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| | PRO-level points: 12, Questions answered: 7, Questions asked: 61 | | Check | Sample translations submitted: 2 English to Chinese: Bullied Kids More Likely to Become Psychotic Preteens
General field: Social Sciences
Detailed field: Education / Pedagogy | Source text - English
May 8, 2009 — Children who are bullied are more likely to develop psychotic symptoms in early adolescence — and there is a dose effect, with repeated bullying associated with greater risk.
In the first prospective study to examine the relationship between childhood bullying and psychotic symptoms in early adolescence, investigators at the University of Warwick, in Coventry, the United Kingdom, found the risk for psychotic symptoms nearly doubled among children who were victims of bullying at age 8 or 10 years, independent of other psychiatric illness, family adversity, or the child's IQ, and increased nearly 4-fold when victimization was chronic or severe.
Study coauthor Dieter Wolke, PhD, told Medscape Psychiatry the findings have clear clinical implications.
"If children present with physical or mental health problems, also explore their peer relationships. Being victimized, in particular chronically or severely, can make you ill," Dr. Wolke, told Medscape Psychiatry.
The study is published in the May issue of Archives of General Psychiatry.
Significant Dose Effect
The researchers studied 6437 individuals in early adolescence (average age, 12.9 years) who were part of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Parents had completed regular mailed questionnaires about their child's health and development since birth, and the children underwent yearly physical and psychological assessments from the age of 7 years.
At each visit, trained interviewers rated the children on whether they had experienced psychotic symptoms, including hallucinations, delusions, or thought disorders, during the previous 6 months.
Children, parents, and teachers also reported on whether the child had experienced peer victimization, defined as negative actions by 1 of more other students with the intention to hurt.
The researchers categorized 46.2% of participants as victims and 53.8% as not victimized at either age 8 or 10 years. Dr. Wolke pointed out that this includes being victimized at any time in childhood, not just during the year in question.
At age 12.9, 13.7% of subjects had broad psychosislike symptoms with 1 or more symptoms suspected or definitely present; 11.5% had intermediate symptoms with 1 or more symptoms suspected or present at times other than going to sleep, waking from sleep, fever, or after substance use; and 5.6% had 1 or more symptoms definitely present.
The odds ratio for psychotic symptoms was 1.94 among victims of bullying at ages 8 and/or 10 years and jumped to 4.60 for repeated or severe victimization.
Victims Often Less Socially Skilled
Dr. Wolke said it is doubtful that being a target of peer victimization was the result rather than the cause of an underlying predisposition to psychotic symptoms.
"This is the issue of reverse causality," Dr. Wolke said. "We are fairly certain that this is not the case, as victimization reported by mothers from 4 years onward also related to psychotic symptoms. Also, it is not possible to measure psychotic symptoms before 8 years — believing in Santa Claus or fairies is not a delusion but part of appropriate development until that age."
"However," Dr. Wolke added, "we know victims show a reaction to bullying more often — by crying for example — are less socially skilled, and have no or few friends who can protect them. Thus, while the children may not have had psychotic symptoms, they may be socially awkward and were more likely to become targets. However, monozygotic twin studies that are discordant for bullying show that the victimized twin is more likely to develop depression and behavioral symptoms."
The researchers suggest further research is needed to sort out whether repeated victimization experiences alter cognitive and affective processing or reprogram stress response or whether psychotic symptoms are more likely due to genetic predisposition.
"Social victimization by peers is a severe stress. It may lead to reprogramming of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis or a different cognitive style, both found in those with psychosis. It may be more severe in those with genetic susceptibility. However, these are speculations that require more research,” Dr. Wolke said.
"A major implication is that chronic or severe peer victimization has nontrivial, adverse, long-term consequences. Reduction of peer victimization and of the resulting stress caused to victims could be a worthwhile target for prevention and early intervention efforts for common mental health problems and psychosis," the authors conclude.
