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Japanese to English: Mortality by Municipality and Age Group in the Great East Japan Earthquake According to the Extent of Inundation General field: Tech/Engineering Detailed field: Construction / Civil Engineering
Source text - Japanese 2011年3月11日に発生した東北地方太平洋沖地震では，死者16,278名，行方不明者2,994名，全壊家屋129,198棟の被害が発生した1)（2012年3月11日現在）．国土交通省の調査によると，全壊家屋のうち約78,000棟は津波による流失であった2) （2012年8月4日現在）．これは全壊棟数全体の約60%に上る．警察庁によると死者の死因の92.4%が溺死である3)（2011年4月11日現在）．なお，死因については，被災後の検案体制の限界から，厳密なものとは言えないとの指摘もあるが4)，当該資料における「溺死」は実際には津波に起因する死であると捉えるならば，死者の大多数が津波による死であると見なすことができると考える．このように，東北地方太平洋沖地震による被害の大部分は地震によって引き起こされた津波によるものである．
地震動による人間被害では，建物の耐震性が生死に大きく影響を及ぼすのに対し，津波による人間被害では，避難の可否が生死に大きく影響を及ぼす．国交省の調査では，浸水深が2mを超えると建物被害状況が急激に深刻になる2)ことが明らかとされており，我々の調査でも，家屋が流失するほどの甚大な被災地域（以下，流失域と呼称）における死亡率は，浸水域でも家屋が残った地域と比較すると突出していることが確認されている5)．家屋の流失域に於いては，避難をしなかった場合には生命を維持できるような安全な場所を喪失する．それ故に，被害軽減のためにはハード対策だけでなく，ソフト対策の重要性が広く認識されることとなった．
Translation - English The Great East Japan Earthquake, which occurred on March 11, 2011, killed 16,278 people, leaves 2,994 people missing, and totally destroyed 129,198 houses1) (as of March 11, 2012). A study conducted by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) reveals that, of the houses totally destroyed, about 78,000 houses were washed away by the tsunami2) (as of August 4, 2012). This amounts to about 60% of the total number of the houses totally destroyed. According to National Police Agency, 92.4% of the dead died by drowning3) (as of April 11, 2011). Some point out that the causes of death are not precise because the authorities had difficulty conducing autopsies after the disaster4). Assuming that the “death by drowning” in the data was in fact death caused by the tsunami, however, we could presume that the great majority of the dead were killed by the tsunami. Therefore, the damage by the Great East Japan Earth-quake mostly resulted from the tsunami triggered by the earthquake.
The extent of human damage caused by seismic vibration depends greatly on the resistance of buildings to earthquakes; the extent of human damage by tsunamis, on the possibility of evacuation. According to the study by the MLIT, damage to buildings got serious quickly when the depth of inundation exceeded two meters2). Our study also confirms that a death rate in areas so heavily stricken that houses were washed away (washed-away areas) was extremely high in comparison with areas where houses remained even if inundated5). In a washed-away area, those who did not evacuate lose safe places to maintain life. That is why the importance of soft measures as well as hard measures has been widely recognized to mitigate damage.
