Working languages: Portuguese to English
English to Portuguese
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| Paul Dixon
19 Years' Experience in Translation!
NA Local time: 09:55 BRST (GMT-2)
Native in: English  , Portuguese | | Willingness to Work Again  |  No feedback collected |
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Freelancer,  Verified site user | | Translation | | Specializes in: | | Education / Pedagogy | Mathematics & Statistics | | Mining & Minerals / Gems | Telecom(munications) |
| Also works in: | | Business/Commerce (general) | Medical: Instruments | | Medical: Health Care | Medical (general) | | Petroleum Eng/Sci | Real Estate | | Science (general) | Tourism & Travel | | Transport / Transportation / Shipping | Law (general) | | Law: Contract(s) | Geography | | Cooking / Culinary | Economics | | Electronics / Elect Eng | Energy / Power Generation | | Engineering (general) | Engineering: Industrial | | Finance (general) | General / Conversation / Greetings / Letters | | Certificates, Diplomas, Licenses, CVs |
More Less | Portuguese to English - Rates: 0.08 - 0.10 EUR per word / 30 - 40 EUR per hour
English to Portuguese - Rates: 0.08 - 0.10 EUR per word / 30 - 40 EUR per hour
| | PRO-level points: 1583, Questions answered: 2423, Questions asked: 153 | | Wire transfer | Sample translations submitted: 2 | Portuguese to English: General | Source text - Portuguese
Após a fundação de São Paulo, em 1554 a cobiça do
ouro levou os bandeirantes para o Vale do Paraíba, e quase todas as cidades existentes surgiram como necessidade de apoio às expedições. Com Lorena foi assim: nasceu em função da travessia do Rio Paraíba, feita pelos bandeirantes e viajantes que iam para Minas Gerais - era o famoso “Porto de Guaypacaré".
Uma das primeiras notícias de Lorena data de 1702 quando o capitão-mor Arthur de Sá e Menezes concedeu "provisão de mercê da passagem do rio para os passageiros de Minas". O núcleo inicial de povoação surgiu no fim do século XVII com as "roças" de Bento Rodrigues Caldeira, junto ao porto de Guaypacaré,
citadas em documentos.
Lorena não tinha este nome. Era um pequeno povoado incrustado nos sertões de Guaratinguetá, depois das roças de Bento Rodrigues Caldeira. Em seguida se tornou, "Freguesia de Nossa Senhora da Piedade", mas para os índios ela sempre foi "Guaypacaré", que segundo Teodoro Sampaio, é um nome tupi que significa braço ou seio da Lagoa Torta, em virtude de um braço do Rio Paraíba ali existente na época. Mais tarde, o nome original deu-se por corruptela, Hepacaré, que significa, para Azevedo, Marques, lugar das goiabeiras.
Em 1718 sob a invocação de Nossa Senhora da Piedade, se constituía em Freguesia. Em 14 de novembro de 1788 foi elevada à Vila com o nome de Lorena, por decreto do Capitão-General, então governador de São Paulo, Bernardo José de Lorena, mais tarde Conde de Sarzedas, razão porque foi dado à nova Vila, o nome atual.
| Translation - English
After the foundation of São Paulo in 1554, the gold rush led the bandeirantes (explorers) to the Paraíba Valley, and almost all the current cities were founded to provide support for the expeditions. Thia was also the case with Lorena: the city was born thanks to the crossing of the Paraíba River, which was traversed by the bandeirantes and also other travellers heading for Minas Gerais - this was the famous "Port of Guaypacaré".
One of the first mentions of the city of Lorena dates back to 1702 when Commanding Captain Arthur de Sá e Menezes granted "mercy provision for the river passage for those bound for Minas". The first settlement came about at the end of the 17th Century, with the "roças" of Bento Rodrigues Caldeira, next to the Port of Guaypacaré,
as mentioned in documents.
Lorena did not have this name. It was just a small hamlet wedged in the backlands of Guaratinguetá, after the "roças" of Bento Rodrigues Caldeira. Next, the city became the "District of Our Lady of Piety", but the Native Brazilians always called it "Guaypacaré", which, according to Teodoro Sampaio, is a name in the Tupi language, which means "branch or bosom of the Crooked Lake", this because there was a branch of the Paraíba River at this point, in those days. Later, the original name was shortened to Hepacaré, which according to Azevedo, means the place where the guava trees grow.
In 1718, under the invocation of Our Lady of Piety, the hamlet was made a District. On 14 November 1788, it was raised to the status of a village, with the name of Lorena, by decree of the Captain-General, then Governor of São Paulo, Bernardo José de Lorena, later Earl of Sarzedas, this being the reason why the new village was given this name. | Portuguese to English: Cancer
General field: Medical | Source text - Portuguese
As causas de câncer são variadas, podendo ser externas ou internas ao organismo, estando ambas inter-relacionadas. As causas externas relacionam-se ao meio ambiente e aos hábitos ou costumes próprios de um ambiente social e cultural. As causas internas são, na maioria das vezes, geneticamente pré-determinadas, estão ligadas à capacidade do organismo de se defender das agressões externas. Esses fatores causais podem interagir de várias formas, aumentando a probabilidade de transformações malignas nas células normais.
