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Catherine Muir
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Indonesian to English: Indonesian Cigarette Manufacturing Industry General field: Bus/Financial Detailed field: Manufacturing
Source text - Indonesian FORTUNE INDONESIA 17 Oktober 2010, hal. 38-41 Industri Rokok: Dijepit, Masih Melejit Oleh JB Soesetiyo Reportase: Dhorifi Zumar, Leonardus Metanoven dan Patrick S. Hutapea SEJUMLAH ATURAN DIKELUARKAN UNTUK MEMBATASI INDUSTRI ROKOK, NAMUN, PENJUALAN ROKOK SELAMA 2010 TERUS TUMBUH. JAKARTA, awal Juli 2010. Selama dua hari di Hotel Santika, Slipi, 40-an wartawan mengikuti workshop bertema “Investigasi Fakta di Balik Mitos Industri Tembakau.” Penyelenggaranya, Lembaga Studi Pers dan Pembangunan, dan Aliansi Jurnalis Independen, sebuah organisasi pers. Wartawan Fortune Indonesia yang ikut acara itu melaporkan, workshop kental dengan aroma anti rokok. INDUSTRI ROKOK Betul, karena di ruang seminar tercantum larangan merokok, selama workshop tak seorang pun wartawan yang merokok. Namun, tiba saatnya coffee break atau makan siang, juga usai seminar, beberapa wartawan segera memenuhi smoking room atau tempat-tempat yand diperbolehkan merokok, seperti di ruang makan. Begitulah, nuansa workshop yang antirokok tak cukup ampuh menekan orang untuk tidak merokok. Paling tidak selama workshop. Larangan merokok di ruang seminar atau hotel, juga di beberapa area publik lainnya, hanyalah beberapa dari sejumlah aturan yang kian menjepit industri rokok di Indonesia. Aturan lainnya, masih banyak. Misalnya, pada 2010 ini pemerintah bakal menaikan tarif cukai hingga lebih dari 5%. Mestinya, kenaikan ini akan memaksa produsen menaikan harga jual rokok. Dampaknya,m konsumsi rokok akan menurun. Benarkah? Ada lagi peraturan “antirokok” dari beberapa pemerintah daerah. Misalnya, Pemprov DKI Jakarta mengeluarkan Perda No. 2/2005 tentang Pengendalian Pencemaran Udara di Jakarta, yang ditopang Peraturan Guvernur No. 75/2005 tentang Pelaksanaan Kawasan Dilarang Merokok; Perda No. 5/2009 tentang Kawasan Tanpa Rokok (KTR) dan Kawasan Terbatas Merokok (KTM) di Kota Surabaya; serta sejumlah perda lainnya yang dikeluarkan Pemerintah Kota Palembang, Cirebon, Bogor, Semarang dan Padangpanjang. Muhammadiyah per Maret 2010 juga mengeluarkan fatwa: meerokok itu haram. Ini naik tingkat ketimbang fatwa 2005, yang masih menganggap merokok itu mubah. Artinya, boleh dilakukan, tapi lebih baik kalau ditinggalkan. Muhammadiyah adalah organisasi massa Islam terbesar ke-w di Indonesian dengan 29 juta anggota. Jika semua anggota Muhammadiyah mengikuti fatwa tersebut, industri rokok berpotensi kehilangan setidak-tidaknya 29 juta konsumen atau calon konsumen. Masih ada PP No. 19/2003 yang mengatur sejumlah hal, seperti kewajiban mencantumkan peringatan bahaya merokok, kandungan tar dan nikotin, serta membatasi iklan rokok di media elektronik. Iklan rokok hanya boleh ditayangkan pada jam 21.30 hingga 05.00. Di luar itu, dilarang. Lainnya adalah gencarnya kampanye antirokok oleh sejumlah LSM. Ada juga persaingan terselubung dengan industri farmasi yang membuat produk antirokok. Di pasar memang beredar beberapa produk antirokok, seperti Nicorette, Nico-Derm atau Zyban, yang diproduksi oleh perusahaan farmasi multinasional, seperty GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Aventis, Pfizer dan Johnson & Johnson. Ampuhkan regulasi, kampanye dan persaingan bisnis tadi dalam menekan konsumsi rokok? Mari kita lihat. Jumlah Perokok di Indonesia vs Negara Lain (Juta Jiwa) NO NEGARA JUMLAH PEROKOK JUMLAH PENDUDUK PROSENTASE 1 Cina 390 1.344,83 29% 2 India 144 1.152 12,5% 3 Indonesia 65 232,1 28% 4 Amerika Serikat 61 141,86 43% 5 Rusia 59 310,53 19% Kajian Lembaga Demografi, Fakultas Ekonomi UI, menyebut kenaikan cukan rokok bahkan hingga 10% pun tak akan menurunkan konsumsi rokok. “Ibaratnay, kalau semula per orang menghisap 16 batang rokok sehari, dengan kenaikan cukai, menjadi 15.4 batang,” kata Sonny Harry Harmadi, kepala Lambaga Demografi, FE-UI, dalam sebuah seminar di Jakarta, beberapa waktu lalu. Penurunan volume yang tak seberapa itu, lanjut dia, segera tertutup dengan pertambahan penduduk dan hadirnya para perokok baru. Bagaimana dengan perda antirokok? Lihatlah kasus di Surabaya. Perda KTR/KTM yang berlaku Oktober 2009 sebenarnya dilengkapi sanksi kurungan tiga bulan atau denda Rp50 juta. Untuk menjamin perda ini efektif, pihak Pemerintah Kota Surabaya menempatkan petugas yang bergilir mengawasi KTR/KTM, seperti pusat-pusat perbelanjaan, terminal, dan kantor pemerintahan. Mereka disebar dalam tim-tim kecil yang selalu bergerak dari satu lokasi ke lokasi yang lain. Enam bulan pasca perda diberlakukan, salah satu LSM di sana, yakni Center for Religious and Community Studies (CeRCS), melakukan survei yang melibatkan 500-an responden berusia 18 tahun atau lebih. Sampel diambil dari lokasi KTR/KTM. Survei juga mengamati langusung ada tidaknya tanda larangan merokok, mengetahui tingkat pelanggaran, dan mekanisme penegakkan perda. Hasil survei, sebagaimana dilaporkan media-media terbitan Surabaya, menemukan pelanggaran di mana-mana. Di perkantoran, tempat-tempat umum, angkutan umum, saran pendidikan, maupun instansi pemerintahan, erokok masih leluasa merokok. Direktur CeRCS Siti Nurjanah menilai perda itu tidak ampuh karena, “Penegakan hukumnya nihil.” Buktinya, sejak perda itu berlaku, hanya tiga pelanggar yang ditindak. Itu pun sanksinya sangat minimal. Bagaimana dengan fatwa Muhammadiyah, persaingan dengan industri farmasi dan kampanye antirokok? Ini paling sulit diukur. Namun, data beberapa perusahaan rokok menyebutkan sampai semester I-2010, penjualan mereka terus tumbuh. PT HM Sampoerna TBK., produsen rokok terbesar di Tanah Air, masih membukukan penjualan Rp20,62 