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Sample translations submitted: 2
Chinese to English: Geothermal Resources in China General field: Science Detailed field: Archaeology
Translation - English Geothermal Resources in China
The investigation and the large scale development and utilization of geothermal resources in our country started in the mid-1990s. It was roughly divided into four stages: the initial stage, preliminary development, significant progress, and marketization.
After 1949, along with the development of geological mineral discovery, and for the purpose of establishing and expanding hot-spring sanatoriums, we started the investigation of hot-springs by conducting geological exploration in certain thermal spring areas. We carried out initial analysis and discussions according to the information obtained in regards to the characteristics of hot-spring locations and its formation system in some areas. Meanwhile, we also, for the first time drew up a nation-wide hot spring distribution map. However, due to the limited resources invested into geothermal operations and its slow rate of progress, this period was considered as the initial stage.
From the end of the 1960s to the beginning of the 1970s, geothermal energy as a new energy source gradually rose world-wide. While in China, geothermal resource was brought to our attention on the initiative of Professor LI Xiguang, the famous Chinese geologist. We made remarkable progress in the general investigation of regional geothermal resources, the development and utilization of geothermal resources, and the basic theory of geothermal energy.
Since the 1970s, we have started general investigations and examinations of geothermal resources in over 20 provinces, and we have accumulated a collection of data on that topic. The information gathered by the Qingzang Plateau Comprehensive Scientific Investigation Team from The Academy of Science of China between 1973 and 1976, focusing on the geothermal activity and heat demonstration on the earth surface, was particularly systematic and comprehensive. At the same time, we began building geothermal power stations. In 1975 we started spread drilling in the Yang Ba Jing geothermal field in Xizang. It was the first ever confirmed high temperature geothermal field in mainland China after investigation. As a result, a power station model with the capacity of 1MWe was built in 1977. The successful operation of the Yang Ba Jing geothermal power station effectively reduced power shortage in the local area, and thus inspired the central and local energy decision making authorities. The success of the Yang Ban Jing operation had a significant meaning in the promotion of geothermal field development.
Along with the inherent advantage of geothermal resources, and the advancement of development and economic technology in our society, a great upsurge of geothermal resource development unfolded in our country. The drilling of geothermal wells was getting deeper, (with the deepest one being more than 4,000 meters). The scope was far beyond the concept of “geothermal abnormality”, and it possessed a very obvious market characteristic. During that time, the investigations were mainly around well locations, but no assessment was carried out on the comprehensive and systematic regional geothermal investigation. Due to the marketization of geothermal resource investigation and extraction, it created an unscientific and disorderly mining situation, and wasted a huge amount of resources. Although the government adopted necessary intervention measures in the main development areas, such as Tianjin, Beijing, Xian and so on, the result was not obvious.
In recent years, we have been paying great attention to the adjustment of energy structure, and encouraging the development and utilization of clean energy. As a new form of clean energy, the “upsurge” of geothermal resources is increasing. The development and utilization of geothermal resources is entering a historical period of rapid growth.
English to Chinese: Danger from Bird-Flu Drug? General field: Medical Detailed field: Medical (general)
Source text - English Danger from the Bird-Flu Drug?
Tuesday, Mar. 20, 2007 By BRYAN WALSH/TOKYO
In 2004 a 17-year-old boy in the Japanese town of Gero suddenly ran out of his home and into the middle of a busy street, where he was struck and killed by a truck. In 2005 a 14-year-old boy Chiryu got out of bed, climbed the wall outside his parent's ninth-floor apartment and dropped from the edge. And last month, in two separate incidents, a 14-year old male and a 14-year old female fell to their deaths from their respective high-rise apartment buildings. No one left a suicide note.
What they have in common is that each victim took the influenza antiviral Tamiflu shortly before they died. According to the Japanese Health Ministry, 54 people have died after taking Tamiflu — the drug governments around the world have stockpiled for use against avian flu — since the drug was approved for use in Japan in 2000. Most suspiciously, in multiple cases people, including those cases above, acted erratically after taking Tamiflu. Though the Health Ministry has said there is no clear evidence linking Tamiflu to the deaths, there is growing concern among doctors and parents in Japan over the drug's possible side effects. That is potential cause for concern in the rest of the world, because in the absence of a vaccine, Tamiflu will be the drug of first and last resort in the event of a pandemic.
