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French to English: Asteroids: Earth in Danger/ Astéroïdes : la Terre en danger General field: Tech/Engineering Detailed field: Aerospace / Aviation / Space
Source text - French Espace : alerte aux astéroïdes !
Et si un astéroïde entrait en collision avec notre planète ? Cette hypothèse est envisagée par les scientifiques, qui prônent aujourd'hui des solutions pour détourner un tel corps céleste. De la plus folle à la plus crédible…
Il y a quinze jours, un astéroïde aussi grand qu'une maison a traversé l'espace aérien terrestre à
une distance de 95 000 km. Début octobre, une autre roche céleste de 32 m de large passait à 255
000 km au dessus de nos têtes. Dans son livre « Astéroïdes : la Terre en danger », qui vient de
paraître au Cherche-Midi Editeur, l'astrophysicien Jean-Pierre Luminet affirme que « 50 000 t de
météorites » tombent chaque année sur Terre. La plupart du temps sans provoquer de dommages.
Mais 5 000 astéroïdes, d'un diamètre supérieur à 150 m, passeraient régulièrement à moins de 8
millions de kilomètres de la Terre. Parce que certains frôlent régulièrement notre planète et
pourraient la percuter, les scientifiques ont émis plusieurs scénarios pour les détourner de leur
trajectoire. Preuve que la menace est prise au sérieux : l'Union européenne vient même de lancer
un programme de recherche.
Apophis 36 ne cesse de donner des sueurs froides aux astrophysiciens. Des années que les
scientifiques refont leurs calculs pour évaluer la trajectoire de cet astéroïde géant de 300 m, qui
aurait finalement une chance sur 250000 de se retrouver en 2036 sur une trajectoire de collision
avec la Terre. En percutant la planète bleue, il dégagerait une énergie équivalente à 510 Mt
(mégatonnes) : une puissance qui serait comparable à 34 000 bombes de Hiroshima!
« Constamment, on découvre au dernier moment de gros astéroïdes qui frôlent la Terre »,
explique l'astrophysicien Jean-Pierre Luminet. Sachant que l'impact d'un astéroïde de 400 m de
diamètre n'importe où dans l'océan Atlantique dévasterait les côtes avec des vagues de plus de 60
m (!) de hauteur, les scientifiques se creusent la tête depuis des années pour envisager des
solutions crédibles permettant de dévier la route de ces corps célestes géants. L'astrophysicien
français a listé au moins cinq solutions, de la plus farfelue à la plus crédible.
1 La solution la plus dangereuse
Pulvériser l'astéroïde avec une bombe atomique. Les objets d'une taille inférieure à 100 m
peuvent être détruits par de gros missiles. Mais pour s'attaquer à des astéroïdes plus gros, certains
scientifiques prônent l'usage de l'arme nucléaire. « Des lanceurs lourds, comme la fusée russe
Proton ou l'européenne Ariane V, pourraient être utilisés comme propulseurs », estime Jean-
Pierre Luminet, l'astrophysicien. Seul point noir mais de taille : des fragments d'astéroïdes
pourraient retomber sur Terre. « Des études récentes ont montré que la chute d'une série de gros
morceaux aurait des conséquences globales plus dévastatrices qu'un seul énorme bloc. »
2 La plus crédible
Remorquer l'astéroïde. C'est l'option « la plus prometteuse », selon le groupe industriel Astrium
(EADS), qui participe à un programme d'étude européen sur le sujet. Il s'agit d'envoyer un
vaisseau spatial suffisamment près de l'astéroïde pour provoquer une impulsion. « La seule force
d'attraction entre les deux objets suffirait à dévier l'astéroïde de quelques centaines de mètres,
explique l'astrophysicien. Le vaisseau agirait en quelque sorte comme un tracteur, utilisant
simplement la gravité comme câble remorqueur. »
Translation - English Space : Beware of Asteroids!
What would happen if an asteroid collided with our planet? This possibility is being considered by scientists, who are now recommending solutions to divert such a celestial object, from the craziest to the most credible...
