova, siç ka thënë ai, është "problem evropian".
Zoti Ischinger tha se kjo konferencë do të mbahej vetëm në qoftë se do të ketë material të mjaftueshëm për bisedime ndërmjet Prishtinës dhe Beogradit dhe në të me siguri nuk do të merrte pjesë Grupi i Kontaktit, por vetëm treshja SHBA-BE-Rusi.
Por pala kosovare, sipas anëtarit të Ekipit Negociator të Kosovës, Veton Surroi, është kundër modeleve të reja për zgjidhjen e statusit të Kosovës.
"Ne jemi të gatshëm të marrim pjesë në procesin negociator, a do të jetë konferencë, a do të jetë takim një ditor apo pesë ditor nuk luan shumë rol për sa i përket gatishmërisë sonë për të marrë pjesë," tha zoti Surroi.
"Por natyrisht ajo që duhet cekur është se nuk do të jetë e mirëpritur nga ana jonë çfarëdo përpjekje që të krijohen modele të reja nga ana e ndërmjetësve ndërkombëtarë.
"Ne nuk kemi hyrë në këtë proces për të marrë propozime të reja, të cilat do të ndërtoheshin qoftë mbi paketën e Ahtisarit, qoftë jashtë saj," tha zoti Surroi.
Ai tha se bisedimet e deritanishme për statusin e Kosovës kanë dëshmuar se ka shumë pak gjasa për arritjen e konsensusit në Këshillin e Sigurimit për pavarësinë e Kosovës.
| Translation - English
The Kosovo Negotiating Team in London
Kosovo’s negotiating team is in London on Tuesday, where it will meet with the British Foreign Secretary, David Milliband.
The visit to London by the Negotiating Team comes just a few days before Kosovo's and Serbia's senior leadership meet in Brussels on 14th October for their second face-to-face meeting in the framework of extended negotiations over the status of Kosovo, chaired by the troika of the US, EU and Russia.
During their visit to London, the Kosovo Negotiating Team is expected to call on Great Britain to play a dynamic role within the European Union in resolving the status issue as soon as possible.
Before setting off they said that Kosovo cannot be compared with Bosnia, in response to the statement made by the European mediator Wolfgang Ischinger.
The Head of UNMIK, Joachim Rücker is expected to report to the UN Security Council today.
A member of the Kosovo Negotiating Team, Veton Surroi, has expressed his appreciation of the British stance in support of independence.
“The United Kingdom has a forward-looking position (over the status of Kosovo), and it has voiced this several times,” said Mr.Surroi.
“We hope that the United Kingdom and France will play their dynamic roles within the European Union, but what needs to be stated is how essential it is for Germany to play a much greater role in the process to determine status,” said Mr.Surroi.
“Dayton” for Kosovo
Meanwhile, the European mediator for the status issue, Wolfgang Ischinger, has stated to a Serbian newspaper that in late November or early December, a conference, similar to that held for Bosnia at Dayton, may take place, at which the Kosovo and Serbian sides would discuss Kosovo's status.
The German diplomat has said that the conference would be held somewhere in Europe, since Kosovo, as he put it, is a “European problem”.
Mr.Ischinger said that this conference would be held only if there was a sufficient basis for discussion between Pristina and Belgrade, and the Contact Group would definitely not take part, but only the US, EU and Russia troika.
But the Kosovo side, according to member of the Kosovo Negotiating Team, Veton Surroi, opposes new models for the resolution of Kosovo’s status.
“We are prepared to participate in the negotiating process. Whether that’s in the form of a conference or a one-day or five-day meeting has very little impact on our readiness to participate,” said Mr.Surroi.
“But what should of course be made clear is that any attempt by international mediators to create new models will not be welcomed by us.”
“We have not gone into this process in order to obtain new proposals, which would be built either on the Ahtisaari package or outside of it,” said Mr.Surroi.
He said that the discussions that have so far taken place regarding Kosovo’s status have demonstrated that there is very little likelihood of achieving consensus at the Security Council on the independence of Kosovo.
| | Basque to English: Albáro Languages website home page | Source text - Basque
Ongi etorri ALBÁROra!