Cause and Effect Not Demonstrated
David Fassler, MD, from the University of Vermont College of Medicine, in Burlington, told Medscape Psychiatry that bullying is a common experience for many young people.
"Surveys indicate that over half of all children are bullied at some time during their school years, and at least 10% are bullied on a regular basis,” Dr. Fassler said.
According to Dr. Fassler, previous research suggests bullying may increase the risk of developing psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia or depression later in life. In this regard, the results of the current study are consistent with previous reports and demonstrate that children who are bullied during childhood are more likely to show "psychoticlike" symptoms by early adolescence.
"Due to the design of the study, the authors can't actually prove that these symptoms are a direct result of the bullying. However, they do demonstrate a significant association," said Dr. Fassler. He warned that the results of this study should be interpreted with caution due to a number of methodological issues.
"For example, the authors experienced a significant dropout rate over the course of the study. They were ultimately able to follow less than half their original sample. In addition, they didn't have access to baseline data on 'psychoticlike' symptoms for the children. However, despite these limitations, the article represents a useful addition to the literature on bullying.
"Hopefully, subsequent studies will help us identify kids who are particularly vulnerable, so we can intervene as early as possible to minimize the risk of lasting emotional consequences," Dr. Fassler said.
The UK Medical Research Council, the Wellcome Trust, and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. This study was funded by a grant from the Wellcome Trust. The authors report no conflicts of interest. | Translation - Chinese
2009年5月8日﹣小時候曾受校園惡霸欺負的兒童較容易在青春期早期出現精神病症狀，這種狀況存在劑量效應，即反覆受到欺壓的兒童出現症狀的機率更高。
在第一份研究這兩者關係的前瞻性調查裡，華威大學（位於英國考文垂）的研究人員發現在八歲或十歲曾受校園惡霸欺壓的兒童，他們出現精神病症狀的危險性增加了幾乎一倍，這還不考慮其他的精神疾病、家庭困境或兒童的智商等因素；如果受害的情況是長期或很嚴重的，其危險性更是提高至將近四倍。
這份研究報告的作者之一 Dieter Wolke博士告訴 Medscape Psychiatry，這些研究結果給臨床醫學指出了一個方向。
Wolke博士向 Medscape Psychiatry 表示：「如果兒童有生理或心理方面的問題，同時要去了解他們和同儕之間的關係。受校園惡霸的欺凌，尤其是長期或很嚴重的情況，會使一個兒童生病。」
這份研究報告刊登在 Archives of General Psychiatry 五月份期刊裡。
重大的劑量效應
這份《艾芬親子縱貫研究》（Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children）的研究人員調查了青春期早期（平均年齡為12.9歲）的6437名對象。這些家長完成了關於其孩子在出生後的健康與發展上的定期問卷調查，而這些孩子從七歲起，每年接受一次生理和心理的評估測試。
在每次的訪談裡，受過訓練的調查人員要評估這些孩子是否在最近的半年裡有過精神病方面的症狀，包括幻覺、妄想，思考障礙等。
