 Member since Oct '07
Working languages: French to English
Spanish to English
English (monolingual)
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|   Crystal Samples
MA in Translation + Trados
Mobile, AL, United States Local time: 04:56 CST (GMT-6)
Native in: English  | | |
Freelancer,  Verified member | | Blue Board: Crystal Samples / Crystal Translation Services | | Translation, Editing/proofreading, Website localization, Post-editing, Transcription, Project management | | Specializes in: | | Construction / Civil Engineering | Ships, Sailing, Maritime | | Medical (general) | International Org/Dev/Coop | | Insurance | Finance (general) | | Environment & Ecology | Engineering: Industrial | | Engineering (general) | Social Science, Sociology, Ethics, etc. |
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More Less | | USD | | PRO-level points: 111, Questions answered: 118, Questions asked: 310 | 8 entriesAccess to Blue Board comments is restricted for non-members. Click the outsourcer name to view the Blue Board record and see options for gaining access to this information.
More Less | Sample translations submitted: 3 French to English: FR-EN medical (Incontinence)
General field: Medical
Detailed field: Medical (general) | Source text - French
1. JUSTIFICATION DE LA RECHERCHE :
L'incontinence anale constitue un problème de santé publique. Une enquête téléphonique effectuée auprès d'un échantillon représentatif de la population française âgée de plus de 45 ans (1100 individus) a rapporté une prévalence de 11% de sujets déclarant avoir déjà souffert d'incontinence anale quelque soit son type et sa fréquence, de 6% déclarant avoir déjà eu une perte involontaire de matières fécales (incontinence fécale) quelque soit sa fréquence, de 2% ayant une incontinence fécale sévère, c'est à dire au moins une fois par semaine (1).
L'incontinence anale a un retentissement social important. Ainsi, dans l'étude de Perry et al (2), la moitié des individus souffrant d'une incontinence anale sévère déclarent que celle-ci a un retentissement important sur leurs activités quotidiennes. Par ailleurs, même si l'étude du coût de l'incontinence anale est difficile à évaluer, celui-ci semble important. Ainsi, l'estimation des dépenses directes liées à l'incontinence urinaire et anale aux Etats-Unis serait de 16 billions de dollars par an (3).
Compte-tenu de la fréquence de l'incontinence anale, de ses répercussions socio-économiques, des recommandations pour la pratique clinique ont été élaborées (4). Ces recommandations spécifient que la première étape du traitement de l'incontinence anale est la recherche et le traitement médicamenteux éventuel de troubles du transit. Lorsqu'il n'existe pas de trouble du transit, ou lorsque leur traitement est insuffisant pour guérir l'incontinence anale, une exploration spécifique de celle-ci est envisagée pour rechercher son origine. Si une cause sphinctérienne est retrouvée (ce qui correspond environ à 35% des patients incontinents anaux selon des données personnelles non publiées), une rééducation par biofeedback peut-être proposée dans un premier temps. Si la rééducation est un échec et qu'il existe une déchirure sphinctérienne significative, une réparation sphinctérienne par sphinctérorraphie est indiquée. Néanmoins, les résultats à long-terme de la sphinctérorraphie, malgré une restauration de l'anatomie sphinctérienne satisfaisante, sont décevants (5). Lorsque la sphinctérorraphie n'est pas réalisable (lésion sphinctérienne trop étendue, atteinte uniquement du sphincter anal interne) ou est un échec, lorsque l'incompétence sphinctérienne n'est pas secondaire à une lésion anatomique (pathologie neurologique, dégénérescence du sphincter anal interne, incontinence idiopathique), d'autres solutions thérapeutiques existent telles que la stimulation des racines sacrées, l'implantation d'un sphincter anal artificiel, la graciloplastie électrostimulée ou la stomie. L'indication de ce type de traitement spécifique de l'incontinence anale concernerait approximativement 7 % des patients consultant pour incontinence fécale (Données personnelles non publiées). La stimulation des racines sacrées est une thérapeutique efficace (avec un taux de succès évalué à environ 80%), peu invasive (6). Elle nécessite cependant l'intégrité anatomique de l'appareil anorectal et l'absence de lésion complète des racines sacrées ou médullaire (6). Elle nécessite également l'apprentissage du fonctionnement du neurostimulateur. Le sphincter anal artificiel et la graciloplastie électrostimulée sont des thérapeutiques efficaces mais avec un taux de morbidité relativement élevé secondaire à de fréquents problèmes d'infections et d'extériorisation du matériel prothétique (taux de complications nécessitant un traitement évalué à 40% pour la graciloplastie et 20% pour le sphincter anal artificiel) (7, 8). Environ 30% des patients traités par sphincter anal artificiel souffrent de constipation (8). Par ailleurs, il est nécessaire pour le patient ait la dextérité suffisante pour se servir de la pompe permettant la déflation du sphincter. La stomie est certes efficace, peu invasive mais parfois difficilement acceptée par les patients. Le traitement de l'incontinence fécale par radiofréquence permettrait de proposer une alternative thérapeutique non chirurgicale aux patients incontinents anaux.
