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|   tianshandun
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| | Questions answered: 174, Questions asked: 4 Easy / 118 PRO, PRO-level points: 201 | | Check | Sample translations submitted: 3| | Chinese to English: 7th ProZ.com Translation Contest - Entry #5522 |
| Source text - Chinese
足球在中国古代称为蹴鞠，早在春秋战国时期就已广泛开展。汉代出现了中国第一部足球专著《蹴鞠二十五篇》。唐代在制球工艺上有两大改进：一是把用两片皮合成的球壳改为用八片尖皮缝成圆形的球壳。二是把球壳内塞毛发改为放一个动物尿泡，“嘘气闭而吹之”，成为充气的球。由于球体轻了，可以踢高。球门就设在两根三丈高的竹竿上。在踢球方法上，汉代是直接对抗分队比赛，唐代则是中间隔着球门，双方各在一侧，以射门“数多者胜 ”。唐代开始出现了女子足球。女子足球的踢法不用球门，以踢高、踢出花样为能事，称为“白打”。到了宋代，足球在技术上已由射门比准向灵巧和控制球的水平方面发展。而且制球工艺比唐代又有提高，发展为“十二片香皮砌成”。原料是“熟硝黄革，实料轻裁”。工艺是“密砌缝成，不露线角”。做成的球重量要“正重十二两”。足球规格要“碎凑十分圆”。 | Translation - English
Soccer was known in ancient China as Cuju, widely developed as early as in the time of The Warring States. The first monograph of Chinese soccer, "Cuju in 25 chapters", came out onto market in the Han Dynasty (206 B.C. - A.D. 220), while two major improvements in manufacturing engineering of the soccer ball were carried out in the Tang Dynasty (618-907): first, the two-piece ball shell of leather was replaced with eight pieces of sharpened-leather sewn up to a rounded spherical shell; second, the stuffing hair inside the shell was replaced with an animal’s urinary bladder, "aspirated and then inflated", transforming it into an inflated ball. Since the ball became lighter, it could be kicked higher. The goal was set up on two bamboo poles thirty meters in height. In playing methods, the Han Dynasty competed directly in dual meet, while in the Tang Dynasty the goal was set up in the middle of the pitch with each of the two teams taking a side, "whoever shoots more wins the game". Women’s soccer also emerged in the Tang Dynasty. There was no goal in women’s soccer games, but they were judged by kicking height and style, so-called "plain playing". Up to the Song Dynasty (960-1279), soccer had forged ahead laterally in techniques from competing in shooting accuracy to dexterity of ball control. And ball manufacturing had been further improved over that of the Tang Dynasty, using a method of "assembly of twelve scented sectors." The raw materials were tanned leather that was cut out into light pieces. Then technically, the ball was constructed by close, piece-by-piece assembly, without showing any thread. The final ball had to weigh exactly 600 grams and the distance from the centre of the ball, to any point on its surface, had to be the same. | | Chinese to English: medical | Source text - Chinese
中华儿科杂志2007年1月第45卷第1期 Chin J Pediatr., January 2007, Vol45, No.1
病例报告
大剂量甲氨蝶呤致急性肾功能不全一例
何岳林、李春富、石磊
患儿男，8岁，因出现发热，面色苍白、全身骨痛，经骨髓检查确诊为急性淋巴细胞白血病，L2，B细胞型。并按欧洲协作组儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病化疗方案（BFM-2002）进行化疗，顺利完成诱导及巩固治疗，骨髓检查示完全缓解，血常规、心、肝、肾功能检查正常。遂开始进行大剂量甲氨蝶呤（HD-MTX）治疗，按3g/m2 计算，患儿体重24kg，体表面积1.0m2，甲氨蝶呤（MTX）实际用量为3g。同时常规进行水化、碱化。