這些兒童、家長和老師也要報告這些兒童在學校是否曾遭受同儕的欺凌，其定義是受到一位或一位以上的學生意圖侵害的負面行為。
研究人員將調查對象的46.2%歸納為在八歲或十歲時是受害者，而另外的53.8%為非受害者。Wolke博士指出，這個調查結果包括在兒童時期的任何一個時間點，而非只是問題中所陳述的時間。
平均年齡為12.9歲的研究對象中，有13.7%呈現廣義的疑似精神病的症狀，即有一個或一個以上的可疑症狀或確認症狀；11.5%在睡眠、剛睡醒、發燒或用藥後的其他時間裡，有著一個或以上的疑似或確認的中期症狀；5.6%有著一個或以上確定存在的症狀。
在8歲和／或10歲時受到校園惡霸欺凌的受害者中，呈現出精神症狀的勝算比是1.94，如果是反覆或嚴重受害者，勝算比升高至4.60。
受害者多半社交技巧不佳
Wolke博士表示，有人說同儕之間的欺凌是潛在精神病症狀傾向的結果而非原因，這種推理很有可議之處。
Wolke博士說：「這是倒因為果。我們相當確信事實並非如此，因為母親們報告的從4歲開始就受欺壓的情況也和精神病症狀相關。再者，在八歲以前，我們很難去評估幼童的精神病症狀，因為相信聖誕老公公或仙子不是一種妄想，而是八歲以前成長過程中的正常現象。」
Wolke博士補充說：「然而，我們知道較常對受欺凌有反應（如哭泣）的兒童往往社交能力較差，而且沒有朋友或很少有朋友可以保護他們。因此，即使這些兒童可能沒有精神病症狀，他們在社交上可能顯得較笨拙，並且更容易成為別人欺負的對象。但是，對於同卵雙胞胎的霸凌研究，結果顯示受欺凌的雙胞胎更容易得到憂鬱症和行為方面的症狀。」
研究人員建議採取進一步的研究，以了解反覆受害的經驗是否會改變受害人的認知和情感處理過程，或者重塑了面對壓力的應變方式，或者是否基因的傾向會導致精神病症狀更容易出現。
Wolke博士說：「社交上同儕的欺凌是一種很嚴重的壓力，可能導致腎上腺軸的程式重寫，或改寫認知型態，這兩者在精神疾病患者身上都可以看得到。這種壓力對那些基因上較敏感的人可能更嚴重。不過，這些推論都需進一步的研究才能證實。」
作者在結論中寫道：「本研究得出一個重大的方向是，長期或嚴重的同儕迫害造成的影響不小，且是長期而有害的。同儕迫害和其壓力的緩解相信是防治常見心理問題與精神疾病和早期介入工作中一個重要的著力點。」
因果關係未證實
畢業於 Burlington 的 University of Vermont College of Medicine的 David Fassler醫師告訴 Medscape Psychiatry，校園霸凌是許多年輕朋友都曾遭遇過的經驗。
他說：「調查顯示，超過半數的兒童在就學時期曾經受到校園惡霸的欺凌，至少有10% 是經常受到欺凌。」
根據Fassler醫師的說法，前述的研究顯示受校園惡霸欺凌的經驗可能提高日後罹患精神分裂症、憂鬱症等精神疾病的機率。就這點來說，這個結果和以前的研究報告是一致的，並顯示兒童時期受到欺凌的人在青春期早期時更容易呈現「疑似精神疾病」的症狀。
Fassler醫師表示：「根據這份研究的設計方式來看，作者們並未能確實證明這些症狀是受到欺壓的直接結果，不過，他們的確證實了其中有著重大的關聯。」他也警告我們說，由於研究方式上的幾個問題，這份研究的結果必須小心地詮釋。
「比方說，在研究的過程中，受測者中途退出的比率很高。研究人員最後只追蹤了原來對象的一半不到。而且，他們也沒有兒童的「疑似精神病」症狀的基準數據。不過，儘管有這些缺失，這份研究報告對校園惡霸的研究還是有一份貢獻。
「希望未來後續的研究可以幫我們找出哪些兒童特別容易受欺負，讓我們可以盡早介入，將影響降到最低。」
英國醫藥研究委員會、威爾康信託，和布里斯托大學為本研究計畫的重要贊助機構。本研究計畫的資金由威爾康信託贊助。作者們表示於此研究沒有利益上的衝突。 | Chinese to English: 發揚心靈環保 祈求世界和平
General field: Social Sciences
Detailed field: Religion | Source text - Chinese
由近六十個國家共同參與的「第二屆世界佛教論壇」，三月二十八日至四月一日期間，分別在台灣、大陸兩地舉行。其中，由法鼓山佛教基金會承辦，本校負責籌備的「佛教的心靈環保」分論壇，則於3月31日在法鼓山德貴大樓召開，論壇中探討的範圍包括了節能減碳、心六倫運動、水陸法會、素食護生、自殺防治及金融海嘯..等議題，共計提出了38篇論文，而每位論文發表人，幾乎也都是親力親為的心靈環保實踐者，所以當天的與會人士均就此議題，熱烈討論。
本校創辦人聖嚴法師於1992年提出並倡導心靈環保觀念，至今已成為宗教界的共識。法鼓山方丈和尚果東法師致詞時表示，心靈環保是超越種族、宗教、國界等層面的。心靈環保亦是法鼓山全體系的核心主軸。希望藉由本屆論壇，為當代社會提供漢傳佛教的豐富思想資源，以及實踐的方法與經驗，引導現代人自我提昇、發揮對社會的責任感。當中以「心靈環保」為主導，從心出發，由內而外，擴大到對社會、人類、自然環境的整體關懷，成就建設「人間淨土」的目標。
會議終場，由本校校長惠敏法師帶領與會者，針對以上8項議題提出建言，祈盼佛教界能夠異中求同，團結一致形成共識，為往後弘法利生的工作，立下良好的方針。
為了讓與會學者能夠實地感受，以心靈環保精神所建立起的道場氛圍，以及漢傳佛教在台灣的發展現狀，於討論會議圓滿後，特邀請來自各地的與會學者，親至法鼓山世界佛教教育園區，體會法鼓山如何實現「提昇人的品質，建設人間淨土」的理念，共同領略法鼓山上的禪悅境教之美。
| Translation - English
Promoting Spiritual Environment Protection and Praying for World Peace