triliun, atau tumbuh 10,5% ketimbang periode yang sama tahun lalu. Sepanjang 2009 HM Sampoerna menjual 75,9 miliar batang rokok, atau menguasai 29,1% pangsa pasar. Begitu pula PT Gudang Garam Tbk. Selama semester I-2010 pendapatannya tumbuh 19,48% menjadi Rp18 triliun. Juga PT Bentoel Internasional Investama Tbk., penjualannya meningkat mencapai Rp4,37 triliun, atau tumbuh 52,82%. Bentoel adalah produsen rokok ke-4 terbesar di Indonesia. Ismanu Soemiran, Ketua Umum Gabungan Perserikatan Pabrik Rokok Indonesia (GAPPRI) memprediksikan konsumsi rokok selama 2010 masih akan tumbuh. “Kalau pada 2009 mendapai 245 miliar batang, tahun 2010 bisa 262 miliar batang,” katanya. Itu artinya naik lebih dari 6%. Angka 262 miliar batang itu sudah di atas batas road map industri rokok nasional. Menurut road map yang dibuat Kementerian Perindustrian, sejak 2015 konsumsi rokok nasional dipatok maksimal 260 miliar batang. APA YANG MEMBUAT sejumlah regulasi tadi seakan-akan tak mampu membendung kenaikan konsumsi rokok? Selain faktor kecanduan, kampanye yang dilakukan industri rokok juga memainkan peran penting. Sejak adanya pembatasan iklan rokok di TV, mereka mengalihkan dananya dengan memberikan beasiswa, menjadi sponsor turnamen olahraga, dan event lainnya. Salah satu event yang paling mereka sukai adalah meyesponsori konser musik yang menampilkan grup-grup band yang paling digemari para remaja. Bagi industri rokok, remaja adalah konsumen dan calon konsumen masa depan. Di saat konser itu biasanya mereka menjual rokok dan memberikan Cuma-Cuma produk terbarunya. Survei Social Ekonomi Nasional menyimpulkan konsumsi rokok di kalangan remaja terus meningkat. Jika pada 1996 ada 14% remaja yang merokok, tahun 2007 naik menjadi 38,9%. Produsen rokok juga berkampanya melalui media sosial dan film. Ingat film King yang diproduksi oleh PT Alenia Pictures. Film ini bercerita tentang seorang anak bernama Guntur, yang ingin berprestasi di cabang olah raga bulutangkis. Berkat perjuangannya, ia pun menjadi juara tingkat desa dan mendapatkan piala. Namun, yang diharapkan Guntur bukan piala, tapi uang. Maka, ketika Cuma mendapat piala, ia patah semangat. Untung Guntur memiliki sahabat setia. Sang sehabat ini mendorong Guntur mengikuti seleksi guna memperoleh beasiswa sekolah bulutangkis di Kabupaten Kudus. And tahu siapa pihak yang menyelenggarakan seleksi? Pabrik rokok yang ada di kabupaten itu! Apa mau dikata. Akan tetapi, semua ajang promosi bagi perusahaan rakok bakal mendapat ancaman serius jika Rancangan Peraturan Pemerintah (RPP) tentang Pengamanan Produk Tembakau Sabagai Zat Adiktif bagi Kesehatan, dikenal dengan sebutan RPP Rokok, jadi diberlakukan. RPP ini turunan dari UU No. 36/2009 tentang Kesehatan. Tjandra Yoga Aditama, Dirjen Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan Lingkungan, Departement kesehatan, memaparkan RPP akan mengatur lima hal, yakni informasi tentang kandungan dalam rokok, pencantuman peringatan kesehatan pada kemasan rokok, penjualan rokok, syarat periklanan, promosi dan sponsor rokok, serta penerapan KTR. Saat ini draf RPP masih dibahas tim teknis yang melibatkan sejumlah kementerian. Salah satu isu mengemuka dari RPP ini adalah perusahaan rokok akan dilarang sama sekali beriklan atau menjadi sponsor event. Kalau ini disetujui, makin terjepitlah industri rokok. Mereka tak punya saluran untuk berpromosi. Inilah yang dikecam kalangan industri rokok. Director of Corporate Affairs PT HM Sampoerna Tbk., Yos Adiguna Ginting, setuju adanya area bebas rokok, seperti sekolah, tempat bermain anak, rumah sakit, tempat ibadat, dan kendaraan transportasi umum. “Namun, kami ingin aturan yang adil dan berimbang, melindungi orang yang merokok dan tidak merokok. Sebagai produk yang legal, kami ingi berkomunikasi dengan konsumen, melalui saluran-saluran yang tersedia. Jadi, jangan dilarang secara total,” ungkapnya. PRODUKSI ROKOK VS PEROLAHAN CUKAI 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 PRODUKSI ROKOK (MILIAR BATANG) 228 208 200 223 222 221 225 240 245 CUKAI (RP TRILIUN) 18 23.1 28.3 29.1 33 35 42 49.9 53.5 SUMBER: DIRJEN INDUSTRI AGRO DAN KIMIA, KEMENTERIAN PERINDUSTRIAN, 2010 Ilyani S. Andang, Pengurus Harian & Asisten Koordinator Pengendalian Tembakau Yayasan Lembaga Konsumen Indonesia, dengan sinis menimpali, “Saat ini, hanya Indonesia dan Zimbabwe yang masih membolehkan iklan rokok di televisi.” Ketua Gabungan Produsen Rokok Putih Indonnesia, M. Moefti, setuju adanya pembatasan rokok. Misalnya, untuk remaja di bawah umur dan wanita hamil. “Kami bekerja sama dengan para pengecer, seperti dengan PT Lion Superindo, agar mereka hanya menjual rokok kepada pembeli berusia minimal 18 tahun,” ungkap Moefti. Namun, lanjut dia, dia ingin kepastian hukum. Contohnya, aturan tentan batas usia minimum perokok, yang saat ini belum ada. Pembahasan RPP memang a lot. Kementerian Kesehatan mendukung RPP yang membatasi gerak industri rokok. Alasannya, seperti dikemukakan Suwarta Kosen, peneliti dari Puslitbang, Departement kesehatan, biaya kesehatan yang dikeluarkan Indonesia akibat merokok pada 2006 mencapai hampir Rp181 triliun. Ini berarti 5,1 kali lipat ketimbang penerimaan negara dari cukai rokok. Ketua Koalisi untuk Indonesia Sehat, Prof Firman Lubis, mengungkapkan keuntungan industri rokok sekitar Rp13 triliun, sementar kerugian yang ditimbulkan Rp42 triliun lebih. Sementara, lima kementerian ada di posisi berseberangan: Kementerian Perindustrian, Perdagangan, Keuangan, Pertanian serta Kementerian Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi. Mereka menilai industri rokok masih penting bagi perekonomian karena mempekerjakan 6,1 juta tenaga kerja. Melalui sukai dan PPN, para perokok menyumbang sekitar 5% penerimaan di APBN. Pada 2010, cukai dari rokok ditargetkan mencapai Rp56 