報奨

English translation: compensation; bonus; incentive, incentive award, etc.

GLOSSARY ENTRY (DERIVED FROM QUESTION BELOW)

Japanese term or phrase:	報奨
English translation:	compensation; bonus; incentive, incentive award, etc.
Entered by:	Minoru Kuwahara

15:29 Oct 4, 2006

Japanese to English translations [PRO]
Law/Patents - Law: Contract(s) / Invention

Japanese term or phrase: 報奨

Hello,

I'm in a confusion, but what could be best translations of the term "報奨" in the following context?

=================

第３条（報奨の要件）
　報奨の要件は次のとおりとする。
（１）発明が、会社の業務上なされたものであること。
（２）発明者等が、会社の従業員等であること、又は過去に従業員等であったこと。
（３）発明者等が、真に報奨に値する貢献をしたこと。
（４）対象となる発明に関する知的財産権が報奨対象期間中有効であること。
（５）エントリーのあった、報奨審査に係る知的財産権を利用して製造又は販売された当社製品の検査済事業部経常利益が２年連続して３０００万円を超えており、かつ審査後の事業部経常利益の２年平均額が３０００万円を超えていること。

~

第６条（審査手続）
　１．報奨審査は年一回、上期末に行う。
　２．報奨審査対象の起案は、起案部門長と協議した発明者等が所定の推薦依頼書を委員会に提出することにより行う。この場合、関連する特許は１つの群にまとめて１件として扱うものとする。

~

=================

This "報奨" apparently refers to "報奨金" as appeared in the following article of the same contract.

=================

第８条（報奨の額と分配）
　１．報奨は、賞状に次の報奨金を添えて行う。
　　　Ａ賞　：　発明１件につき１，０００万円を支給する。
　　　Ｂ賞　：　発明１件につき５００万円を支給する。
　　　Ｃ賞　：　発明１件につき１００万円を支給する。

==============

Sorry for a long question. I hope to have many different views, if you may have.

Thank you.

Minoru Kuwahara KudoZ activity Questions: 226 (1 open) (3 without valid answers) (6 closed without grading) Answers: 529 Japan
Local time: 15:42

compensation

Explanation:
これはいかがですか？？

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Note added at 10 hrs (2006-10-05 01:56:04 GMT)
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maybe I`m turning native!! Just joking, I also think "reward" is good in the business world but definately not "prize" don`t you think.

Selected response from:

Roger Johnson
Local time: 15:42

Summary of answers provided

4 +1

prize

tyamamur

3 +1

incentives

casey

compensation

Roger Johnson

reward

cinefil

reward

sigmalanguage

award

V N Ganesh

Discussion entries: 1

Answers

42 mins confidence:

peer agreement (net): +1

prize

Explanation:
報奨 in this context is a prize for invention (apart from regular jobs) and it is about money (報奨金）. Although Artcle 8 tells it consists of a certificate and money, obviously the latter is the thing. In general, 報奨　infers 報奨金, so people expect money with 報奨　even without mentioning 報奨金 from the first place of the articles.

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Note added at 3 hrs (2006-10-04 18:36:22 GMT)
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Here is the big picture I had in my mind:
incentive - something you receive when your company has made more profit
reward - something you receive when you have done good or made things better
compensation - something you receive when you have suffered
prize - something you receive when you have been successful in your own project

An invention can be rewarded but I thought it would require a participant to be more active and its result should be noteworthy. Does this make sense?

tyamamur
Japan
Local time: 15:42
Native speaker of:

Japanese

Notes to answerer

Asker: Thank you for your insight. It does give me a hint, while I wonder how you would compare terms such as incentive, reward, compensation, consideration, etc. possibly in place of prize. Could it still hit the nail? -

Asker: The translator here, apparently a native English, uses the term "compensation" actually, but the end client ( Japanese, I guess) seems to have suggested it does best fit, though they did not give alternatives themselves. Meanwhile, I'm really not yet convinced how "prize" would be the best term in this case. I asked elsewhere and a few native translators suggest "bonus" or "incentive award" based on their knowledge and experiences, while "compensation" is a more general term to refer to the same thing (invention incentive), they all consent. -

Asker: Sorry, correction: "it does best fit" -> "it does NOT best fit"

9 hrs confidence:

peer agreement (net): +1

incentives

Explanation:
Incentives is another possibility. You will find 報奨 translated that way sometimes. And this is something that is payed apparently when the employee creates some kind of invention, so...