The Second World Buddhist Forum, in which nearly 60 countries participated, was held in Mainland China and Taiwan from March 28 to April 1. Dharma Drum Mountain Buddhist Foundation was responsible for holding the sub-forum, “Spiritual Environment Protection in Buddhism,” which was organized by Dharma Drum Buddhist College. It took place in the Dharma Drum Dequi Academy on March 31. The issues being discussed in the sub-forum included “Energy Conservation and Carbon Reduction,” “Six Ethics of the Mind,” “Liberation Rite of Water and Land,” “Vegetarian Diet and Life Protection,” “Suicide Prevention” and “Financial Tsunami.” A total of 38 theses were presented. Almost all presenters of the theses are practitioners of spiritual environment protection; therefore, the issue aroused a heated discussion among the attendees.
Venerable Master Sheng Yen, the founder of Dharma Drum Buddhist College, proposed and promoted the concept of spiritual environment protection in 1992. Now it has become a consensus in Taiwan’s religious world. Venerable Guo Dong, the Abbot President of Dharma Drum Mountain, stated in his speech that spiritual environment protection transcended races, religions and national borders, and that it was also the core belief of the whole DDM system. He expressed his wish that the forum would serve as a platform to offer modern societies the rich philosophical resources provided by Chinese Buddhism as well as practices and experiences that would induce people in today’s world to improve themselves and take on social responsibilities. “Spiritual Environment Protection” should be made our guiding principle. Starting from the heart, we can extend our care to the society, the whole humanity and natural environment, and achieve the goal of creating a pure land on earth. In the conclusion of the sub-forum, the Principal of DDBC, Master Hui Min, led the attendees to make suggestions for the above-mentioned eight issues, hoping all the groups in the Buddhist world would disregard the differences, focus on the similarities, reach agreement and collaborate with one another in order to set a good model for future propagation of Buddhism.
After the forum ended, all of the attending scholars were invited to visit the DDM World Center for Buddhist Education to experience the ambience of the Buddhist practice center built on the spirit of “Spiritual Environment Protection” and to understand the current development of Chinese Buddhism in Taiwan. It was also an opportunity to let them understand how DDM has realized the conception of “Uplifting Human Character |
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