Japanese to English: Disposal of Disaster Waste Generated by the Great East Japan Earthquake and Preparation for Future Disasters General field: Tech/Engineering Detailed field: Environment & Ecology
Source text - Japanese 東日本大震災により、大量の災害廃棄物が発生した。その量は各県の生活ごみの年間処理量のおよそ10倍程度である。さらに、本震災で発生した災害廃棄物は、海溝型地震によるものであり、津波により破壊された家々や家財道具等と津波堆積物が混在した状態となっており、そのままでは、処理処分は困難な状況にある。そのため、再生利用等を念頭においた効率的な処理を実行するためには、破砕選別作業によって、可燃物、不燃物及び土砂等に分類し、性状に合わせて焼却、土木資材化及び最終処分等、処理処分先を確定することとなる。
日本においては、慢性的な最終処分場容量不足の状況にあり、特に、土砂（津波堆積物）については、災害廃棄物の約40%を占めていることから、再生資源化率を向上することで、速やかな処理が実現可能となる。なお、岩手県における災害廃棄物の処理率は、震災発生後26か月で約40%であるが、そのほとんどが可燃物であり、今後は津波堆積物に代表される不燃物処理を加速させる必要がある。
我々は、被災地である岩手県沿岸の処理計画を立案し、現在処理の施工管理を行っている。本稿では、災害廃棄物量の推定から災害廃棄物処理計画策定、処理システムの設計及び処理の実施（施工監理）に至るまでの課題とその留意事項について述べる。さらに、今後想定される災害に備えた災害廃棄物処理の計画策定の手法について整理した。
Translation - English The Great East Japan Earthquake has generated a large amount of disaster waste. The amount is approximately ten times the amount of general waste disposed of annually in each prefecture. In addition, disaster waste generated by this earthquake, an ocean-trench-type earthquake, includes not only houses destroyed by the tsunami or household goods but also tsunami sediment deposits, which makes it difficult to dispose of the waste as it is. Therefore, to dispose of the waste efficiently, taking recycling into account, local governments will divide it into combustibles, incombustibles, sediment, and so on through crushing and separating it, and decide how to dispose of it — whether it should be incinerated, recycled into construction materials, or buried in landfills — according to its nature.
In Japan, landfill capacity is chronically insufficient. Particularly sediment — tsunami sediment deposits — accounts for about 40% of the disaster waste; increasing the recycling rate can lead to its swift disposal. In Iwate Prefecture, about 40% of the waste had been disposed of by twenty-six months after the earthquake, but most of it was combustibles. From now on, it is necessary to accelerate the disposal of incombustibles represented by the tsunami deposits.
We made a waste disposal plan for the stricken coastal area of Iwate Prefecture, and are now supervising its execution. This paper introduces issues and points to note involved in estimating the amount of the disaster waste, making the disaster waste disposal plan, designing the disposal system, and implementing the disposal (supervising the execution). In addition, it puts forward a method to make a disaster waste disposal plan in preparation for a disaster expected in the future.
Japanese to English: The Role of Justice in Modern Japanese Society General field: Social Sciences Detailed field: Environment & Ecology
Source text - Japanese 日本の戦後は、荒廃の中から始まった。GHQによる占領政策の中で、政府は経済復興計画を担当する国家機関として1946年8月に経済安定本部を設け、12月に「傾斜生産方式」を決定した。これは、壊滅的な日本経済を復興させるために、石炭や鉄鋼などといった基幹部門に資金や資材を集中し、全生産を軌道に乗せようというものであった。日本興業銀行の復興融資部を母体につくられた復興金融公庫（復金）は、石炭・鉄鋼・電力・肥料・海運などに集中的に融資をしたが、水俣の日本窒素はその対象となった。日窒の創業は1908年だが、政府の戦争政策の支援をうけて発展、しかし空襲をうけて破壊されていた。戦後の食糧増産と合わせての肥料増産の必要から、戦後政府からまたしても支援をうけて再興するのである。国家との結合をもって産業活動の使命と認識する企業は、その企業活動が環境を破壊し、地域住民・周辺住民の健康や生命に重大な影響を与えるであろうことに一顧だにしない、こうした形で経済復興が促進されたのである。
この復興期につづく、高度経済成長期もまた、環境や健康はおおむね無視された。公害問題はこのようにして発生し深刻になった。企業は、生産力の拡大にのみに関心をもち、安全や環境保全のための投資をほとんど行ってこなかったこと、資源浪費型の重化学工業中心の産業構造の構築が行なわれたことなどによって、企業集積地域を中心に大気汚染、排水による水質汚濁が急速に進んだのである。日窒の工場廃水は何の処理もされないまま水俣湾に垂れ流され、有機水銀に侵された魚類を日常的に食する住民の命と健康を奪っていった。
Translation - English Japan started its postwar period in the midst of devastation. As part of the occupation policy by the GHQ, the national government established the Economic Stabilization Agency, which took charge of the economic recovery plan, in August 1946, and decided the “priority production system” in December. Relying on this system, to revive the devastated Japanese economy, the government tried to concentrate funds and materials in key industries such as the coal mining and steel industries, and ultimately boost all production. The Recovery Finance Corporation, which originated from the recovery finance division of the Industrial Bank of Japan, intensively financed the coal mining, steel, electric power, fertilizer, and shipping industries. Among the borrowers was the Nippon Nitrogen Fertilizer Corporation (Chisso) in Minamata. Chisso was founded in 1908. It expanded production with the backing of the national war policy, but air raids had destroyed its facilities. After the war, Chisso revived again thanks to support from the national government, which needed to increase the production of fertilizer in parallel with an increase in food production. A company regarding union with the state as the mission of industry takes no account of the possibility of its operation destroying the environment and seriously undermining the health and lives of residents in the surrounding community. In this way, the economic recovery were promoted.