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Note added at 10 hrs (2006-10-05 01:48:24 GMT)
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No, actually I would say "pay an incentive of (XX amount) every few years for new inventions." I wouldn't say "incentive money," but "incentive award" sounds okay. Even native speakers can disagree on the best terminology. I would not have translated it as "compensation," but in certain areas of the English-speaking world that word may be more appropriate.

Reference: http://www.google.co.jp/search?sourceid=navclient&aq=t&hl=ja...

casey
United States
Local time: 02:42
Native speaker of:

English
PRO pts in category: 16

Notes to answerer

Asker: Thanks, Casey, so simply "incentive" goes as "incentive money" in every case above? The original translaor (s/he's supposedly a native English speaker) uses "compensation", but it seems to have been questioned at the end client who is a Japanese company naturally. Some native translators suggest "bonus" or incentive award"for payments in various scales paid to them every few years on issued inventions. I'm not yet confirmed of best possible term in this case. -

7 hrs confidence:

compensation

Roger Johnson
Local time: 15:42
Works in field
Native speaker of:

English

Notes to answerer

Asker: Thanks, Roger, actually the translator (s/he's supposedly a native English speaker) uses "compensation", which seems to have been questioned at the end client. Some other natives suggest "bonus" or "incentive award" according to what seem to be the case in major US companies. How do you think? -

9 hrs confidence:

reward

Explanation:
ジャパンタイムスは、rewardを使っています。

APAN TIMES WEEKLY EDITORIAL
Jan. 22, 2005 要約
Deserts of an in-house inventor

職務発明の対価
The dispute involving the inventor of the blue light-emitting diode (LED) and his former employer has ended in a mediated settlement in which the Tokyo High Court has confirmed the in-house inventor's right to a fair reward. The high court heard the case between Mr. Shuji Nakamura, the inventor and now a professor at the University of California at Santa Barbara, and his former company, Nichia Corp. of Tokushima Prefecture, after both sides had appealed a lower-court ruling last January.
http://www.japantimes.co.jp/weekly/ed/ed20050122a1.htm

reward
報酬
公衆一般または特定のグループに対し, ある行為をすれば与えられるとされる一定の金銭その他の報賞. 報酬の申込みが行為の実行により承諾されたときは, 契約法に基づく拘束力のある契約が成立する.
[財団法人東京大学出版会　英米法辞典]

Currently, many Japanese companies are reconsidering their fundamental understanding of employee inventions. That is, how should an inventor be treated and rewarded by an employer in the current pro-patent environment, while lifetime employment in Japan is disappearing.
http://www.taniabe.co.jp/infomation/main-eng004.html

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Note added at 10 hrs (2006-10-05 02:05:39 GMT)
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おそらくビジネス風土の違いでしょうね。
「本来貰えて当然」と考えるか「ご褒美」と考えるかで訳語は違ってきますよね。

cinefil
Japan
Local time: 15:42
Works in field
Native speaker of:

Japanese
PRO pts in category: 49

Notes to answerer

Asker: ありがとうございます。ネイティブの英訳チェックのご依頼なのですが、翻訳者は "compensation" としており、当初は問題ないかと思われましたが、クライアントから再考の指摘があったようです。それ以上の具体は先方より伝えられていません。ネイティブ翻訳者によれば、"bonus"、"(incentive award)" などは米国の事情にそぐうものであるとのことです。また、ネイティブ翻訳者のご意見では "reward" や "consideration" はこの場合適さず、it would take too long to explain why ということらしいのです。このレベルの相違になると、どうも判断できる範疇を超えているのが本音です。-