Fifteen years ago, an asteroid as large as a house crossed earth's airspace from a distance of 95,000 kilometres. At the beginning of October, another celestial rock 32 metres wide passed 255,000 kilometres above our heads. In his book “Asteroids : Earth in Danger”, which has just been published by Cherche-Midi Editeur, the astrophysicist Jean- Pierre Luminet claims that “50,000 tonnes of meteorites” fall to earth each year. Most of the time no damage is caused.
However, 5,000 asteroids with a diameter of more than 150 metres regularly pass less than 8 million kilometres from earth. As some of them regularly brush past our planet and could even crash into it, scientists have put forward several suggestions to divert them from their trajectories. The European Union has even recently launched a research programme, which is proof that the threat is being taken seriously.
Apophis 36 continues to cause astrophysicists to break out in a cold sweat. For years scientists have been going over their numbers to evaluate the trajectory of this giant 300 metre asteroid. Ultimately it has a one in 250,000 chance of coming into contact with earth in 2036. Upon crashing into the blue planet, it would emit energy equivalent to 510 megatonnes. Such power would be comparable to 34,000 Hiroshima atomic bombs!
Luminet explains, “We are constantly discovering asteroids skimming by earth at the last moment”. Scientists know that the impact of a 400 metre diameter asteroid crashing into the Atlantic Ocean would devastate coasts by causing waves higher than 60 metres. Consequently they have been racking their brains for years to try and come up with credible solutions to cause these giant celestial bodies to deviate from their route. The French astrophysicist has come up with a list of five solutions, from the most eccentric to the most credible.
1- The most dangerous solution
Pulverise the asteroid with an atomic bomb. Objects smaller than 100 metres can be destroyed by large missiles, but to tackle larger asteroids, some scientists advocate the use of a nuclear weapon. The astrophysicist Luminet considers, “heavy launchers, such as the Russian Proton rocket or the European Ariane V, could be used as propulsion units”. The only downside is that fragments of the asteroid could fall to earth. Luminet says, “Recent studies have shown that a cluster of large pieces falling to earth would have more devastating consequences around the world than one single, huge piece”.
2- The most credible solution
Tow the asteroid. This is the “most promising” option according to the industrial group Astrium (EADS), which is taking part in a European study programme on the subject. It involves sending a space vessel near enough to the asteroid to cause thrust. The astrophysicist explains, “the single force of attraction between the two objects would suffice to divert the asteroid by a few hundred metres. To a certain extent, the vessel would act like a tractor unit, simply using gravity like a tow rope.”
French to English: DNA Neurone Damage/ Lésions de l'ADN des neurones General field: Science Detailed field: Biology (-tech,-chem,micro-)
Source text - French CERTAINES LÉSIONS DE L'ADN DES NEURONES RÉSULTERAIENT DU FONCTIONNEMENT NORMAL DU CERVEAU
Aussi surprenant que celui puisse paraître, certaines lésions affectant l'ADN des neurones seraient le produit du fonctionnement normal du cerveau, notamment lorsque ce dernier est en situation d'apprentissage et de mémorisation.
Aussi surprenant que celui puisse paraître, certaines lésions affectant l'ADN des
neurones seraient le produit du fonctionnement normal du cerveau, notamment lorsque ce dernier
est en situation d'apprentissage et de mémorisation.
Parmi toutes les lésions susceptibles d'affecter l'ADN présent de nos cellules, la plus grave d'entre
elles est probablement la cassure dite "double brin" de l'ADN : il s'agit d'une cassure des deux brins
de l'hélice formée par la molécule d'ADN, une lésion très difficile à réparer, qui peut notamment
engendrer des cancers.
Pourtant, une étude vient de révéler que ces lésions particulièrement délétères pourraient,
lorsqu'elles concernent les cellules neuronales, être au contraire le produit du fonctionnement
normal du cerveau. Plus encore, ces lésions pourraient même... faciliter le processus
d'apprentissage du cerveau ! Un étonnant résultat obtenu par une équipe de neurologues
américains de l'Université de Californie (San Francisco, États-Unis), et publié le 24 mars 2013 dans
la revue Nature Neuroscience sous le titre "Physiologic brain activity causes DNA double-strand breaks in neurons, with exacerbation by amyloid-β".