ALBÁRO (esanahi bikoitza duen hitz bat: asmatutako gaztelerazko hitz bat eta espezializatzen ditudan hizkuntza nagusien lehenengo letrak ingelesez: ALbanian, BAsque eta ROmanian) izan ere Chris Hughes da, hogei urteko esperientzia duen hizkuntzalaria, ingelesezko jaiotizkerarekin. Espezializatzen ditudanak albanieraren, euskararen, errumanieraren, katalaneraren eta gazteleraren itzulpena (idatzitakoa eta ahozkoa) eta holanderaren, portugesaren, italieraren, afrikaanseraren eta esperantoren idatzitako itzulpena dira. Gainerakoan, errumanieraren, albanieraren eta euskararen irakaslea naiz hizkuntzalari profesionalentzat.
Nire espezializatzen ditudan itzulgai nagusiak dira: publizitatea/jendarteko harremanak, gobernua/politika, kazetaritza, legea/kontratuak, medikuntza orokorra, finantza orokorra, merkataritza orokorra, hizkuntzalaritza eta literatura, baina nire hizkuntzetako bateko beste eskaera bat baldin baduzu, gustura hori zurekin eztabaidatuko dut, laguntzen dizudan jakiteko. Nire azken urteotako ekin ditudanen arteko itzulpenlanak dira: euskarazko bideozko elkarrikusketen idatzaldaketa eta itzulpena, errumanierazko prentsako txostenen itzulpenak nazioarteko aseguru elkarte nagusi batentzat, albanierazko hatsnekeei buruzko galdeagiriren itzulpena, nahasitako katalanerazko zertifikatuen itzulpenak, errumanierazko panfletoen itzulpena Transport for Londonentzat, eta albanierazko ahozko itzulpena poliziarentzat.
Zerbitzu hizkuntzeei titulu MBEa 2006ko ekainean eman zidaten eta Chartered Institute of Linguistsaren (CIoL) kidea naiz.
Espero dut bilatzen duzuna Albároren webgunean aurkituko duzula! | Translation - English
Welcome to ALBÁRO!
ALBÁRO (usefully doubling up as a pseudo-Spanish word and the first two letters of the main languages in which I specialise: ALbanian, BAsque and ROmanian) is actually Chris Hughes, a linguist of twenty years' standing, a native English speaker, specialising in translation and interpreting of Albanian, Basque, Romanian, Catalan and Spanish and translation of Dutch, Portuguese, Italian, Afrikaans and Esperanto. I also teach Romanian, Albanian and Basque to professional linguists.
My principal specialist subject areas are: advertising/public relations, government/politics, journalism, legal/contractual, general medical, general financial, general commercial, linguistics and literature, but if you have a different language requirement in one of my languages, I would be happy to discuss your requirement with you to see if I can help. Recent projects which I have undertaken include transcription and translation of Basque video interviews, commercial Romanian to English translation of press releases for a leading international insurance provider, translation of an Albanian medical questionnaire on respiratory complaints, translations of assorted Catalan certificates, Romanian translation of literature for Transport for London, and Albanian consecutive interpreting for the police.
I was awarded the MBE in June 2006 for Services to Language and am a member of the Chartered Institute of Linguists.
I hope you find what you´re looking for on the Albáro website! | | Catalan to English: To the Court of First Instance of Andorra | Source text - Catalan
A L’HONORABLE BATLLIA
[NAME REMOVED], major d’edat, casada, de nacionalitat andorrana i veïna d’Andorra la Vella, actuant en la meva qualitat de Procuradora dels [NAME REMOVED] i [NAME REMOVED], segons tinc acreditat en aquesta causa, comparec per davant de l’Honorable Batllia i, com millor en Dret escaigui,
D I C : Que, en la qualitat en què actuo i mitjançant el present escrit, formulo l’escrit de DÚPLICA, en el marc d’aquesta causa, ordenant-la en els següents apartats,
Primer.- En relació a l’escrit de rèplica formulat per la representació de la part agent, s’ha de manifestar que aquest no conté cap mena de fet o argument de dret nou, que faci modificar el contingut de l’escrit d’aquesta part de contesta a la demanda, i que manté la vigència i eficàcia de la totalitat d’al•legacions relatius a la manca de responsabilitat dels meus mandants.