The anti-Tamiflu forces in Japan are led by Dr. Rokuro Hama, an epidemiologist and internal medicine specialist who heads the Japan Institute of Pharmacovigilance, a medical industry watchdog. Hama believes that Tamiflu can directly cause temporary neurological disorders in a small percentage of users — especially young people. That can lead to abnormal behavior, such as a seemingly happy, healthy teenager suddenly deciding to leap off a high-rise apartment building. Hama also notes that the Tamiflu doses taken in Japan can be as much as 10 times greater than the normal amount taken in the U.S., which could aggravate the side effects. "There is no possibility whatsoever" that there could be another cause behind the Tamiflu deaths, says Hama. "Ultimately it should be taken off the market."
But according to the Japanese Health Ministry — and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) — the side effects that Hama has seen are more likely caused by influenza itself. In rare juvenile cases influenza can cause brain inflammation — encephalitis — that can lead to neuropsychiatric events. In fact, it was in Japan in the mid-1990s that pediatricians first began reporting such cases, which led to intense nationwide surveillance of pediatric influenza.
Hama notes, however, that it was around that same time that Tamiflu became widely used in the country. (Tamiflu is taken far more often here than in any other country; Japanese doctors prescribed the drug 24.5 million times between 2001 and 2005,compared to just 6.5 million prescriptions in the U.S.) Cases that included neurological side effects seemed to spike at the same time that Tamiflu prescriptions rose in Japan. Nevertheless, it is possible that the side effects accompanied the disease and that more such extreme cases were seen because doctors were looking harder.
That hypothesis was bolstered by a Ministry of Health study last year that investigated 2,800 influenza cases and found that virtually the same percentage of victims showed abnormal behavior whether or not they had taken Tamiflu. Still, the recent spate of suspicious deaths was enough for the ministry late last month to issue a general warning that influenza can cause psychiatric problems. For its part the FDA last autumn reviewed 103 cases of neuropsychiatric events associated with Tamiflu use — 95% of the cases came from Japan — and concluded that it could not conclude whether the events were due to the drug, to influenza or some combination of the two. But the FDA did point out that the sudden suicide attempts seen in Japan were quite unlike most cases of influenza-induced delirium, and registered concern that there could be a spike in neuropsychiatric events in the U.S. if American usage of Tamiflu eventually matched the levels seen in Japan.
The FDA has required Roche, the Swiss company that makes the drug, to put a caution on Tamiflu labels urging patients, doctors and parents to look out for strange behavior in anyone taking Tamiflu. Roche accepted the label change but, said a spokesperson? These events are extremely rare in relation to the number of patients treated? The company reiterates that none of the cases were linked to Tamiflu.
If Tamiflu were only needed for normal, seasonal influenza, this debate wouldn't matter outside Japan. In most Western countries Tamiflu, which can speed up recovery from the flu by a day or so at most, has barely been used. It's only been in prescription drug-happy Japan, where the government effectively made Tamiflu free, that the drug became popular before bird flu made it a household word. But because Tamiflu has been one of the few drugs to show effectiveness against H5N1 avian flu, it has become the key pharmacological component in international pandemic preparation plans. If a pandemic were to strike tomorrow, tens of millions of people could soon be given Tamiflu.
Source: Time
http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1601062,00.html
AIDS
Hoping to sharply cut HIV/AIDS transmission rates in the U.S., the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) took the unusual step of recommending that doctors ask all patients from ages 13 to 64 whether they want to be tested for the virus. One in four Americans living with HIV don't know they are infected; for them, early diagnosis could mean early treatment and longer lives. Antiretroviral drug therapy has already saved nearly 3 million years of life in the U.S. alone. Meanwhile, the number of people living with HIV/AIDS around the world continues to grow, to 40 million, according to estimates released last week by the U.N.