triliun dan PPN Rp12 triliun. Jadi, sumbangan perokok mencapai Rp68 triliun. Sementara, volume APBN 2010 berkisar Rp1.200 triliun. Bisnis rokok di Indonesia memang masih menjanjikan. Sebuah sumber di pabrik rokok besar berbisik, “Meski marginnya berkisar 10%. Itu sebabnya volume penting bagi kami.” Itulah yang membuat produsen rokok mereka menentang habis-habisan larangan total berpromosi. FORTUNE INDONESIA 17 Oktober 2010, hal. 42 Roadmap Industri Rokok SIKAP MENDUA pemerintah soal rokok tercermin dari roadmap yang disiapkan Kementerian Perindustrian. Intinya, pemerintah menganggap kesehatan masalah penting, tapi penerimaan negara juga penting. “Jadi, perlu keseimbangan,” tegas Benny Wachyudi, Dirjen Industri Agro dan Kimia, Departement Perindustrian. Ia menambahkan, “Apalagi kabinet sekarang pro job, atau pro penciptaan lapangan kerja.” Saat ini industri rokok melibatkan sekitar 6,1 juta tenaga kerja, yang terdiri dari petani tembakau, buruh pabrik rokok sampai mereka yang terlibat di jaringan distribusi. Kalau setiap orang yang terlibat mempunyai satu istri/suami, dan dua anak, maka ada 24,4 juta orang yang hidupnya tergantung dari rokok. Ini setara dengan sekitar 10% dari seluruh penduduk Indonesia. Dengan kondis seperti itu, beginilah roadmap-nya. Pada 2007-2010, prioritas pemerintah pada aspek keseimbangan tenaga kerja, penerimaan dan kesehatan. Intinya, jangan sampai industri rokok terganggu. Namun, Benny menduga, keberpihakan terhadap industri rokok bakal mundur lagi sampai 2011-2012 mengingat banyaknya angkatan kerja yang belum tertampung. “Bukan berarti aspek kesehatan menjadi nomor dua, melainkan masuk prioritas berikutnya,” katanya. Untuk 2010-2015, urutan prioritasnya adalah penerimaan, kesehatan dan tenaga kerja. Untuk itu pemerintah akan menaikkan tarif cukai. Hanya, pemerintah masih terus menghitung dampaknya. Sebab, menaikkan tarif cukai bisa membuat pabrik rokok kecil dan menengah gulung tikar. Padahal, sampai akhir 2009, menurut Benny, ada 3.255 perusahaan rokok, atau turun ketimbang beberapa tahun sebelumnya yang 4.793 perusahaan. Sekali lagi, ini perusahaan, bukan pabrik. Satu perusahaan biasanya punya beberapa pabrik. Dan, sebagian besar dari perusahaan-perusahaan itu berskala kecil dan menengah. Jadi, jika tarif cukai dinaikkan dan perusahaan-perusahaan kecil-menengah gulung tikar, kat Benny, “Itu akan menimbulkan masalah sosial.” Untuk meredam dampak itu, pemerintah akan menyederhanakan tarif cukai dan memberantas rokok ilegal. Kemusian, 2015-2020 urutan prioritasnya kesehatan, penerimaan dan tenaga kerja. “Saat itu diharapkan kualitas pendidikan, kesejahteraan dan ekonomi sudah meningkat. Ekonomi diharapkan sudah tumbuh 7%-8%,” papar Benny. Langkah pun dilakukan dengan menaikkan tarif cukai. Dengan cara itu harga rokok akan naik, dan pembeli rokok menurun. Pada period ini volume produksi rokok dipatok: 260 miliar batang, tak boleh lebih.	Translation - English FORTUNE INDONESIA 17 October 2010, pp. 38-41 Cigarette Industry: Feeling The Squeeze But Still Booming By JB Soesetiyo Reporters: Dhorifi Zumar, Leonardus Metanoven and Patrick S. Hutapea DESPITE PROMULGATION OF REGULATIONS TO RESTRICT THE CIGARETTE INDUSTRY, DURING 2010 CIGARETTE SALES CONTINUED TO GROW. JAKARTA, early July 2010. Over a two-day period, Slipi, a 40-something journalist attended a workshop entitled "Facts Behind the Myths of the Tobacco Industry." The workshop was organized by the Institute for Press and Development Studies, and the Alliance of Independent Journalists, a press organization. The Fortune Indonesia journalists who attended the workshop reported that the atmosphere was decidedly anti-smoking. THE CIGARETTE INDUSTRY Because of signs prohibiting smoking that were posted in the seminar room, over the course of the workshop not one journalist smoked. However, during coffee breaks and lunch, and after the seminar, several reporters went straight to the smoking room or other areas where smoking was permitted, such as the dining room. So, the anti-smoking sentiment of the workshop was not powerful enough to pressure attendees not to smoke. The bans on smoking in seminar rooms or hotels, as well as in some other public areas, are just a few of the many rules that are increasingly putting the squeeze on the cigarette industry in Indonesia. There are many more rules. For example, in 2010, the government will increase excise tax rates by more than 5%. It is certain that these increases will force producers to raise the price of cigarettes. The effect of this will be that consumption of cigarettes will decline. Really? Some local governments have also instituted "anti-smoking" regulations. For example, the Government of the Province of Special Capital District of Jakarta issued Local Regulation (Perda) No. 2/2005 on Control of Air Pollution in Jakarta, which was implemented by Governor Regulation No. 75/2005 on Implementation of No Smoking Areas; Local Regulation No. 5/2009 on No Smoking Areas (KTR, Kawasan Tanpa Rokok) and Restricted Smoking Areas (KTM, Kawasan Terbatas Merokok) in Surabaya; as well as other local regulations issued by the governments of Palembang, Cirebon, Bogor, Semarang and Padangpanjang. In March 2010, Muhammadiyah issued a fatwa, declaring smoking to be forbidden (haram). This increased the level compared with the fatwa of 2005 which viewed smoking to be neutral (mubah), i.e., permissible, but best avoided. Muhammadiyah is the second largest Islamic mass organization in Indonesia with 29 million members. If all Muhammadiyah members follow the fatwa, the tobacco industry has the potential to lose at least 29 million consumers or potential consumers. Then there's Government Regulation 19/2003, which regulates a number of things, such as the obligation to include warnings