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Spanish to English - Standard rate: 15.00 USD per word / 50 USD per hour French to English - Standard rate: 15.00 USD per word / 50 USD per hour Italian to English - Standard rate: 15.00 USD per word / 50 USD per hour
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Sample translations submitted: 2
French to English: Pre-cinema General field: Art/Literary Detailed field: Cinema, Film, TV, Drama
Source text - French Précinéma
Pour désigner les recherches qui précèdent l’invention des premiers films de cinéma, et qui n'utilisent pas le film souple de celluloïd, on parle de précinéma.
Et la date de 1888 peut être retenue comme séparation entre le précinéma et le cinéma, l'invention du film souple en celluloïd par John Carbutt et sa commercialisation par l'industriel George Eastman en 1888 sous la forme de rouleaux de 70 mm de large étant la condition sine qua non pour amorcer un spectacle qui allait devenir une industrie culturelle.
Certes, Reynaud utilisait un autre matériau, de 70 mm de large fait de carrés de gélatine indépendants pour plus facilement les colorier et les repérer l'un par rapport à l'autre par transparence, mais ces carrés étaient assemblés et formaient une bande unique qui se déroulait d'une bobine à l'autre.
Certains historiens du cinéma, comme l'Américain Charles Musser, n'ont pas la même définition du précinéma, et classent Edison et Reynaud dans cette catégorie, au motif que le mode de visionnement d'Edison n'était pas la projection, et que la pellicule de Reynaud n'était pas la pellicule 35 mm que nous connaissons encore aujourd'hui.
Mais, si l'on se base sur ces remarques, la pellicule 35 mm à perforations rondes à raison d'un seul jeu par photogramme des frères Lumière n'était pas non plus la pellicule standard de cinéma (à deux jeux de quatre perforations rectangulaires par photogramme).
Ce qui conduirait de façon absurde à mettre l'invention des frères Lumière dans le précinéma.
Translation - English Pre-cinema
We use the term "pre-cinema" for any investigations not using flexible celluloid film which occurred prior to the invention of cinematic film.
1888 is the year separating pre-cinema from cinema, a year in which John Carbutt invented flexible celluloid film and industrialist George Eastman commercialised it in the form of 70 mm thick rolls, essential elements in the launch of a spectacle which would go on to become a cultural industry.
Although Reynaud used a different material, namely 70 mm width gelatin squares which were disconnected to facilitate colouring and identification by transparency, these squares were then reassembled to form a single strip which unwound from one reel to another.
Some cinematic historians such as American Charles Musser do not define pre-cinema in the same way, and include Edison and Reynaud in this category: Edison because his viewing method did not use projection, and Reynaud because he did not use the 35 mm film we still use today.
According to these criteria, the Lumière brothers' 35 mm film with one set of round perforations per frame also does not count as standard cinema film (which uses two sets of rectangular perforations per frame).
That would mean classing their invention as pre-cinema, which is absurd.
Italian to English: Architecture - Smart City: the Ville Intelligente in Paris General field: Art/Literary Detailed field: Architecture
Source text - Italian Architettura e smart city: La Ville Intelligente a Parigi
Un padiglione aperto, una struttura dalla morfologia futuristica, un’installazione che rappresenta visioni avveniristiche per la città di Parigi. Questo è La Ville Intelligente, realizzata lo scorso giugno da Jakob + MacFarlane Architects per Groupe Orange + Artevia nel Parc de la Villette come padiglione appartenente all’esposizione di architettura e spazi urbani denominata Hellodemain (Hello Tomorrow), allestita per esplorare e presentare nuove tecnologie, nuovi mezzi di informazione, comunicazione e trasporto che miglioreranno le città di domani.
“La Ville Intelligente è stata concepita come una ‘Parigi’ di domani, una struttura all’interno della quale le ‘arterie’ sono collegate per creare una metropoli del futuro… entrare e uscire in un nuovo spazio dove le persone possono ritrovarsi all’interno di una rete urbana con periferie, strade, luoghi… Una nuova scenografia urbana di reti, servizi e oggetti”. È questo il concept del progetto La Ville Intelligente secondo gli architetti Jakob + MacFarlane Architects, che hanno realizzato il padiglione temporaneamente montato all’interno del Parc de la Villette di Parigi, tra il 23 e il 26 giugno 2011, nelle immediate vicinanze del Geode e del Canal de l'Ourcq, e quindi visibile da entrambi i lati del parco.