用药后约18h 患儿诉恶心，BP110／70妹mmHg （1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa），尿量正常，仍继续化疗。24h 诉双肾区疼痛，给予盐酸山莨菪碱（654－2）静脉注射，疼痛无明显缓解，同时静注呋塞米20mg，亦未排尿，体检：BP140／100mmHg，双侧眼睑轻度浮肿，心肺正常，双肾区无明显压痛及扣压痛。给予肾域量多巴胺及呋塞米静推，同时含服硝苯地平，应用阿托品皮下注射，经处理后疼痛缓解，4 h 排尿越00 ml，28h 再次出现肾区剧烈疼痛，频繁呕吐，血压上升至150／100mmHg，尿量减少，尿素氮、肌酐、尿酸明显增加，分别微。7mmol/L、245umol/L核31umol/L；尿常规：蛋白（＋＋），红细胞（＋＋），考虑发生急性肾功能不全，含服硝苯地平降压，减慢输液速度，加强利尿，同时应用大剂量四氢叶酸钙（卡氟林）解救。经处理患儿无明显好转，精神差，仍然频繁呕吐，12h尿量仅450ml血压150／100mmHg。40h复查肾功能：尿素氮、肌酐和尿酸继续上升分别达16mmol／L，308 umol／L和756umol／L。B超：双肾明显肿胀，双侧肾脏椎体显露。MTX浓度为163.3umol／L。
48h 开始进行血液透析，12h透析一次，每次约4h，透析后MTX浓度及尿素氮、肌酐君明显下降。4次透析后MTX浓度降至8.54umol／L，继续应用大剂量卡氟林解救，碱化尿液，继续监测血压、出入量及肾功能、血药浓度变化，第8天时MTX浓度为0.31umol／L，停止卡氟林解救。经1周治疗后患儿临床症状消失，一般情况良好，尿量逐渐增多至正常，口腔黏膜无明显溃疡。
讨论：大剂量HD-MTX化疗是儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病中常规的治疗手段，主要毒副作用为消化道黏膜和骨髓损伤，可致各种黏膜炎，包括口腔炎、食道炎、胃肠炎等，也常导致骨髓抑制，氮急性肾功能衰竭少见。
MTXzhuyao经肾脏排泄，少部分可能经胆道，最后由粪便排出，肾功能受损的患者，MTX的排泄减少，血清那个和组织中药物浓度会孙素增高，可导致严重的骨髓和消化道黏膜毒性。
有报道骨肉瘤患者采用HD-MTX（12.5g/m2）时有急性肾功能不全，发生率1.8％，死亡率4.4％，治疗除常规血液透析、大剂量四氢叶酸钙解救外，可应用MTX水解酶G2羧肽酶和胸腺脱氧嘧啶核苷。
此例患儿用量小于12.5 g/m2，24h左右出现急性肾功能不全表现。可能为个体敏感，而出现肾毒性后，透析前患儿尿酸已基本回复正常，考虑患儿急性肾功能不全可能为药物肾毒性所致。发生进行肾功能受损后血药浓度急剧上升，40h监测超过160 umol／L，远高于安全浓度，为避免更严重的毒副作用，采取了血液透析和超大剂量四氢叶酸钙解救，效果良好。
由于MTX相对分子质量较小，为454000，且蛋白结合率不高，（为50％），透析效果较好，48h 4 次透析后，MTX浓度降至8.54 umol／L。加强甲酰四氢叶酸钙（卡氟林）解救，剂量（mg）= MTX浓度（umol／L）x 体重（kg），在MTXnongdu超过0.5 umol／L时进行，连续应用了8 d。而常规剂量为化疗侯2h开始静脉注射每次15 mg／m2。其中，最大量为10800 mg/d，考虑剂量大，可能导致高血钙出现，改为3h 静推1次，每次推注最大量1400mg，维持1 h。监测血钙的浓度，仅见轻微血钙升高，仍然坚持碱化尿液等治疗。
本例提示HD-MTX治疗时应严密监测MTX浓度和肾功能的变化，发现急性肾脏受损应加强监测MTX浓度。在发生MTX排泄延迟，血药浓度明显升高时，血液透析是有效的措施；应用超大剂量甲酰四氢叶酸钙，避免消化道黏膜和骨髓的严重毒副作用，但应监测血钙浓度。
| Translation - English
Chin. J. Pediatr., January 2007, Vol.45, No.1
Case Report
A case of high dose methotrexate causing acute renal dysfunction
Yuelin He, Chunfu Li and Lei Shi
An 8-year old boy patient, presented with whole body ostealgia, calor, febrilis and a pale complexion. B-cell type acute lymphoblastic leukemia was diagnosed after bone marrow examination. He was then administered chemotherapy in accordance with the European Cooperation Group plan (BFM-2002) for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. After initiation and successful completion of treatment, bone marrow examination revealed complete remission, and routine blood test, heart, liver and kidney functions were all normal. This was then followed by high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) treatment. Based on 3g/m2 computation, the patient's body weight is 24kg, body surface area is 1.0 m2, thus the actual dose of methotrexate (MTX) is 3g. At the same time, he also continued hydration and alkalization treatment.