of the dangers of smoking and levels of tar and nicotine and restricts cigarette advertising in the electronic media. Cigarette advertising may be aired only between the hours of 9:30 PM to 5:00 AM. Outside of those hours, it is banned. There is also a vigorous anti-smoking campaign by NGOs, as well as covert competition with the pharmaceutical industry that manufactures anti-smoking products. Several anti-smoking products are in distribution, such as Nicorette, Nico-Derm or Zyban, which are produced by multinational pharmaceutical companies, such as GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Aventis, Pfizer and Johnson & Johnson. Are these regulations, campaigns and business competitions effective in suppressing the consumption of cigarettes? Let's see. Number of smokers in Indonesia vs. Other Countries (Million People) NO COUNTRY NUMBER SMOKERS NUMBER POPULATION PERCENTAGE 1 China 390 1,344.83 29% 2 India 144 1,152 12.5% 3 Indonesia 65 232.1 28% 4 United States of America 61 141.86 43% 5 Russia 59 310.53 19% A study by the Demographic Institute of the Faculty of Economics, University of Indonesia (FE-UI), has found that a cigarette tax increase of up to 10% would not reduce cigarette consumption. “The fact is that if a person smokes 16 cigarettes a day, the effect of a tax increase would be to reduce his/her daily consumption to 15.4 cigarettes,” said Sonny Harry Harmadi, Head of the Demographic Institute, FE-UI, at a seminar in Jakarta some time ago. A decrease in volume of that level, he went on, would be immediately offset by the increase in the population and the entry of new smokers. What about anti-smoking regulations? Look at the case of Surabaya. Local regulations (Perda) on No Smoking Areas and Restricted Smoking Areas which took effect in October 2009 included penalties of three months in jail or a fine of 50 million rupiah. To ensure the effectiveness of this local regulation, the Government of Surabaya appointed officers to oversee No Smoking and Restricted Smoking Areas, such as shopping centers, terminals, and government offices. They were deployed in small teams that were always moving from one location to another. Six months after the regulations were imposed, one of the local NGOs, i.e., the Center for Religious and Community Studies (CeRCS), conducted a survey of 500 of respondents aged 18 years and over. Samples were taken from No Smoking and Restricted Smoking locations. The survey also directly observed the presence or absence of no-smoking signs, ascertained the level of violations, and [recorded] mechanisms for enforcement of the regulations. The survey results, as reported by the media published in Surabaya, found violations everywhere. In offices, public places, public transport, educational facilities and government agencies, smokers were still free to smoke. CeRCS Director Siti Nurjanah judged the regulation to be ineffective because "law enforcement is nonexistent." To prove the point, since the enactment of the local regulation, only three offenders have been charged and the penalties imposed were minimal. What about the Muhammadiyah fatwa, the competition with the pharmaceutical industry and the anti-smoking campaign? Those are more difficult to measure. However, data on several tobacco companies show that thru the first half of 2010, sales continued to grow. Sampoerna, the largest cigarette producer in the country, posted sales of 20.62 trillion rupiah, or 10.5% growth compared to the same period last year. During 2009, Sampoerna sold 75.9 billion cigarettes, holding a 29.1% market share. Likewise, the Gudang Garam company. During the first half of 2010, revenues grew 19.48% to 18 trillion rupiah. And Bentoel's sales increased to 4.37 trillion rupiah, an increase of 52.82%. Bentoel is the fourth largest cigarette producer in Indonesia. Ismanu Soemiran, Chairman of the Association of Clove-Blended Cigarette Manufacturers of Indonesia (GAPPRI, Gabungan Perserikatan Pabrik Rokok Indonesia) predicts that cigarette consumption will continue to increase throughout 2010. "During 2009, consumption reached 245 billion sticks; in 2010 that could rise to 262 billion sticks," he said, an increase of more than 6%. The figure of 262 billion sticks is above the upper limit of the road map for the national cigarette industry. According to the road map produced by the Ministry of Industry, the national cigarette consumption will be capped in 2015 at a maximum of 260 billion sticks. Why are all these regulations incapable of stemming the increase in cigarette consumption? Besides the addiction factor, the campaign waged by the tobacco industry also plays an important role. Following the ban on tobacco advertising on TV, they shifted their funds into provision of scholarships and sponsorship of sporting tournaments and other events. One of their favorite events is sponsorship of music concerts featuring bands most popular with teenagers. For the tobacco industry, young people are the consumers and potential consumers of the future. At concerts, they usually sell cigarettes and give away free samples of their newest products. The National Socioeconomic Survey concluded that cigarette consumption among teenagers continues to increase. In 1996 14% of teens were smokers; in 2007, that figure rose to 38.9%. Cigarette manufacturers also run campaigns through social media and film, for example, the movie King which was produced by Alenia Pictures. The story is about a boy named Guntur who wanted to excel in the sport of badminton. Because of his struggle, he became champion of the village and won a trophy. However, what Guntur wanted was not a trophy, but money. When all he got was a trophy, he lost interest. Fortunately, Guntur had a loyal friend. The friend encouraged