| Translation - English
1. JUSTIFICATION OF RESEARCH:
Bowel incontinence is a public health problem. A telephone survey done on a representative sample of French adults over the age of 45 (1,100 people) reported that 11% of the subjects said they had suffered from bowel incontinence of some kind and frequency; 6% said they had already experienced an involuntary loss of fecal matter (fecal incontinence) of some frequency, and 2% had experienced fecal incontinence of a severe nature, or at least once a week (1).
Bowel incontinence has a significant social impact. By way of example, in the Perry study and in others (2), half of the individuals suffering from severe bowel incontinence said that it had a significant impact on their daily activities. Furthermore, although the cost of bowel incontinence is difficult to assess, it does have some importance. Thus, the direct costs related to urinary and bowel incontinence in the United States would be estimated at 16 billion dollars per year (3).
Given the prevalence of bowel incontinence and its socio-economic repercussions, recommendations for clinical practice were developed (4). These recommendations stipulate that the first step in the treatment of bowel incontinence is the research and potential medicinal treatment of bowel motility disorders. When no bowel motility disorder exists, or when treatment of said disorder proves insufficient for curing bowel incontinence, a specific exploration of the affected area is performed in order to discover its origins. If a sphincteric cause is discovered (which is the case in 35% of bowel incontinence patients according to unpublished personal accounts), a biofeedback training program could first be proposed. If the biofeedback training fails and there is a significant sphincteric rupture, a sphincteric repair by sphincterorrhapy is suggested. Nevertheless, the long term results of the sphincterorrhaphy, despite a satisfactory restoration of the sphincter, are disappointing (5). When the sphincterorrhaphy cannot be performed (the damage to the sphincter being too extensive or affecting only the internal anal sphincter) or if it is unsuccessful, when the ineptitude of the sphincter is not secondary to anatomical lesion (neurological pathology, degeneration of the internal anal sphincter, idiopathic incontinence), other therapeutic solutions such as stimulation of the sacral roots, implantation of an artificial anal sphincter, electrostimulated graciloplasty, or ostomy are available. The indication for this specific course of treatment for bowel incontinence affects approximately 7% of patients being seen for fecal incontinence (Personal information not published). Stimulation of the sacral roots is an effective therapy (with a success rate assessed of about 80%) that is minimally invasive (6). It does however require anatomical integrity of the anorectal apparatus and the absence of total damage of the sacral or spinal root (6). It also requires knowledge of how to operate the neurostimulator. The artificial anal sphincter and the electrostimulated graciloplasty are effective therapies, but their morbidity rate is relatively high, secondary to frequent problems of infections and exteriorization of prosthetic material (rate of complications requiring treatment evaluated at 40% for the graciloplasty and 20% for the artificial anal sphincter) (7,8). About 30% of patients treated with an artificial anal sphincter transplant experience constipation (8). Also, the patient must have adequate dexterity in order to properly use the pump which enables deflation of the sphincter. Ostomy is indeed an effective and minimally invasive treatment, but one to which patients sometimes have difficulty consenting. Radiofrequency treatment for bowel incontinence would make a non-surgical therapeutic alternative available to patients suffering bowel incontinence.