Pour parvenir à ces surprenantes conclusions, le neurologue Lennart Mucke et ses collègues ont
exposé pendant 2 heures un groupe de souris à un environnement non familier, doté de plusieurs
éléments inhabituels (odeurs inconnues, etc.). Puis, au terme de cette exploration, les souris ont été
ramenées dans leur environnement familier.
En parallèle, et ce pendant toute la durée de l'expérience, le taux de cassures double brin de l'ADN
survenant dans les neurones de ces souris a été analysé, via la mesure d'une protéine appelée
gamma-H2A.X, dont il est connu qu'elle s'accumule lorsque des ruptures double brin de l'ADN surviennent.
Résultat : les chercheurs ont constaté que le taux de cassure double brin de l'ADN des neurones de
ces souris a connu un pic très marqué lors de l'exploration du nouvel environnement. En revanche,
une fois ces souris revenues dans leur environnement familier, ce taux a rapidement chuté,
signalant que ces cassures double brin de l'ADN avaient été spontanément réparées.
Qu'en conclure ? De toute évidence, la situation d'apprentissage et de mémorisation à laquelle ont
été exposées ces souris a causé cette augmentation des cassures double brin de l'ADN des
neurones. De plus, le fait que ces lésions aient été automatiquement réparées une fois les souris
revenues dans leur environnement familier suggère que ce phénomène s'inscrit dans un processus
normal d'apprentissage et de mémorisation.
Pourquoi la situation d'apprentissage et de mémorisation déclencherait-elle une augmentation des
cassures double brin de l'ADN des neurones ? Si les auteurs de cette étude n'ont pas encore le fin
mot de l'histoire, ils suggèrent toutefois l'hypothèse suivante : les lésions double brin de l'ADN des
neurones surviendraient en situation d'apprentissage et de mémorisation car elles faciliteraient et
accélèreraient la production de protéines produites par les gènes impliqués dans l'apprentissage et
la mémorisation. Une hypothèse pour le moins étonnante, qu'il conviendra bien évidemment de
tester au cours d'expériences ultérieures.
Il est à noter que ces travaux ont également fourni des éléments nouveaux sur le fonctionnement de
la maladie d'Alzheimer. En effet, le neurologue Lennart Mucke et ses collègues (qui sont à l'origine
spécialisés dans la recherche sur la maladie d'Alzheimer) ont également réalisé, en parallèle de
cette première manipulation, une seconde expérience au déroulement identique, mais impliquant
cette fois des souris manipulées génétiquement de façon à présenter des troubles proches de la
maladie d'Alzheimer. Plus précisément, ces souris avaient été manipulées génétiquement de façon
à présenter des taux anormalement élevé de bêta amyloïde, cette protéine que l'on retrouve en
agrégat dans les neurones des patients atteints de la maladie d'Alzheimer, et qui aurait pour effet de
diminuer la communication entre les neurones.
Translation - English SOME DNA NEURON DAMAGE COULD RESULT IN NORMAL BRAIN FUNCTION
As surprising as this might seem, some of the damage affecting DNA neurons could be the result of normal brain function, particularly when the brain is in the process of learning and memorising.
Of all the types of damage which can affect the DNA in our cells, the worst is probably the breakage of the DNA called a “double strand”. This is a break of two helix strands formed by the DNA molecule, is very difficult to repair and can notably cause different types of cancers.
However, a study has recently revealed that the particularly harmful damage to neuronal cells could on the contrary be the result of normal brain function. Furthermore, this damage could even facilitate the brain’s learning process! This was the surprising conclusion reached by a team of American neurologists from the University of California in San Francisco, United States. It was published on 24th March 2013 in the magazine ‘Nature Neuroscience’ under the title “Physiologic brain activity causes DNA double-strand breaks in neurons, with exacerbation by amyloid-β".