Guntur to try for a scholarship to the badminton school in Kudus Regency. And guess who was offering the scholarship? The local cigarette factory! What more can I say. However, all promotional events by tobacco companies will be under serious threat if the Draft Regulation (RPP, Rancangan Peraturan Pemerintah) on Safeguarding Human Health Against Tobacco Products as Addictive Substances, known as RPP Rokok, is enacted. This Draft Regulation derives from Law No. 36/2009 on Health. Tjandra Yoga Aditama, Director General of Disease Control and Environmental Health of the Department of Health, explained that the Draft Regulation will regulate five matters, i.e., information on cigarette ingredients, the inclusion of health warnings on cigarette packaging, cigarette sales, advertising, promotion and sponsorship, and application of No Smoking Areas. Currently, the Draft Regulation is being discussed within technical teams involving a number of ministries. One of the main sticking points in the Draft Regulation is the proposed ban on advertising and event sponsorship by cigarette companies. If this provision is approved, the cigarette industry will be squeezed even further. They will have no channels for promotion. This is what the tobacco industry has been criticizing. Sampoerna's Director of Corporate Affairs, Adiguna Yos Ginting, agrees that schools, children's playgrounds, hospitals, places of worship, and public transportation should be smoke free. "However, we want rules that are fair and balanced, that protect both smokers and non-smokers. The products are legal and we want to communicate with consumers through available channels. So, don't impose a total ban," he said. Ilyani S. Andang, Executive Officer & Assistant Coordinator of Tobacco Control for the Indonesian Consumers Foundation, sarcastically replied, "Currently, only Indonesia and Zimbabwe still allow cigarette advertising on television." CIGARETTE PRODUCTION VS EXCISE TAX PROCEEDS 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 CIGARETTE PRODUCTION (BILLION STICKS) 228 208 200 223 222 221 225 240 245 EXCISE TAX (TRILLION RUPIAH) 18 23.1 28.3 29.1 33 35 42 49.9 53.5 SOURCE : Directorate General for Chemical, Agriculture and Forestry Based Industries, 2010 The Chairman of the Association of Indonesian White Cigarette Producers (GAPRINDO), M. Moefti, agrees that there should be restrictions on smoking, for example, for underage teens and pregnant woman. "We are working with retailers, such as Lion Superindo, so they only sell cigarettes to buyers at least 18 years of age," said Moefti. However, he added, he wants legal certainty. For example, rules on the minimum age for smokers are currently not available. Discussion of the Draft Regulation has been contentious. The Ministry of Health supports a Draft Regulation to put restrictions on the cigarette industry. The reason, as stated by Suwarta Kosen, a researcher with the Research and Development Center of the Department of Health, is that health costs incurred by Indonesia due to smoking in 2006 reached almost 181 trillion rupiah. This is 5.1 times more than state revenues from cigarette excise tax. Chairman of the Coalition for Healthy Indonesia, Prof. Firman Lubis, said the tobacco industry profit is about 13 trillion rupiah, while the damage incurred amounts to more than 42 trillion rupiah. Meanwhile, five ministries have taken the opposite position: the Ministries of Industry, Trade, Finance, Agriculture and the Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration. They consider the tobacco industry to be essential to the economy because it employs 6.1 million workers. Through excise and VAT, smokers account for about 5% of the revenues in the National Budget. In 2010, cigarettes are expected to contribute 56 trillion rupiah in excise tax and 12 trillion rupiah in VAT. So, smokers will contribute 68 trillion rupiah to the National Budget, of a total 2010 National Budget of approximately 1,200 trillion rupiah. The cigarette business in Indonesia is still promising. A source at a large cigarette factory confided that "The margin is only about 10%, so it's volume that's important to us.” That's why cigarette manufacturers are opposed to a total ban on promotion. FORTUNE INDONESIA, October 17, 2010, p. 42 Road Map for the Cigarette Industry THE GOVERNMENT'S AMBIVALENCE about cigarettes is reflected in the road map prepared by the Ministry of Industry. The bottom line is that the government considers health to be an important issue, but state revenues are also important. "So, there needs to be a balance," said Benny Wachyudi, Director General of Chemical, Agriculture and Forestry Based Industries at the Ministry of Industry. He added, "Moreover, the cabinet is now pro job or pro job creation." Today about 6.1 million workers are employed in the tobacco industry, including tobacco farmers, cigarette factory workers and those involved in the distribution network. If each of these has a spouse and two children, then there are 24.4 million people whose livelihoods depend on cigarettes. This equates to about 10% of the total population of Indonesia. This reality is reflected in the road map. In 2007-2010, the government's priority is balancing the aspects of employment, income and health. The bottom line is that there should be no disruption to the tobacco industry. However, Benny expects that favoritism towards the tobacco industry will decline during 2011-2012 in view of the size of the labor force that has not been accommodated. “It's not that health is secondary, it's just that it is not the main priority,” he said. For 2010-2015, the order of priority is revenue, health and employment, for which the government will increase excise tax. However, the government