En efecte, és clar que de la lectura del referit escrit de rèplica, se n’extreu que l’adversa pretén que es demostrin les eventuals responsabilitats de totes les parts en litigi, tal com efectivament s’ha de procedir, de forma que finalment s’acrediti la responsabilitat real dels danys provocats a l’agent, així com que aquests en cap cas haurien estat provocats per l’acció directa, ni indirecta dels meus mandants, ni de la direcció d’obra en general.
En conseqüència, es donen en aquest tràmit processal per reproduïdes la totalitat d’al•legacions contingudes a l’escrit de contesta a la demanda, fent únicament incís en el fet de que els meus mandants, [NAME REMOVED] i [NAME REMOVED] compareixen com a cridats en garantia i, com a tal, no podran ésser condemnats en el marc d’aquesta causa de forma directa, sinó que, en tot cas, únicament es podria determinar la seva responsabilitat, cas d’existir, perquè després, en un procediment posterior, la demandada, propietària de l’obra en qüestió, pogués depurar i exigir tot el que li correspongués.
Segon.- En aquest sentit s’ha de manifestar que, per molt que aquesta part hagi estat cridada en garantia pel promotor de l’obra, amb qui de forma evident l’uneix una relació de caire contractual, el cert és que l’acció que es discuteix i es ventila en el marc d’aquesta causa és únicament la de responsabilitat extracontractual, que és l’exercida veritablement per l’agent.
Per tant, havent transcorregut els terminis legalment previstos per l’exercici d’aquesta acció contra la meva mandant, cas de considerar que sí que pot operar una condemna contra ell, el cert és que aquesta acció estaria prescrita, i així s’ha de constatar.
Tercer.- Aquesta part comprova que cap de les parts involucrades en aquesta causa res te a afegir o a objectar a l’excepció interposada per aquesta part per l’excepció de manca de legitimació passiva de la [NAME REMOVED].
Per tant, és clar que essent evident la seva total manca de participació en els fets enjudiciats, així com el total assentiment de la resta de parts implicades, amb inclusió de l’agent principal i del demandat originari, és evident que procedirà la seva total estimació i la imposició de les costes corresponents a la part que ha procedit a cridar en garantia a la [NAME REMOVED].
Quart.- Pel que respecta a les al•legacions de [NAME REMOVED] en què s’oposen a la crida successiva en garantia, aquesta part considera que aquestes al•legacions no tenen raó d’ésser i que carèixen del més mínim fonament.
En efecte, la seva participació en el present procediment no causa cap mena de perjudici a cap de les parts implicades, ni tan sols a la pròpia [NAME REMOVED], tota vegada que el fet de participar en aquesta causa, fins i tot sense tràmit d’audiència prèvia, no li provoca cap mena d’indefensió. Ans al contrari, li confereix totes les garanties tant processals, com de defensa al fons, per tal de poder al•legar els fets a la seva conveniència i emprar tots els mitjans de defensa que consideri oportuns.
En el cas en què es determinés a la fi de la present causa, que aquesta crida era innecessària o ha estat improcedent, per la manca de responsabilitat de qualsevol dels cridats, operarà el mecanisme de la condemna en costes per tal de veure protegida la intervenció d’una part, que no es revelava necessària i/o convenient.
A més, la part agent i la resta de parts en litigi, han pogut manifestar-se al respecte –una vegada ja havien estat declarades part en el procés formalment i no abans- i cap d’elles ha procedit a formular oposició, justament per quant és una intervenció processal que convé definitivament a la depuració de responsabilitats dels fets enjudiciats, i al manteniment de les garanties d’execució i de compliment d’obligacions i exercici de drets, de tots els possibles implicats.