After medication for 18h, the boy felt nauseous with BP110/70 mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa), but his urine volume was normal, so he continued the chemotherapy. 24h later, he complained of pain in the region of both kidneys, we therefore administered hyoscyamine hydrochloride (654-2) via intravenous injection, which, however, did not significantly alleviate the pain. A simultaneous intravenous injection of frusemide 20mg also failed to aid urination. Physical examination: BP140/100mmHg, mild edema of the eyelids, normal heart and lungs, no obvious tenderness and tenderness on percussion in the region of both kidneys. We then administered an intravenous injection of dopamine and frusemide at the renal threshold and at the same time oral nifedipine, a hypodermic injection of atropine, thus resulting in alleviation of the pain. He passed approx. 400 ml urine in 4 h. However, at 28 h, he again felt severe pain in the region of his kidneys, vomited frequently; his blood pressure rose to 150/100 mmHg, urine volume decreased, urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid were obviously increased at 9.7mmol/L, 245umol/L and 531umol/L respectively. Routine urine test: protein (++) and red blood cells (++). In consideration of the acute renal dysfunction, we asked him to take oral nifedipine to reduce the blood pressure, and reduced the rate of his infusion, enhanced diuresis, and at the same time applied a high dose of tetrahydrofolic calcium rescue. The patient showed no significant signs of improvement, lack of energy, continued to vomit frequently, passed only 450ml of urine in 12 h, and his blood pressure was 150/100 mmHg. Kidney function was re-assessed after 40h: urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid continued to rise and reached 16mmol/L, 308 umol/L and 756umol/L respectively. Ultrasound findings: the two kidneys were obviously swollen, and their pyramids became visible. The MTX concentration was 163.3umol/L.
At 48h, we started him on hemodialysis, once every 12h, each lasting approximately 4h. As a result of the dialysis, MTX concentration, urea nitrogen and creatinine were all significantly decreased. After 4 cycles of dialysis, the MTX concentration fell to 8.54umol/L. We continued high dose tetrahydrofolic calcium rescue and urinary alkalization; continued to monitor blood pressure, output and input volumes, renal function as well as change in the concentration of medication in the blood. On the 8th day, MTX concentration changed to 0.31umol/L, urea nitrogen to 9.7 mmol/L, creatinine to 111 mmol/L and uric acid to 143 mmol/L. The routine blood test showed WBC 3.13 x 109/L, HB 128 g/L, PLT 233 x 109/L, and therefore we stopped the tetrahydrofolic calcium rescue. After 1 week of treatment the patient's clinical symptoms vanished, his general condition was found to be good, his urine volume increased gradually to normal levels, and there were no obvious ulcers in his oral mucosa.
Discussion: High dose HD-MTX chemotherapy is a conventional treatment for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Its main toxic side effects appear to include damage to the digestive tract mucosa and bone marrow, which may involve various mucosal inflammations, including stomatitis, esophagitis, and gastroenteritis etc., it also often causes bone marrow suppression, but rarely acute renal failure [1].
MTX is mainly excreted through the kidney; a portion possibly passes through the biliary duct and is finally discharged by the excrement. For patients with disturbed kidney function, their MTX excretion declines, and the concentration of medication in their blood serum and tissues would increase quickly, which may cause serious bone marrow and digestive tract mucous membrane toxicity [2].
It was reported that usage of HD-MTX (12.5g/m2) in osteosarcoma patients could lead to acute renal dysfunction with an incidence of 1.8% and a mortality rate of 4.4%. In addition to conventional hemodialysis and high dose tetrahydrofolic calcium rescue, other treatments may involve the application of MTX hydrolase G2 carboxypeptidase and thymidine [3-4].
Acute renal dysfunction occurred in the boy patient, administered in this case less than 12.5 g/m2, at about 24 h. This may be due to individual vulnerability to kidney toxicity. Since the patient's uric acid level had returned to normal, we considered his acute renal dysfunction a result of kidney toxicity. After the occurrence of renal dysfunction in the patient, the concentration of medication in the blood then underwent a rapid increase, and surpassed 160 umol/L at 40 h, far higher than the safe concentration. To avoid further serious toxic side effects, we adopted hemodialysis and an ultra-high dose of tetrahydrofolic calcium rescue, which achieved quite good effects.
Because MTX has a relatively small molecular mass - 454 000, and its protein binding ratio is not high (50%), the dialysis effect is rather good. At 48h, after 4 cycles of dialysis, the patient's MTX concentration fell to 8.54 umol/L. The dosage for enhancement of leucovorin calcium rescue was (mg) = MTX concentration (umol/L) x body weight (kg). The treatment was carried out when the MTX concentration was higher than 0.5 umol/L, and had continued for 8 d. The conventional dosage is to start intravenous injection after 42h of chemotherapy, 15 mg/m2 each time, and the maximum dosage was 10800 mg/d. Taking into account that high dosage could cause hypocalcaemia, we changed it to intravenous injection every 3 h, maintained the maximum dosage at 1400 mg each time for 1h. Then we monitored blood calcium, which showed only a slight increase, so we continued to persist with treatments such as urinary alkalization, etc.