must still continue to consider the impact, because raising taxes can cause small and medium-sized cigarette factories to close down. In fact, at the end of 2009, according to Benny, there were 3,255 tobacco companies, compared to 4,793 companies a few years earlier. Again, these were companies, not factories. One company usually has several factories and the majority of those companies were small-to-medium size enterprises. So, if the excise tax were increased and small-to-medium sized enterprises go out of business, Benny said, "It would cause social problems." To mitigate that impact, the government will simplify the cigarette excise tax and combat the illegal trade in cigarettes. Then, in 2015-2020 the order of priorities will be health, revenue and employment. "By that time, we expect that the quality of education, welfare and the economy will have improved. The economy is expected to grow 7% -8%, "said Benny. Steps have been taken to increase excise tax, causing the price of cigarettes to rise and the number of purchasers to fall. In this period, the volume of cigarette production will be capped at 260 billion sticks.
Indonesian to English: Cigarette Consumption Exacerbates Poverty General field: Social Sciences Detailed field: Social Science, Sociology, Ethics, etc.
Source text - Indonesian Konsumsi Rokok Perburuk Kemiskinan By Indira Permanasari JAKARTA. KOMPAS - Konsumsi tembakau, terutama rokok, memperburuk kemiskinan. Hal ini harus menjadi kekhawatiran, terutama di negara-negara berkembang, termasuk Indonesia- pengonsumsi rokok ketiga terbesar di dunia setelah China dan India"Negara berkembang di satu sisi berusaha mengurangi kemiskinan dengan memperbesar investasi pendidikan dan kesehatan, tetapi juga menghadapi adiksi tembakau," ujar Sekretaris Jenderal ASEAN Surin Pitsuwan sebagai pembicara utama dalam Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health (APACT) di Sydney, Australia, Kamis (7/10), yang berlangsung 6-9 Oktober 2010. Surin mengungkapkan, "Dana tembakau dapat dialihkan untuk pendidikan, rumah, dan kebutuhan pokok. Generasi berikutakan lebih baik dan kita menyelesaikan masalah kemiskinan." Kendala mengendalikan tembakau karena ada adiksi di kalangan pengguna dan resistensi industri. Menurut dia, keberhasilan ditentukan komitmen politik pemimpin dan komunikasi ke masyarakat agar paham pentingnya pengendalian tembakau di India, Rijo M John, PhD dari American Cancer Society, AS, mengatakan, konsumsi tembakau meningkatkan angka kemiskinan 1,6 persen di desa dan 0,8 persen di kota-menambah sekitar 15 juta orang miskin di India Dari penelitian Lembaga Demografi Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia, menurut Abdillah Ahsan, "Uang untuk rokok sembilan kali pengeluaran pendidikan dan 15 kali pengeluaran kesehatan." Kompas, 8 Oktober 2010	Translation - English Cigarette Consumption Exacerbates Poverty By Indira Permanasari JAKARTA. KOMPAS - Tobacco consumption, especially cigarettes, exacerbates poverty. This should be a concern, especially in developing countries, including Indonesia, the third-largest cigarette consumer in the world after China and India. "Developing countries on the one hand try to reduce poverty by increasing investment in education and health, but on the other hand have to deal with tobacco addiction," said ASEAN Secretary-General Surin Pitsuwan, the keynote speaker at the Asia-Pacific Conference On Tobacco Or Health (APACT) in Sydney, Australia, Thursday (10/7), held October 6-9, 2010. Surin said, "Money spent on tobacco could be diverted to education, housing and basic necessities. Ensuing generations would be better off and we would solve the problem of poverty." Hampering tobacco control are addiction among users and industry resistence. According to Surin, success will be determined by political commitment of leaders and communication to the public so that they understand the importance of tobacco control. In India, according to Rijo M. John PhD, of the American Cancer Society, tobacco consumption increased the rate of poverty by 1.6 percent in rural areas and 0.8 percent in cities, adding about 15 million poor people in India. Research by the Demographic Institute, Faculty of Economics, University of Indonesia, according to Abdillah Ahsan, indicates that "spending on cigarettes is nine times that for education and fifteen times that for health." Kompas, October 8, 2010
Indonesian to English: Dephan Republik Indonesia: Supremasi Sipil tanpa Kendali Efektif General field: Other Detailed field: Military / Defense
Source text - Indonesian Bagi mereka yang terlibat dalam berbagai upaya reformasi pertahanan pada khususnya dan sektor keamanan pada umumnya tidak sulit untuk menangkap kesan bahwa momentum untuk reformasi tampaknya tidak lagi sebesar lima tahun pertama tumbangnya Orde Baru. Pengaturan pada tataran Undang¬-Undang agaknya sudah mencapai titik jenuh, sebagian diantaranya karena sebagian besar agenda legislasi disusun dalam program legislasi nasional (prolegnas) yang disusun oleh Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional dan kemudian dibicarakan dengan Badan Legislasi di DPR. Pembaharu di Departemen Pertahanan tampaknya harus memulai dengan berbagai prakarsa internal, khususnya yang terkait dengan peningkatan kapasitas departemen tersebut. Padahal sebagian besar karakter yang menandai perubahan dalam delapan tahun belakangan ini adalah depolitisasi militer, bukan profesionalisme militer. Bisa jadi, tahapan reformasi militer pada khususnya dan reformasi pertahanan pada umumnya di Indonesia memang harus memasuki tahapan yang kurang bernuansa politik, tetapi lebih menyentuh pada berbagai persoalan teknis operasional.	