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Explanation: Al-Khatib (A New Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms) suggests two very interesting single-word terms:
نَبوذ
مُطَّرَح
The common multi-word alternatives include
غير قابل لإعادة الاسـتعمال
يُسـتَعمل مرة واحدة
I suggest أحادي الاسـتعمال or أحادي الاسـتهلاك as a compromise.
Colloquialism may be a possible resource here. It wouldn't be far off to call it أبو نوبة provided the term used for "filter" is masculine. That would be possible if you use the expression مرشح