| Spanish to English: Bankomunales
Detailed field: Economics | Source text - Spanish
Descripción de sus productos o servicios: Nosotros creamos organizaciones financieras locales, que utilizan como capital, recursos aportados por la propia comunidad. Ofrecemos asesoría financiera y organizacional a comunidades rurales excluidas de los servicios financieros formales, para que la gente de la propia comunidad, constituya y opere su propio Bankomunal. De esta manera la comunidad presta servicios financieros a los miembros de la propia comunidad. La innovación no es que solo se usa recursos aportados por la comunidad, sino que estos aportes no se hacen a través de un mecanismo que hemos llamado micro-inversión. De esta manera la gente no es ahorrista del Bankomunal, sino inversionista, es decir no es un pasivo ahorrista, sino un activo inversionista. De esta manera todos los riesgos, pero también todos los beneficios del negocio financiero, son transferidos a la propia gente de la comunidad. Se trata de un negocio de inversión, que permite que la gente de la comunidad obtenga rentabilidad por su dinero, ofreciendo servicios de crédito a bajos costos a sus vecinos. Esos excedentes temporales que en ocasiones tienen los pobres, mediante este mecanismo, pueden ser utilizados rentablemente para satisfacer las necesidades temporales de crédito de sus vecinos. Esta es una manera altamente eficiente de utilizar recursos locales que de otra manera serían sub-utilizados. Sus efectos sobre la pobreza son inmediatos, no solo por el lado del crédito que apoya un alto número de actividades generadoras de ingresos, sino por el lado de la inversión, pues permite que dineros que de otra manera se descapitalizarían por los efectos de la inflación, sean utilizados rentablemente para el beneficio de inversionistas y solicitantes de crédito
| Translation - English
Description of products and services: We create local financial organizations that use as capital, resources from their own community. We offer financial and administrative counseling to rural communities secluded from formal financial services, so that Bankomunal will be made up of and operated by people from within the community. This way, the community will be lending financial services to its own members. The idea is that not only are we using the communities own resources, but also that these contributions are not made through a process that we have termed micro-investment. This way, the people are not savers of Bankomunal, but investors, meaning that a passive saving, but rather an active investment. This way, all the risks, as well as all the benefits of the financial dealings are shared by all the people of the community. It deals with an investment exercise that allows the people to obtain a return on their money, offering credit services at a low cost to its residents. These temporary surpluses occasionally experienced by the poor, by these means, can be used profitably to satisfy the temporary credit needs of the residents.
This is a highly efficient way of using local resources that would be otherwise under-utilized. Its effects on poverty are immediate, not only on the aspects of credit that support a high number of revenue-generating activities, but also for investment aspects, thus permitting moneys that would otherwise be used in lost in the effects of inflation, to be used profitably for the benefit of investors and credit solicitors.
| French to English: The voices of the poor
Detailed field: Social Science, Sociology, Ethics, etc. | Source text - French
Synthèse des apports de la recherche
L'histoire que nous avons voulu écrire est celle d'un changement possible pour les pauvres et pour ceux qui ne le sont pas. À travers un bref survol de l'histoire des pauvres, une analyse de leur situation actuelle, une réflexion sur le regard des scientifiques et le témoignage des militants, nous avons montré que, de manière constante, les pauvres sont regardés avec mépris. Bien souvent, le reste de la société ne voit chez eux que manques : manque de biens matériels évidemment, mais aussi manque d'instruction, d'intelligence, de cohérence, de sens moral, etc. Les pauvres engendrent des réflexes de peur et de rejet. On ne leur donne pas la parole. Nous avons donc voulu rendre la parole à ceux qui ont l'expérience de la misère. | Translation - English
Research summary
The story that we wanted to write is one of a possible change in the lives of the poor and rich alike. Through a brief synopsis of the history of the poor, an analysis of their current situation, a reflection from a scientific viewpoint and testimony from the military community, we have shown that the poor are constantly regarded with contempt. All too often the rest of society only sees them as lacking; lacking in material goods obviously, but also lacking in education, in intelligence, in stability, in morality, etc. The poor incite a reflex of fear and repulsion. Their voices are not heard. Therefore we want to give a voice to those in miserable circumstances. |
More Less | | abbreviations, architecture, construction, engineering, general, law, shipbuilding es-en-es, sports fitness | | Master's degree - Monterey Institute of International Studies | | Years of translation experience: 7. Registered at ProZ.com: Jul 2004. Became a member: Oct 2007. | | N/A | Spanish to English (University of South Alabama - USA)
French to English (University of South Alabama - USA)
French to English (Monterey Institute of International Studies)
| | N/A | | Crystal Translation Team | | Across, Adobe Acrobat, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word, Powerpoint, SDL TRADOS | | CV available upon request | | Crystal Samples endorses ProZ.com's Professional Guidelines. | | About me SUMMARY OF QUALIFICATIONS
• MA in Translation and Localization Management
• BA in Foreign Language and Literature (double major in French and Spanish)
• Over 7 years of experience in translation from French and Spanish to English (4 years freelance)
• Proficiency in standard tools of the industry such as SDL Trados, WorldServer, Multiterm, and Wordfast
• Considerable experience in technical, medical, financial and legal translation
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Keywords: french, spanish, english, translation, shipbuilding, engineering, maritime, international organization, construction, environmental, sustainability, español, inglés, francés, anglais, français, construcción, ingeniería, maritimo, human resources, recursos humanos, resources humaines, press release
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