To achieve this surprising outcome, the neurologist Lennart Mucke and his colleagues exposed a group of mice to an unfamiliar environment for two hours. During this period, they were subjected to unusual elements such as unknown smells etc. At the end of this investigation the mice were then brought back into their normal environment.
Whilst this experiment was taking place, the number of double strand DNA breakages appearing in the mice’s neurons was analysed. This was done by measuring a protein named gamma-H2A.x, which is known to build up when double strand DNA breakages occur.
The result ascertained by the researchers was that the number of double strand DNA breakages in neurons peaked noticeably when the mice began to experience a new environment. However, once the mice returned to their familiar environment, the number fell quickly, indicating these double strand DNA breakages were spontaneously repaired.
What conclusions can be drawn from this? Judging by the evidence, the learning and memorization situations to which the mice were exposed caused this increase in double strand DNA breakages in their neurons. Furthermore, the fact the damage was automatically repaired once the mice returned to their familiar environment suggests this phenomenon lies within the normal learning and memorization process.
Why does this learning and memory situation trigger an increase in double strand DNA breakages in neurons? If the creators of this study have not yet arrived at the crux of the matter, they nonetheless suggest the following hypothesis; double strand DNA breakages in neurons occur in learning and memorization situations because they facilitate and accelerate protein production generated by genes involved in learning and memorization. At the very least, this is a surprising hypothesis and it would be prudent to test it again in further experiments.
It is worth noting that this work has also presented new facts on how Alzheimer’s disease functions. As a matter of fact, the neurologist Lennart Mucke and his colleagues, who initially specialized in Alzheimer’s disease research, also carried out a second, identical experiment whilst the first experiment was taking place. This time, however, they involved genetically modified mice which were subjected to disorders similar to those found in Alzheimer’s disease. To be precise, these mice were genetically modified by increasing their beta amyloide to an abnormal level. This protein accumulates in the neurons of Alzheimer’s sufferers and results in a decrease in communication between neurons.
French to English: Japan Airlines return to Stock Market/ Retour en Bourse de la compagnie Japon Airline General field: Bus/Financial Detailed field: Business/Commerce (general)
Source text - French Spectaculaire retour en Bourse de la compagnie Japon Airlines après sa faillite
Cette introduction a rapporté 663,25 milliards de yens (6,45 milliards d'euros au taux de change du jour), ce qui a constitué la deuxième plus grosse opération boursière de l'année après l'entrée de Facebook à Wall Street.
La compagnie Japan Airlines (JAL) est revenue en force, mercredi 19
septembre, à la Bourse de Tokyo, moins de trois ans après une retentissante faillite dont elle ne s'est sortie que grâce au soutien de l'Etat nippon.
Les 175 millions d'actions, vendues 3 790 yens (36,6 euros) la semaine dernière aux investisseurs avec un certain succès, ont pu être échangées sur le premier marché tokyoïte pour la première fois depuis la radiation du titre JAL de la cote au début 2010, conséquence du dépôt de bilan de l'entreprise. A la pause de 11 h 30, heure locale (4 h 30, heure de Paris), l'action était en légère hausse de 1,06 %, cotant 3 830 yens (37 euros) .
Cette introduction a rapporté 663,25 milliards de yens (6,45 milliards d'euros au taux de change du jour),
ce qui a constitué la deuxième plus grosse opération boursière de l'année après l'entrée de Facebook à Wall Street. Au regard de son cours d'ouverture, la capitalisation boursière de JAL dépassait celle de sa concurrente All Nippon Airways (ANA).
Pour autant, nombre d'investisseurs craignent pour l'avenir du titre, au regard des prix du kérosène toujours élevés et de la conjoncture économique difficile auxquels font face les transporteurs aériens. "Au
vu de la concurrence sur les prix et de l'arrivée de compagnies à bas coût [sur le marché japonais], les investisseurs ne s'attendent pas à une croissance du secteur à moyen ou long terme", a prévenu Ryota
Himeno, de la banque Barclays.