This case underlines the importance of closely monitoring the changes in MTX concentration and renal function when carrying out HD-MTX treatment, especially when acute kidney damage occurs. If MTX excretion should decline and the blood medication concentration is obviously high, hemodialysis is an effective measure [4]. Applying ultra high dose leucovorin calcium could avoid the serious side effect of digestive tract mucosa and bone marrow toxicity, but the blood calcium concentration should also be monitored.
References:
[1] Futang Zhu, Practical pediatrics, 7th edition. Beijing, People's Hygiene Press, 2002: 2200-2219;
[2] Haiyan Wang, Nephrology, Beijing, People's Hygiene Press, 1998: 1069-1071;
[3] Widemann BC, Balis FM, Kempf-Bielack B, et al. High-dose methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity in patients with osteosarcoma. Cancer, 2004, 15, 2222-2232;
[4] Widemann BC, Balis FM, Murphy RF, er al. Carboxypeptidase-G2, thymidine, and leucovorin rescue in cancer patients with methotrexate-induced renal dysfunction. J Clin Oncol, 1997, 15: 2125-2134.
| | French to Chinese: sport - for the 7th Proz.com translation contest | Source text - French
- Il est des révélations ou commentaires qu’il ne faut jamais faire, paraît-il ?
- Oui, évitez des commentaires mettant en lumière vos faiblesses passagères ou permanentes. Du genre :
Ce n’est pas à ma main !
Là j’en mettrai pas une !
Il est impossible d’y aller !
Je l’ai juste lâchée. Qu’est ce que ça roule !
Ne « m’envoie pas si loin ». Je n’y arrive plus !
Ne « passez jamais » à ce genre d’aveux. Dites-vous bien qu’une partie se joue en 13 (ou en 11) points, et que, avec un peu de chance, vos défauts resteront inaperçus…
- Quelle est la question qu’il ne faut jamais poser ?
- C’est paradoxalement la question que l’on entend le plus fréquemment au cours d’une partie… «Combien, de boules vous reste-t-il ? » Elle est, à mon avis, de celles qui déclassent un joueur et dévaluent une équipe. Car, à tout moment, il faut savoir non seulement le nombre de boules de l’adversaire, mais encore et surtout dans quelles mains elles sont. De la réponse à cette question dépend très souvent la tactique à adopter. Sachant qu’il vaut mieux faire tirer un pointeur et pointer un tireur…
Au sujet de cette fameuse question à ne pas poser, je me souviens d’une anecdote qui date de quelques années… Au cours d’une partie de début de concours, un des joueurs de la formation qui nous était opposée se tourna vers mon frère Jean et lui demanda : «Vous avez combien de boules ? ». Jean lui répondit sans sourciller : « Deux ! »… Après un moment d’hésitation, celui qui avait posé « la question qui ne se pose pas » de revenir à la charge : « Comment deux, il ne vous en reste qu’une… »
Et Jean de répondre sur le ton de la galéjade : « Oui, une ! Mais dans les mains de mon frère, elle en vaut… deux ! »
| Translation - Chinese
－有些说明或评论是永远不该做的，看得出来吗？
－是的，要避免那些提及你们一时性或经常性过错的评论。 如这些类型：
（球）没在我手中!
我一个都不会放到那里去!
不可能去那儿!
我刚松手。它怎么滚了!
不要《打得那么远》， 我可到不了那里!
永远《不要坦白》这种事情。虽然您说一场球要打满13（或11）点，但您的差错只有很小的机会被识破，它不会被发觉的…
－ 什么样的问题是永远不该问的？
－ 在一场球赛中，人们最常听到的问题是《您还剩多少球？》这个问题是自相矛盾的。以我之见，它既降低球员的层次也贬低球队的价值。 因为，应该时时刻刻知道的不仅是对手还有多少球，而且、特别应该知道的是这些球在对手的哪个手中。对这个问题的答复经常取决于将被采用的战术。假如您知道射中一个瞄准手和瞄准一个投球手比较好的话…
说到不要提出这个众所周知的问题，我想起几年前的一则轶事。。。 在比赛开始的一场中，我们对手球队中的一个队员转向我兄弟让，问他： 《您有多少球？ 》让泰然自若地答道 ：《两个! 》…犹豫了一下之后，那个提出《这个本不存在的问题》的人反问到： 《怎么是两个，您只剩下一个球了…》
让带着嘲弄地口气回答道： 《是，一个! 可是在我兄弟手里，它值两个! » |
More Less | | PHD-Geneva university | | Years of translation experience: 3. Registered at ProZ.com: Feb 2008. Became a member: Feb 2008. | | N/A | | N/A | | N/A | | Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word, Powerpoint | 1st Annual ProZ.com Translation Contest: French to Chinese  [download] | | About me
Professional translator, a native Chinese speaker, provides highly regarded translations from English and French into Chinese and Chinese into English of, but not limited to, science and technology documents.
Loves languages and enjoys translating.
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