In the period of high economic growth following the recovery period, the environment and health were again largely neglected; pollution problems came to the surface and got serious. Focusing on the expansion of production, companies had hardly invested in measures to improve safety or preserve the environment. Or, industrial structure relying largely on the heavy and chemical industries had been established. As a result, air pollution and water pollution by wastewater rapidly got worse mainly in industrial areas. The factory wastewater of Chisso was released into Minamata Bay without any treatment, undermining the lives and health of residents who ate fish and shellfish contaminated with organic mercury on a daily basis.
Japanese to English: The impact of street food stalls on the local economy and conditions for their sustainable management General field: Social Sciences Detailed field: Government / Politics
Source text - Japanese 公共空間を利用した商業活動を行う動きが全国的に注目されている。国土交通省道路局は2001年度から道路上で飲食店等の社会実験を始め、オープンカフェやイベントの実施等、道路空間を利用した都市の賑わいづくりに関する社会実験は平成21年度までに51件が実施されるなど、公共空間利用のニーズは強まっている。しかし、公共空間で営業することは、多様な問題を引き起こす可能性がある。そこで福岡市の屋台を事例に、公共空間を商業的に利用することで生じる問題点や解決すべき課題を明らかにする。
福岡市は、道路や公園などの公共空間に150軒以上の屋台が軒を連ねる、全国一の屋台のまちとして、戦後すぐの時期から市民に長年親しまれている。近年では、観光客の利用も増加傾向にあり、地域の活性化に大きく貢献している公共空間活用の事例といえる。しかし、その一方、いくつかの問題が行政と屋台、市民との間で合意点が見いだせないまま、放置されてきた。
Translation - English Commercial activities using public space are attracting attention across Japan. Road Bureau of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism launched a demonstration project concerning commercial activities, such as restaurants, on streets in fiscal year 2001; by fiscal year 2009, fifty-one demonstration projects such as open-air cafes and events were conducted using street space, with the aim of making streetscape vibrant. These reflect an increasing need to use public space. Business in public space, however, can cause diverse problems. Therefore, through the case of street food stalls in Fukuoka City, this study reveals problems resulting from the commercial use of public space and issues to be settled.
Fukuoka City is the top street-stall city in the country: there are more than 150 stalls in public spaces such as streets and parks, with which the citizens have been familiar for many years since immediately after World War II. The number of tourists stopping at these stalls has also recently increased — a proof that the stalls are an example of using public space while substantially contributing to the local economy. On the other hand, however, some problems have been left unsettled, with government, the stalls, and the citizens unable to reach an agreement.
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Years of experience: 14. Registered at ProZ.com: Sep 2009.
My major is urban planning, but I have studied not only planning but also social science as a whole, ranging from politics to sociology to the environment.
While I was studying at the doctoral course of the University of Groningen, the Netherlands, I wrote many academic papers, including the dissertation, in English. My supervisor was an English professor, who checked my English usage precisely.
Since I returned to Japan in 2009, I have worked as a freelance translator, mainly translating academic papers written in Japanese into English. Thanks to the Great East Japan Earthquake, I have translated rather many papers about disaster prevention. You can see my dissertation at the following website:
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