Source: Time
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1562958,00.html
Translation - Chinese 使用禽流感药物的危险性
报道者：百恩 。沃斯
2007年3月20日，星期二， 东京
2004年，在日本的歌绒(Gero)镇上一个17岁的男孩突然从家里跑出来。他跑到一条繁忙的大街中间，被货车撞死了。2005年，一个名叫薛玉(Chiryu) 的14岁男孩睡梦中醒来，爬上他父母家位于9层楼高的公寓外墙，从上面摔了下来。还有，在上个月发生的两件不同事件中，个14岁的男孩和一个14岁的女孩分别从他们所住的高楼层公寓里掉下来导致死亡。没有任何一个死者留下遗言。
他们的共同之处在于，每一名者在他们死亡前服用了一种叫泰米福禄的抗病毒性感冒药。据日本健康部指出，自从2000年日本政府允许使用泰米福禄后，已经有54人在服用了该药后死亡。全球很多国家都储存大量这种药来对抗鸟类流感。最可疑的是，在包括上述案例的多宗个案里，那些人在服用了泰米福禄后都显得行为古怪。尽管健康部表示目前没有任何明显的证据显示泰米福禄和那些死亡案件有关，但是日本的医生和家长对这药物可能引起的副作用越来越关注。这是引起世界上其他国家关注的潜在原因 – 因为在没有疫苗的情况下，一旦出现大流行病时，泰米福禄将是首选的药物，也是万不得已时选择的药物。
在日本带头反对使用泰米福禄的是绒酷绒哈马(Rokuro Hama)医生。他是一名流行病专家，也是国际药物专家。他是日本警惕制药学院(Japan Institute of Pharmacovigilance) 的主管。该学院负者监督药物工业。哈马认为对于小部分人，特别是年轻人来说，泰米福禄可以直接造成临时性神经絮乱。这可以导致一个看起来开心健康的年轻人突然决定从高楼跳下来的不正常行为。哈马同时提到，日本允许服用泰米福禄的剂量可以比在美国允许服用的正常剂量高达十倍。这可能加重副作用。哈马说：“这完全没有可能”是由别的药物造成泰米福禄的死亡个案。“到最后这药物应该被停止在市面出售”。
但据日本健康部和美国食物及药物管理部指出，哈马所看到的那些副作用更有可能是流感造成的。在罕见的青少年个案中，流感可以导致大脑发炎，也就是脑炎。这可以引致神经精神事件。事实上，在20世纪90年代中期，日本的儿科医生首次报道这类的个案，从而引起对儿童流感进行剧烈的全国性监视。
单是哈马表示，当时正是泰米福禄开始在全国广泛使用的时候。。（泰米福禄在日本的使用度比其他国家高。从2001到2005年，日本医生开这处方2450万次，对比美国，这处方只开了650万次）这些包括神经性副作用的个案高峰期，好像是在日本增加使用泰米福禄处方的同时期。但是，有可能是由于医生更仔细地查看，所以这些随着疾病的副作用以及那些更严重的个案被发现。健康部去年进行的一项研究支持这个假说。他们调查了2800宗流感个案，发现不管病人是否服用了泰米福禄，差不多同样比例的受害者表现出不正常的行为。然而，最近发生的可以死亡案件足以使健康部在上个月发布了有关流感可能造成精神问题的全面警告。食物及药物管理部在去年秋季自行从新审查了103宗与使用泰米福禄有关的神经精神事件的个案，发现95%的个案来自日本。从而得出以下结论：审查无法决定这些个案是否由于药物或流感，或是这两者合一而造成。但是食物及药物管理部确实指出了这些在日本看到的突然企图自杀个案，与大部分感冒所造成的妄想症个案不一样。管理部记录了一下的忧虑：如果美国人使用泰米福禄福的剂量最终达到日本人的使用量，美国有可能剧烈增加神经精神事件。
食物及药物管理部要求制造该药物的瑞士公司茹澈(Roche)在泰米福禄的标签上注上警告，敦促医生和病人家长留意病人服用该药物后的不正常举动。茹澈(Roche)公司 同意修改标签，但他们的发言人说：“与被治疗的病人数量对比，这些个案是极度稀少的”。该公司重申，没有一宗个案是与泰米福禄有关。如果人们只使用泰米福禄治疗普通季节性的感冒，这场讨论对日本以外的国家是无关重要的。在大部分的西方国家里，人们除了使用泰米福禄来提早一两天清除感冒以外，其他时候很少使用。只有在喜欢开处方的日本，政府实际上把泰米福禄免费供应，导致该药物在“禽流感”变成一个茶余饭后的用词前，已经被泛使用。但是由于泰米福禄目前是仅有的几种有效对抗H5N1鸟类流感的药物之一，它已经成为际大流感预防计划的主要药物成分。如果明天就发生流感侵袭，数以百万的人将会服用泰米福禄。
文章来源自：http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1601062,00.html
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I am currently a part-time student at the Western Sydney University, undertaking my final year of studies for Bachelor of Arts (Interpreting and Translation). Upon completion of the course, I will be qualified as an NAATI Level 3 accredited interpreter/translator.
I have over 25 years of experience in working with people of CALD backgrounds in all age groups, especially Chinese-speaking seniors and families with young children. Over the years, I have used my bilingual skills in helping my clients to deal with issues regarding social welfare, social justice, community services, health, education, employment and so on. This extensive knowledge and skills will allow me to work effectively as a professional interpreter and translator in related fields once I have completed the course.
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