La forma del padiglione è un’interpretazione del logo di Orange Group di France Telecom (la società di telecomunicazioni francese), articolato sul tema della città intelligente. La struttura aperta raffigura un futuristico e tecnologicamente avanzato paesaggio urbano parigino; il padiglione accoglie i visitatori da svariate direzioni grazie alla presenza di molteplici ingressi, funzionando come uno snodo di distribuzione in una rete di tecnologie e media.
Concepito come parte di una immaginaria Parigi, le cui arterie si collegano con la città del futuro, il padiglione funziona come un’entità appartenente a una rete in espansione. La Ville Intelligente visualizza Parigi trasformata in una metropoli futuristica, in cui le persone entrano ed escono da nuovi spazi da sperimentare, alla scoperta di una nuova mappa urbana.
All’interno di questa architettura effimera, Hellodemain ha presentato le innovazioni che costituiranno il supporto della città del futuro, attraverso tecnologie interattive, nuovi media e comunicazione.
La struttura del padiglione è costituita da un guscio esterno in tubi di acciaio smaltati color arancione, mentre un telo, del medesimo colore (di Ferrari Textiles), è agganciato e teso al di sotto della struttura metallica principale. Il padiglione poggia sul lungofiume lastricato attraverso basi di appoggio circolari in metallo. I tubi verticali si innalzano da queste basi andando poi a congiungersi con le altre aste, attraverso piastre imbullonate collocate in ogni nodo di congiunzione.
L’architettura in acciaio e tessuto crea, all’interno, un effetto visivo continuo, omogeneo e avvolgente.
a cura di Federica Maietti
Translation - English Architecture - Smart City: the Ville Intelligente in Paris
An open pavilion, a sci-fi shaped structure, an installation featuring futuristic visions of the city of Paris. This pavilion is the Intelligent City, created last June by Jakob + MacFarlane Architects for the Orange Group + Artevia in the Parc de la Villette as part of the Hellodemain (Hello Tomorrow) exhibition of architecture and urban spaces, set up to explore and present new technologies, and new methods of information, communication and transport that will improve the cities of tomorrow.
"The Intelligent City was conceived as a 'Paris' of tomorrow, a structure within which the 'arteries' are connected to create a metropolis of the future ... entering and exiting a new space where people can meet in an urban network with suburbs, streets, places ... A new urban landscape of networks, services and objects." This is the concept of the Intelligent City project according to Jakob + MacFarlane Architects, who designed the pavilion built temporarily inside the Parc de la Villette in Paris, from 23 to 26 June 2011, right next to the Geode and Canal de l'Ourcq, and thus visible from both sides of the park.
The shape of the pavilion reflects the logo of Orange Group of France Telecom (the French telecommunications company), with emphasis on the smart city theme. The open structure depicts a futuristic and technologically advanced urban Parisian landscape; the pavilion receives visitors from different directions due to the presence of multiple entrances, functioning as a distribution hub in a technology and media network.
Conceived as part of an imaginary Paris, whose arteries are connected with the city of the future, the pavilion functions as an entity belonging to an expanding network. The Ville Intelligente displays Paris transformed into a futuristic metropolis, where people enter and leave new spaces to be experienced, seeking a new urban map.
Within this ephemeral architecture, Hellodemain has showcased innovations that will comprise the backbone of the city of the future, using interactive technologies, new media and communications.
The structure of the pavilion is composed of an outer shell of orange-enamelled tubular steel, while a marquee of the same colour (by Ferrari Textiles) is attached and stretched beneath the main metal structure. It stands on the paved riverbank through round metal base plates. The vertical tubes rising from these go on to join with other stems, using bolted plates at each intersecting node.
The steel and fabric architecture creates a continuous, homogeneous and enveloping visual effect from within.
by Federica Maietti
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Years of experience: 19. Registered at ProZ.com: Oct 2015.
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