Procedirà doncs l’estimació de la procedència de la crida en garantia de totes les parts en judici, amb el benentès que la seva intervenció –amb inclusió de la d’aquesta part- únicament ho és a efectes de “garantia” i que no pot operar una condemna contra cap d’elles, si be si procedeix la determinació de les responsabilitats corresponents, a exigir, si resulta oportú, en un procediment judicial posterior.
Cinquè.- En relació a les al•legacions efectuades per la demandada, [NAME REMOVED], s’ha de manifestar que la seva legitimació passiva és clara, puix el cert és que enfront de terceres persones, i mentre no es pugui acreditar una responsabilitat evident, clara i individualitzada d’algun dels intervinents a l’obra, el responsable és el promotor.
Per tant, per tal que operi una condemna en contra dels meus mandants, serà evidentment necessari, que s’acrediti la seva responsabilitat evident, no essent suficient, com pretén la promotora, que ella hagués signat un contracte de direcció d’obra o projecte, amb el [NAME REMOVED].
En tot cas, el que sí resulta evident és que, en relació a l’eventual responsabilitat que pogués exigir l’agent per la col•locació dels ancoratges sense les autoritzacions oportunes, el cert és que la responsabilitat d’aquest fet, serà únicament exigible a la promotora, puix la meva mandant únicament va proposar solucions tècniques, juntament amb l’enginyer, [NAME REMOVED], duent a terme finalment únicament allò que la propietat deia que es podia fer, ja fos perquè havia tramitat els permisos corresponents amb les entitats públiques, o perquè disposava de les autoritzacions necessàries.
Així, el fet de que manqui alguna mena d’autorització –que pel demés es considera que no existeix puix existeix clarament autorització almenys tàcita-, no podrà en cap cas, ésser imputable als tècnics, ni al meu mandant, [NAME REMOVED], ni al [NAME REMOVED], i per tant, tampoc li podran ésser exigides les indemnitzacions que es declaressin procedents per aquests fets.
Sisè.- En relació a l’al•legació de [NAME REMOVED], relativa a la possible feblesa estructural de l’edifici propietat dels agents, prèvia a l’actuació del promotor o resta d’implicats a la causa, procedirà tenir-ho en compte, als efectes de determinar, en període probatori, si aquest fet pot o no haver incidit en el resultat danyós, als efectes de determinar la part de responsabilitat que correspongui a aital fet, i declarar doncs que existeix almenys part de culpa de la víctima, reduint i modulant les indemnitzacions que resultessin finalment procedents.
Setè.- En relació a l’al•legació de [NAME REMOVED] relativa a l’excepció de manca de litisconsorci passiu necessari, amb altra persona copropietària del negoci, s’ha de manifestar l’oposició d’aquesta part a la mateixa, tota vegada que és evident que si existeix un negoci en copropietat, o qualsevol altra situació que generi una mancomunitat, la solidaritat entre els comuners o condòminos, és legalment aplicable, de forma que qualsevol acte d’un d’ells vincularà a la comunitat i qualsevol acció adreçada contra qualsevol dels comuners, serà també aprofitada per la comunitat general.
Existint doncs solidaritat des de l’òptica substantiva, és evident que no pot prosperar mai un litisconsorci passiu necessari, des de l’òptica processal, puix són inherentment oposades de tal forma que l’existència d’una figura, exclou necessàriament l’altra.
Per tant, aquesta excepció haurà d’ésser totalment desestimada, havent-se de considerar, des d’aquesta perspectiva, degudament constituïda la litis.
Vuitè.- Per altra part, únicament cal constatar que cap de les parts implicades formula una acusació directa, clara i evident de responsabilitat contra els meus mandants, limitant-se a al•legar la responsabilitat superior de la direcció d’obra, però sense imputar cap fet en concret.