Translation - English For those involved in efforts to reform defence in particular and the security sector in general, it is not difficult to get the impression that momentum for reform is obviously not as great as it was during the first five years after the fall of the New Order. Regulation at the level of law seems to have reached a saturation point, partly because the majority of the legislative agenda is drafted in the National Legislation Program (Prolegnas) drafted by the National Development Planning Agency and then discussed with the Legislative Body in the Parliament. Modernisers in the Defence Department obviously must begin with a variety of internal initiatives, particularly those related to increasing the capacity of the department. Actually most indicators of change over the past eight years involve military depoliticisation, not military professionalism. Possibly, stages of military reform in particular and defence reform generally in Indonesia must go through a stage that is less nuanced politically but more focused on the various operational technical problems.
English to Indonesian: National Security Policy-Making and Gender General field: Other Detailed field: Military / Defense
Source text - English Under the heading ‘The Effects of Violence on Communities’, the National Security Policy calls for close attention to the impact of violence on individuals, communities and society. ‘Domestic violence’, it noted, ‘is one of the more pervasive and common forms of violence plaguing the society. It contributes to the overall pattern of crime and violence due to its debilitating effects on the social fabric and its role in socialising the youths to violence as a means of dispute resolution. Women and children are disproportionately at risk from domestic violence.’	Translation - Indonesian Dengan judul ‘The Effects of Violence on Communities’ (Dampak Kekerasan terhadap Masyarakat), Kebijakan Keamanan Nasional tersebut menyerukan perhatian lebih besar terhadap individu, masyarakat dan negara. Dalam kebijakan tersebut dikatakan, ‘Kekerasan dalam rumah tangga merupakan salah satu bentuk kekerasan lazim dan biasa yang meresahkan masyarakat. Kekerasan dalam rumah tangga mempengaruhi pola keseluruhan kejahatan dan kekerasan karena dampak negatifnya terhadap struktur sosial dan perannya dalam memasyarakatkan penggunaan kekerasan di kalangan pemuda sebagai cara menyelesaikan perselisihan. Secara tidak sebanding, wanita dan anak-anak berisiko mengalami kekerasan dalam rumah tangga.’
Indonesian to English: Relasi Departemen Pertahanan-Mabes TNI di Era Reformasi General field: Other Detailed field: Military / Defense
Source text - Indonesian Pemisahan kata Pertahanan dan kata Keamanan sebenarnya dimaksudkan lebih dari sekedar merubah nama Departemen semata. Hal ini dilandasi adanya keinginan untuk mengembalikan fungsi militer pada tugas utamanya, Pertahanan. Sesuai dengan Tap MPR no VII tahun 2000, yang bertangungjawab dalam menjaga keamanan dan ketertiban dalam negeri kini ialah Kepolisian Repubik Indonesia. Langkah kedua dan ketiga lebih ditujukan untuk memperkuat kembali representasi otoritas sipil serta revitalisasi nilai ketundukan TNI sebagai alat Negara.	Translation - English Separation of the words 'Defence' and 'Security' was intended not just to change the name of the department; it was based on the desire to restore the function of the military to its primary mission, i.e., defence. In accordance with MPR Decree No. VII of 2000, the institution responsible for maintaining domestic security and order is now the Indonesian National Police (POLRI). Steps two and three were aimed more at reinforcing representation by civilian authorities and revitalisation of the principle of subordination of the TNI as an instrument of the State.
English to Indonesian: UNTAET Reg. No. 2000/16 on the Organisation of the Public Prosecution Service of East Timor General field: Other Detailed field: International Org/Dev/Coop
Source text - English Section 5 Public Prosecution Offices 5.1 The following public prosecution offices shall be established in East Timor: (a) Office of the General Prosecutor, corresponding to the Court of Appeal, with its seat in Dili. Within said Office of the General Prosecutor, there shall be two departments, headed respectively by the Deputy General Prosecutor for Serious Crimes and Deputy General Prosecutor for Ordinary Crimes. (b) Offices of the District Prosecutors, corresponding to the territorial jurisdictions of the District Courts established under Section 7 of UNTAET Regulation No. 2000/11 as amended by Section 2 of UNTAET Regulation No. 2000/14, and any subsequent UNTAET Regulation. 5.2 Each of the offices listed in Section 5.1 of the present regulation shall consist of designated public prosecutors, as appropriate. 5.3 Each of the offices listed in Section 5.1 of the present regulation shall be provided with general staff, as appropriate.	Translation - Indonesian Bagian 5 Kantor Kejaksaan 5.1 Kantor kejaksaan sebagai berikut didirikan di Timor Timur: (a) Kantor Jaksa Agung yang tingkatnya sama dengan Pengadilan Banding, berkedudukan di Dili. Kantor Kejaksaan Agung itu terdiri dari dua (2) departemen yang dikepalai oleh Wakil Jaksa Agung untuk Kejahatan Berat serta Wakil Jaksa Agung untuk Kejahatan Biasa. (b) Kantor Kejaksaan Distrik yang tingkatnya sama dengan daerah hukum Pengadilan Distrik yang didirikan sesuai dengan Bagian 7 Regulasi UNTAET Nomor 11 Tahun 2000 sebagaimana diubah oleh Bagian 2 dari Regulasi UNTAET Nomor 14 Tahun 2000 dan Regulasi UNTAET mana pun setelah ini. 5.2 Setiap kantor yang terdaftar dalam Bagian 5.1 dari regulasi ini terdiri dari para jaksa penuntut umum yang ditunjuk, sebagaimana tepatnya. 5.3 Setiap kantor yang terdaftar dalam Bagian 5.1 dari Regulasi ini mesti dilengkapi dengan pegawai umum, sebagaimana tepatnya.