TENSIONS AVEC LA CHINE
Le PDG de JAL, Yoshiharu Ueki, s'est pourtant voulu rassurant. "J'ai confiance dans notre capacité à entretenir une croissance durable d'ici cinq à dix ans", a-t-il souligné dans une interview à Dow Jones Newswires. A court terme, le groupe pourrait également subir une baisse de fréquentation de ses nombreuses liaisons entre le Japon et la Chine à cause des tensions territoriales entre les deux pays. "Nous avons une structure déjà en place pour agir rapidement" face à cette éventualité, a souligné M. Ueki, faisant référence à la réaction de la compagnie après le tsunami du 11 mars 2011 dans le nord-
est du Japon qui avait fait plonger la demande.
Quelle que soit l'évolution de son action à court terme, le retour en Bourse de JAL est spectaculaire. Il y a moins de trois ans, les détenteurs de titres s'en débarrassaient à tour de bras, avant de tout bonnement les jeter à la poubelle. Croulant sous les pertes et les dettes, la principale compagnie asiatique (à l'époque) avait déposé le bilan en janvier 2010, laissant une ardoise de plus de 2 000 milliards de yens (20 milliards d'euros), la pire faillite jamais recensée au Japon hors du secteur financier.
L'Etat avait volé à son secours pour lui permettre de continuer à fonctionner, via un organisme semi-
public de redressement des entreprises, l'Etic, qui lui avait versé 350 milliards de yens (3,5 milliards d'euros). Propriétaire des titres mis sur le marché mercredi, l'Etic va récupérer quasiment le double de ce
qu'il avait investi.
Translation - English Japan Airlines spectacularly returns to The Stock Market after going bankrupt
This flotation has yielded 663.25 billion Yen (6.45 billion Euros using today's exchange rate), which constitutes the second largest stock exchange transaction of the year after Facebook's entry on Wall Street.
On Wednesday 19th September, Japan Airlines (JAL) made a strong comeback, re-entering the Tokyo Stock Exchange less than three years after a resounding bankruptcy, from which it only recovered due to support from the Japanese State.
175 million shares were sold with some success to investors last week at a cost of 3,790 Yen (36.60 Euros). They were able to be exchanged for the first time on the first Tokyo market since JAL's stock rating was struck off at the start of 2010 as a consequence of the company's liquidation. At the 11:30 break local time (04:30 in Paris), shares were slightly upward of 1.06%, standing at 3830 Yen (37 Euros).
This flotation has yielded 663.25 billion Yen (6.45 billion Euros using today's exchange rate), which constitutes the second largest stock exchange transaction of the year after Facebook's entry on Wall Street. In view of its opening price, JAL's market valuation exceeded that of its competitor All Nippon Airways (ANA).
Despite all this, a number of investors fear for the future of its stock due to the price of kerosene which is still high, and the difficult economic situation facing aviation contractors.
Ryota Himeno from Barclays Bank warned, “considering price competition and the arrival of low-cost companies (to the Japanese market), investors do not expect medium or long-term growth in this sector.”
Tensions with China
The President of JAL,Yoshiharu Ueki, tried to sound reassuring. In an interview with Dow Jones he stressed, “I am confident in our ability to maintain enduring growth in the next five to ten years”.
In the short term the company could likely suffer a decline in associates from its numerous links with Japan and China because of tensions over territory between the two countries.
Referring to the company's reaction after the tsunami on 11 March 2011 in North-East Japan which caused demand to plummet, Mr. Ueki underlined, “We already have a structure in place so we can act quickly” should this happen.
Whatever happens to the development of its shares in the short term, the return of JAL to the Stock Market is spectacular. Three years ago its shareholders discarded their shares with a vengeance, simply throwing them in the bin. Crumbling under losses and debts, Asia's largest company (at the time) filed for bankruptcy, owing more than 2000 billion Yen (20 billion Euros). This was the worst case of bankruptcy ever registered in Japan outside the Financial Sector.
The State came to JAL's assistance to allow it to continue operating through a semi-public organisation specialising in business recovery named 'L'Etic', which paid JAL 350 billion Yen (3.5 billion Euros). Launched as a stockholder on Wednesday, L'Etic will recoup almost double its initial investment.