Per contra, i tal com es va explicar extensament a l’escrit de contesta, la responsabilitat dels fets és clarament exigible a l’empresa constructora, tota vegada que ella directament, o les empreses per ella subcontractades van contravenir les instruccions de la direcció d’obra i/o van executar incorrectament les seves instruccions.
Tal com es va dir, [NAME REMOVED] va procedir a excavar el terreny en tota la seva llargada, contravenint així les instruccions del [NAME REMOVED], que figuraven escrites a llibre d’obra, rebent les queixes escrites del mateix, que igualment es van fer constar al llibre d’obra.
[NAME REMOVED], directament o a través de l’empresa que feia l’excavació, també va procedir a trencar els bolos que sortien de l’excavació, malgrat el [NAME REMOVED], havia ordenat expressament que per evitar vibracions i sorolls, que produïssin més esquerdes, s’havia de procedir amb molta prudència
També es va fer constar la possible responsabilitat de [NAME REMOVED], i d’[NAME REMOVED], dues empreses subcontractades per [NAME REMOVED], les quals van procedir a col•locar els ancoratges la primera, i els micropilots la segona, tota vegada que no van executar la feina tal com se’ls hi deia de fer, ni posteriorment facilitaven les lectures corresponents i necessàries pel control de l’excavació i de la seguretat del terreny.
Per tant existeixen motius clars i evidents tant per no emetre una condemna solidària, com per no imputar cap mena de responsabilitat als meus mandants, tota vegada que existeixen persones amb negligències que podran ésser clarament provades i acreditades.
Per tot el qual, a aquesta Honorable Batllia, respectuosament,
S O L •L I C I T O : Que, havent per presentat aquest escrit, es digni admetre’l i, en mèrits del que en ell s’exposa, vulgui tenir per formulada DÚPLICA d’aquesta part en el marc del present procediment, seguir-lo pels seus tràmits i, en el seu dia, dictar sentència en el sentit exposat a l’escrit de constesta a la demanda, amb estimació íntegra i consegüent imposició de costes per l’excepció de manca de legitimació passiva de la [NAME REMOVED], imposant així mateix, la totalitat de les costes processals de tota la tramitació de la present causa a aquell que finalment resulti responsable dels fets d’autes, amb inclusió expressa dels honoraris d’advocat i procurador d’aquesta part.
| Translation - English
TO THE HONOURABLE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE
I, [NAME REMOVED], being over 18 years of age, married, of Andorran nationality and resident of Andorra la Vella, acting in my capacity as solicitor to [NAME REMOVED] and [NAME REMOVED], in accordance with my accreditation in this case, appear before The Honourable Court of First Instance and, as best befits in law
S A Y : That, in the capacity in which I am acting and by means of this document, I move to file the text of the REJOINDER, in the context of this case, setting it out in the following paragraphs,
First.- With regard to the text of the response filed by the complainants’ legal representation, it has to be stated that this does not contain any new legal fact or argument whatsoever, which would lead to my clients’ modifying the text of their contest to the lawsuit, and which upholds the validity and effectiveness of the entirety of the claims relating to my clients’ lack of liability.
In fact, one can clearly deduce from reading the aforementioned text of response that the opposing party is claiming that the ultimate liabilities of all those parties to the lawsuit are proven, as indeed proceedings should take their course, in order that ultimately the actual liability for the losses caused to the complainants can be proven, as well as the fact that these would in no way have been caused by the direct or indirect action of my clients, nor by that of the works management team in general.
As a consequence, in these proceedings the totality of the claims contained in the text of contest to the lawsuit are deemed to be countered, solely highlighting the fact that my clients, [NAME REMOVED] and [NAME REMOVED] are appearing under a warning notice, and, as such, will not be able to be charged directly in the context of this case, but rather, in any event, it would only be possible to determine their liability, should it exist, so that subsequently, at a later hearing, the bringers of the lawsuit, the owners of the works in question, could define and demand everything to which they are entitled .
Second.- It should be stated in this regard that, despite this party having been in receipt of a warning notice from the works developers, with whom it is clearly linked in a contractual relationship, what is certain is that the action which is being raised and discussed in the context of this case solely relates to extracontractual liability, which is that actually exercised by the complainant.