Catherine Muir

Years of translation experience: 14. Registered at ProZ.com: Dec 2000.

N/A

Indonesian to English (National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters, verified)

ATA, NAATI

Adobe Acrobat, DejaVu, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word, ABBYY FineReader 10, Powerpoint

English (DOCX)

Catherine Muir endorses ProZ.com's Professional Guidelines.

About me

Catherine M. Muir, B.Ed, GradDipEd, PGCert TESOL, B.A. summa cum laude

Translator, Reviser, Subject Matter Expert, Trainer: English and Indonesian languages

Specialties: Mining; tobacco industry/tobacco control; Indonesian military, police and intelligence; security sector reform and gender; modern Indonesian literature

I am a native speaker of US English, fluent also in UK and Australian English, and hold dual US/Australian citizenship. I was born and raised in the US and have lived in Australia since 1989. I studied bahasa Indonesia at universities in Indonesia (UN Padang, Sumatra Barat) and in Australia (UTS, UNSW, UTAS, UNE) to advanced (Fourth Year) level. I gained accreditation by NAATI as a Professional Translator, Indonesian>English and as Paraprofessional Translator, English<>Indonesian in 1997. By peer review, I was accepted as an Active Member of the American Translators Association (ATA) in 2002. I have worked as a teacher of Indonesian and ESL and as a translator/interpreter since 1997.

I am a freelance translator, currently translating Haji Mukti's 1910-1912 serialized novel Hikayat Siti Mariah, the first novel written in Malay lingua franca, into English. At present, I mainly translate in the areas of people smuggling, mining and tobacco control. Additionally, I revise draft translations by others and provide subject-matter-expert (SME) monolingual review of draft translations by others.

Education: B.Ed., Queensland University of Technology 2005; GradDipEd, University of New England 2000; PGCert TESOL, Macquarie University 1996; B.A. summa cum laude, Temple University 1973.

Work experience of note:
*April 2011 - present: Contract translator, CLS-Communication (Hong Kong), working in field of mining permits and contracts.
* April 2010 - present: Contract translator, Alboum & Associates (Arlington, VA, USA), working in field of tobacco control; freelance translator, specialising in security sector reform and gender, and tobacco control. Also WORDTrans (UK), translating Juicer surveys.
* May 2008 - March 2010: Full time contract translator, Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF); translated Almanac of Indonesian Security Sector 2007 (ID>EN), Gender and Security Sector Reform Toolkit (EN>ID), published by IDSPS, and Media Toolkit (EN>ID). View translations on DCAF and IDSPS websites (excerpts on this ProZ site).
* Feb 2007 - May 2008: Linguist/Analyst, BAE Systems @ Defence Signals Directorate, Canberra. Security clearance Top Secret/Positive Vetting (TS/PV)
* Marker of Canadian national translator examinations, Indonesian>English, 2004 and 2006.
* Live-to-air interpreter for Australian Channel 9 TV for verdict in Schapelle Corby drug trial, 2005.
* Contract translator @ major multinational oil & gas company in Jakarta, translating documents for defence of lititgation.
* May-Nov 2000, Court Translator/Interpreter, UNTAET, East Timor, as part of Australian Volunteers International/AusAID project, interpreting before Court of Appeals, for interviews with witnesses in the Liquica church massacre case and with prison staff in case of alleged prisoner abuse. Translated court documents and decisions, witness statements, statements of East Timorese 'comfort women', UNTAET regulations, including regulation on Establishment of Public Prosecution Service in East Timor.
* 2002, Translated ANZ Bank employee contracts, handbooks, ads for opening of new bank in East Timor. Translated primary and secondary science and maths curricula for Good Samaritan Sisters in East Timor.
* Contract translator for IMF
* Contract interpreter for Australia's TIS and Centrelink.

Other: Qualified and experienced as teacher of Indonesian and ESL in both Australia and Singapore, primary, secondary & adult sectors. 20 years in progressively-responsible positions in US and Australian government.

This user has earned KudoZ points by helping other translators with PRO-level terms. Click point total(s) to see term translations provided.

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This user has reported completing projects in the following job categories, language pairs, and fields.

Project History Summary
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Keywords: bahasa Indonesia, mining, security sector reform, military, intelligence, police, tobacco industry, cigarette industry, anti-smoking campaigns, criminal law, criminal procedure, human rights

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