Asker: 実は英語としての ”bonus” は日本語のいわゆる「ボーナス」とは語義に明らかな違いがあるそうです。給与と同じに1つの報酬として語られることの多いある意味 obligatory であるのが日本的であるのに対し、こういうご指摘でした。 Many companies offer bonuses as incentives to their employees for inventing things beneficial to the company. Such bonuses naturally vary in size according to the value of the invention and other factors. A bonus refers to a spefific type of compensation, one that is beyond a normal or established payment. Since that is the case here (an employee is being paid a salary, but also gets additional payment for valuable inventions), "bonus" seems better to me. そういう違いなのかとも思えるのですが。

11 hrs confidence:

award

Explanation:
Internal Awards. The annual Design Innovation Award was created to recognise design skills and enhance communication between all Woodhead offices. ...
www.woodhead.com.au/de-internalawards.html - 11k

V N Ganesh
Local time: 12:12
Native speaker of: English
PRO pts in category: 16

Notes to answerer

Asker: Thanks. Does that equal to "incentive award" in India, to which I was adivsed by a translator in US? -

7 hrs confidence:

reward

Explanation:
It sounds like the company wants to ACKNOWLEDGE contributions of the employees, so I would use "reward".

A reward is for acknowledging contributions. You earn a reward with your efforts and/or insights.

A prize is for pepping up the atmosphere. You only have to get lucky to get a prize in a raffle.

Compensation is for making up for lost time and money. You might also get compensation as a share of the company profit attributable to you.

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Note added at 21 hrs (2006-10-05 13:09:12 GMT)
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Let us put it this way:
reward = 報奨金
incentive (award) = 奨励金
bonus = 特別な仕事への報酬
prize = 賞金
compensation = 報酬 or 賞金

This is not a matter of which is correct or what is the most common word, but a matter of what implication you want to convery.

I don't understand why "reward" should be avoided although I agree that "consideration" is not appropriate.

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Note added at 21 hrs (2006-10-05 13:20:22 GMT)
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cinefilさんが、「ビジネス風土の違い」と書いているのに気がつきました。私が言いたかったことも同じようなことです。なかなか難しい問題ですね。

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Note added at 1 day22 hrs (2006-10-06 13:44:49 GMT)
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Askerの二つめのNoteに対する返事

そうですね。確かにお金が支払われるという点では同じですね。日本語でも「報奨金」「奨励金」「報酬」に実質的な違いはないと思います。

ただ、それぞれの言葉に込められている気持ちは違うのではないでしょうか。報奨は「よく働いてくれた。ご苦労だったな」という気持ち、奨励は「こんないいものあげるから、さあがんばって！」という気持ちで、「報酬」は権利として与えられるお金ということになるでしょう。英語のreward、incentive、compensationにも同じような＜気持ち＞の違いを感じるのですが・・・。

他にも色々思うことはありますが、考えれば考えるほど難しくなってきました :-)。

sigmalanguage
Japan
Local time: 15:42
Native speaker of:

Japanese
PRO pts in category: 4

Notes to answerer

Asker: According to some natives' suggestions, "bonus" or "incentive award" would go in this case, while "compensation" still goes, but it's a more general, not quite specific, term. One native translator mentions we'd avoid using "reward" or "consideration", but it seems to require a long explanation for him to explain why. -

Asker: 記載しましたように英語の ”bonus” と日本語の「ボーナス」の慣行上の違いについてはご説明いただきある程度はっきりしました。違いがあるとすれば発明を取り巻く社内の奨励慣行ということになろうと思いますが、報奨金が提供されるという条件の視点からはそれほど差はないとも考えているのですがいかがなものでしょうか。-

Asker: 報奨金という言葉が社内発明に関してどのように使用されるか、相違を探ってあまり重箱の隅をつついても、という気がするのと、結局検討の末 ”compensation” の妥当性が認められたということで、一応の決着は見ました。いろいろとご検討いただきましてありがとうございました。一方、アドバイスをお受けする中で、”bonus” という言葉が英語では（あるいはアメリカではというべきか）どう使われているかということには非常に興味を持ちました。-

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English translation: compensation; bonus; incentive, incentive award, etc.

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