Therefore, the prescribed statutory time limits having passed for the bringing of this action against my client, in the event that it is judged that a charge against him can be brought, what is certainly the case is that this action would be statute barred, and it should be recorded as such.
Third.- I note that none of the parties involved in this case has anything to add or to object to the exemption introduced by this party for exemption of lack of passive legitimacy on the part of [NAME REMOVED].
Therefore, it is clear that, as it is evident that she did not participate at all in the events under litigation, and that this is fully accepted by the remaining parties involved, including the principal complainant and the primary defendant, it stands to reason that this should be admitted in its entirety and the associated costs should be awarded against the party which brought the proceedings to issue the warning notice against [NAME REMOVED].
Fourth.- With regard to the claims made by [NAME REMOVED] in which they contest the repeated warning notices, I consider that these claims have no raison d’être and lack even the slightest of grounds.
In fact, her involvement in these proceedings causes no detriment whatsoever to any of the parties involved, not only to [NAME REMOVED], since the fact of her involvement in this case, albeit in the absence of a prior hearing, does not lead to any lack of defence whatsoever. Quite on the contrary, it provides her with all the guarantees, both procedural and in terms of defence against the essence of the case, in order for her to be able to put forward the facts at her convenience and using all the lines of defence which she may consider appropriate.
In the event that it is determined at the end of these proceedings, that this notice was unnecessary or had not complied with procedure, through the lack of liability on the part of any of those issued therewith, the mechanism for awarding of costs will come into effect in order to ensure that there is protection for the involvement of any party, which was not shown to be necessary and/or appropriate.
In addition, the complainants and the remaining parties to the lawsuit, have been able to make their statements in this regard –once they had been formally declared to be a party to the proceedings and not beforehand- and not one of them moved to contest this, precisely in as much as it is a procedural intervention which is intrinsically compatible with the definition of liabilities for the facts under litigation, and with the preservation of the guarantees of conduct and the full gamut of obligations and rights to be exercised, on the part of all those potentially involved.
I move therefore to admit the procedure for the issuing of warning notices to all the parties to the proceedings, on the understanding that their involvement –including that of my clients- is solely for the purposes of a “guarantee” and that no charges can be brought against any one of them, but if associated liabilities are then determined, if it is deemed appropriate, subsequent judicial proceedings are to be sought.
Fifth.- With regard to the claims made by the co-defendant, [NAME REMOVED], it should be stated that her passive legitimacy is clear, as what is certain is that in the case of third parties, and whilst no apparent, clear and individual liability can be proven against any one of those involved in the works, liability lies with the developer.
Therefore, in order for a charge to be brought against my clients, it will plainly be necessary for their clear liability to be proven, and the mere fact, as the developer claims, that she had signed a contract for works or project management, with [NAME REMOVED], is not sufficient.
In any event, what is clear is that, in terms of the ultimate liability which the complainant could attribute for the installation of the shoring points in the absence of the appropriate authorisations, what is certain is that the liability for this, will be solely attributable to the developer, as my client only proposed technical solutions, together with the engineer, [NAME REMOVED], ultimately carrying out solely that which the owners had said could be done, either because the appropriate licences had been processed by the public authorities or because they were in possession of the necessary authorisations.
Thus, the fact of there not existing any kind of authorisation –which incidentally is only judged not to have existed, as at least tacit authorisation clearly did exist-, cannot in any event be attributable to the technical experts, or to my client, [NAME REMOVED], or to [NAME REMOVED], and therefore, the damages declared to be resulting from these events cannot be demanded either.
Sixth.- With regard to the claim made by [NAME REMOVED], relating to the possible structural weakness of the building owned by the complainants, prior to the actions of the developer or the remaining parties involved in the case, it is to be taken into account, for the purposes of establishing proof, in a probatory period, whether this fact may or may not have had an effect on the damaging outcome, with a view to determining the degree of liability associated with that fact, and thus declaring that at least part of the blame lies with the victim, reducing and modifying the damages which may ultimately be judged to result.