De todos os casos, 80% a 90% dos cânceres estão associados a fatores ambientais. Alguns deles são bem conhecidos: o cigarro pode causar câncer de pulmão, a exposição excessiva ao sol pode causar câncer de pele, e alguns vírus podem causar leucemia. Outros estão em estudo, tais como alguns componentes dos alimentos que ingerimos, e muitos são ainda completamente desconhecidos. O envelhecimento traz mudanças nas células que aumentam a sua suscetibilidade à transformação maligna. Isso, somado ao fato de as células das pessoas idosas terem sido expostas por mais tempo aos diferentes fatores de risco para câncer, explica em parte o porquê de o câncer ser mais freqüente nesses indivíduos.Os fatores de risco ambientais de câncer são denominados cancerígenos ou carcinógenos. Esses fatores atuam alterando a estrutura genética (DNA) das células.
O surgimento do câncer depende da intensidade e duração da exposição das células aos agentes causadores de câncer. Por exemplo, o risco de uma pessoa desenvolver câncer de pulmão é diretamente proporcional ao número de cigarros fumados por dia e ao número de anos que ela vem fumando.
Fatores de Risco de Natureza Ambiental
Os fatores de risco de câncer podem ser encontrados no meio ambiente ou podem ser herdados. A maioria dos casos de câncer (80%) está relacionada ao meio ambiente, no qual encontramos um grande número de fatores de risco. Entende-se por ambiente o meio em geral (água, terra e ar), o ambiente ocupacional (indústrias químicas e afins) o ambiente de consumo (alimentos, medicamentos) o ambiente social e cultural (estilo e hábitos de vida).
As mudanças provocadas no meio ambiente pelo próprio homem, os "hábitos" e o "estilo de vida" adotados pelas pessoas, podem determinar diferentes tipos de câncer.
Hereditariedade
São raros os casos de cânceres que se devem exclusivamente a fatores hereditários, familiares e étnicos, apesar de o fator genético exercer um importante papel na oncogênese. Um exemplo são os indivíduos portadores de retinoblastoma que, em 10% dos casos, apresentam história familiar deste tumor.
Alguns tipos de câncer de mama, estômago e intestino parecem ter um forte componente familiar, embora não se possa afastar a hipótese de exposição dos membros da família a uma causa comum. Determinados grupos étnicos parecem estar protegidos de certos tipos de câncer: a leucemia linfocítica é rara em orientais, e o sarcoma de Ewing é muito raro em negros. | Translation - English
The causes of cancer are varied, and can be either inside or outside the body, both these classes of causative factors being related. External causes comprise the environment as well as habits and customs typical of a given social and cultural setting. Internal causes usually have genetic origins, and are related to the capacity of the person’s organism to fight off external aggression. These causative factors may interact in several different ways, thereby increasing the likelihood of malignant transformations to normal cells.
Between 80% and 90% of all cancers are linked to environmental factors. Some of these are very well known: cigarette smoking can cause lung cancer, excessive exposure to the sun can lead to cancer of the skin, and some viruses can cause leukaemia. Other possible carcinogenic factors are still being studied, including some components of the food we eat, and many are still completely unknown. The aging process leads to changes in the cells which then increase their susceptibility to a malignant transformation. This, together with the fact that the cells of elderly people have been exposed to the different risk factors for cancer over a longer period of time, partly explains why cancer is more prevalent among these individuals. Environmental risk factors for cancer are called carcinogens. These factors act by making changes to the genetic structure (DNA) of cells.
The appearance of cancer depends on the intensity and the duration of the exposure of cells to cancer-causing agents. For example, the risk of a smoker getting lung cancer is directly proportional to the number of cigarettes he or she smokes every day and also to how long he or she has been a smoker.
Environmental Risk Factors
The risk factors for cancer can be found in the environment or can be inherited. Most cases of cancer (80%) is somehow related to the environment, in which we find a long list of risk factors. We define the environment as the general medium in which we live (water, air and earth), the occupational environment (chemical industries and the like), the consumer environment (food, medication) and the social and cultural setting (life style and habits).
Changes which people themselves have caused to the environment, the habits and lifestyle which people have been taking up, may also establish the appearance of different types of cancer.
Heredity
Rare are the cases of cancers which can be put down exclusively to heredity, ethnic or family factors, even though the genetic factor does indeed play an important part in oncogenesis. One example is that of people with retinoblastoma, who have a family history of presence of this tumour in 10% of cases.
Some kinds of cancer of the breast, oesophagus and intestine seem to show a strong family element, even though the possibility of the members of the family having been exposed to a common cause may not be ruled out. Certain ethnic groups seem to be protected from certain types of cancer: lymphocytic leukaemia is rare among Orientals, while Ewing’s sarcoma is very rare among Blacks.
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More Less | | Years of translation experience: 19. Registered at ProZ.com: Jun 2004. | | N/A | | N/A | | N/A | | Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word, Microsoft Word | | http://www.paul-translator.blogspot.com |  CV/Resume (DOC) | | Conferences attended | | About me 
Completely bilingual in English and Portuguese. 51 years old, born in Coventry, United Kingdom, I have lived most of my life in São Paulo, Brazil. I studied at the British School in São Paulo and also at Brazilian schools, then went on to read Mathematics and School Administration at the University of São Paulo, considered the best in Brazil.
I have been working as a freelance translator for twenty years and, although I translate any subject, most of my recent work has been contracts and general translations such as company websites, news releases and the like.
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Keywords: mathematics, medical, engineering, legal, Word, translation, proof-reading, matemática, medicina, engenharia, jurídico, Excel, Power Point, tradução, traduções, português - inglês, inglês - português
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