Seventh.- With regard to the claim made by [NAME REMOVED] relating to the exemption of lack of necessary passive joint litigation, with another person as co-owner of the business, I have to state my opposition to this, as it is evident that there did exist a business in joint ownership, or any other status which creates communal dominion, the joint status between those in the communal dominion or those in joint ownership is applicable in law, in such a way that any act undertaken by one of them will be intrinsic to the communal dominion and any action brought against any of those in the communal dominion, will also apply to the communal dominion in general.
Joint status thus existing from the substantive perspective, it is clear that a necessary passive litigation claim can never succeed, from the procedural point of view, as they are inherently opposed to each other in such a way that the existence of one figure, necessarily excludes the other.
Therefore, this exemption is to be dismissed in its entirety, the legal case being deemed, from this perspective, to have been properly constructed.
Eighth.- Furthermore, it should solely be recorded that none of the parties involved is filing a direct, clear and evident charge of liability against my clients, restricting themselves to claiming the higher liability of the works management team, but without attributing thereunto any specific fact.
On the contrary, and as has been explained extensively in the text of the contest to the lawsuit, liability for the events is clearly attributable to the building firm, as it directly, or the companies subcontracted by it, went against the instructions from the works management team and/or incorrectly acted on their instructions.
As has been stated, [NAME REMOVED] went on to excavate the entire length of the land, thus going against the instructions from [NAME REMOVED], which are written down in the works schedule, drawing his written complaints, which were also recorded in the works schedule.
[NAME REMOVED], directly or through the company which was carrying out the excavation work, also went on to break up the clumps resulting from the excavation, despite [NAME REMOVED] having given express instructions that, in order to avoid noise and vibrations, which may cause more cracks, work should proceed with great care.
Record should also be made of the possible liability of [NAME REMOVED], and [NAME REMOVED], two companies subcontracted by [NAME REMOVED], the first one going on to install the shoring points, and the second the micropiles, as they did not carry out the work as they had been told to do, and neither did they subsequently provide the relevant and required read-outs of the oversight of the excavation work and the safety of the ground.
Therefore there are clear and evident grounds both for not issuing a ruling of joint liability, and not attributing any liability whatsoever to my clients, as individuals whose negligent actions can be clearly proven and validated, do exist.
Because of all of which, before this Honourable Court I do respectfully,
R E Q U E S T : That, having this document before you, you see fit to admit it and, based on the merits of its content, you consider this party’s REJOINDER to be made in the context of these proceedings, the proceedings take their course and, at the due time you give your ruling in accordance with that set out in the text of the contest to the lawsuit, admitting it in its entirety and consequently awarding costs in line with the exemption of lack of passive legitimacy on the part of [NAME REMOVED], and thus awarding all legal costs resulting from the proceedings in this case to the person who is ultimately found liable for the events under litigation, expressly including my clients’ legal and solicitor’s fees.
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More Less | | Years of translation experience: 19. Registered at ProZ.com: May 2007. Became a member: Jun 2007. | | N/A | Romanian to English (Chartered Institute of Linguists)
Albanian to English (Chartered Institute of Linguists)
Basque to English (Chartered Institute of Linguists)
Catalan to English (Cambridge University (Lang. Degrees))
Esperanto to English (DBEA (Dip.British Esperanto Association))
| | IOL | | Adobe Acrobat, Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word, Powerpoint | | http://www.albarolanguages.com | | Please contact me direct to request my updated CV | | Chris Hughes endorses ProZ.com's Professional Guidelines. | | About me
I am a linguist of 24 years' standing, specialising in translation and interpreting of Albanian, Basque, Catalan, Romanian and Spanish and translation of the same languages plus Dutch, Portuguese, Galician, Italian, Afrikaans and Esperanto. I also teach Albanian, Basque and Romanian. I was awarded the MBE in 2006 for services to language in the British Government.
For further details, please visit my website: http://www.albarolanguages.com.
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