Spanish to English: Renewable energy- Green job creation/ Energías renovables- Empleo verde General field: Science Detailed field: Environment & Ecology
Source text - Spanish Empleo verde, la profesión del futuro
Mientras las cifras de desempleo no dejan de aumentar, los negocios vinculados al desarrollo sostenible y el medio ambiente se configuran como una nueva fuente de generación de empleo.
Diseño de energías y combustibles del futuro, experto en energías renovables (solar, eólica o fotovoltaica), experto en ecodiseño, educador ambiental, ingeniero civil y ambiental, investigación en recursos hídricos y medio ambiente, químico ambiental, restauración de ecosistemas, organización de recursos naturales y paisajísticos...
Los empleos verdes son aquéllos que reducen el impacto ambiental de empresas y sectores, según el Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (Pnuma). Son puestos de trabajo que ayudan a reducir el consumo de energía, de materias primas y agua mediante la eficiencia, a rebajar la huella de carbono y las emisiones de gases efecto invernadero, a disminuir los residuos y a controlar y prevenir la contaminación y profesiones consideradas de futuro.
En su discurso sobre el estado de la UE de 2010, el presidente de la Comisión Europea, José Manuel Durao Barroso, prometió la creación de tres millones de nuevos empleos verdes en la UE para 2020, y este mismo año la OIT estimaba que la economía baja en carbono podría crear hasta 60 millones de empleos.
De momento, sólo en España, las empresas verdes, especialmente las ligadas a la energía y residuos, crearon 324.868 empleos entre 1998 y 2009, según un estudio de la Fundación Fórum Ambiental. Además, en cinco años, pasaron de una facturación de 19.942 millones de euros en 2005 a 40.355 millones de euros en 2010, aportando el 3,6% al PIB español.
Entre las áreas que más contribuyen al crecimiento del empleo, las energías renovables. La Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) calcula su potencial de generación de empleos en 20 millones de puestos en todo el mundo. Un informe del Observatorio de la Sostenibilidad y la Fundación Biodiversidad señala que este sector ya empleaba a 109.368 personas en 2009. Pero, si en tierra el recorte de las primas a estas instalaciones puede dejar de crear empleo, la alternativa puede venir del mar.
Eólica marina
Los planes de la UE apuntan a contar con 40.000 megavatios eólicos marinos instalados frente a sus costas dentro de ocho años, una oportunidad que podría suponer para España la creación de cerca de diez mil empleos, según un estudio del Clúster Marítimo Español, que destaca que será necesario construir más de 40 buques instaladores de aerogeneradores, además de decenas de embarcaciones auxiliares (remolcadores, dragas, grúas flotantes..), una actividad en la que pueden participar activamente los astilleros y los puertos.
Sin embargo, uno de los campos con mayores perspectivas es el de la eficiencia energética. El Plan de Ahorro y Eficiencia Energética, aprobado en agosto de 2011, contempla que este sector empleará a 750.000 personas y supondrá el 3,9% del PIB español en 2020.
El plan destaca como prioritarios los ahorros en transporte, edificación y equipamiento, lo que abre un amplio abanico a la creación de empleos vinculados no sólo al desarrollo y fabricación de vehículos ecoeficientes, sino también a la construcción sostenible y rehabilitación ecoenergética de edificios. En este último se ha llegado a hablar de entre 350.000 y 400.000 puestos cualificados en empresas de servicios energéticos.
En este campo estarían los trabajos ligados a las auditorías e inspecciones, construcción e, incluso, a las industrias que producen, por ejemplo, materiales de aislamiento térmico o iluminación de bajo consumo. Además, está el empleo vinculado al transporte sostenible, que algunas fuentes cifran en 800.000 en el horizonte de 2020.
Translation - English Green jobs; the future of employment
Whilst unemployment figures are still increasing, businesses associated with sustainable development and the environment are shaping up to be a new source of employment creation.
They are involved in future energy and fossil fuel plans and specialise in ecodesign, renewable energies such as solar, wind and electricity and environmental education. They are also concerned with civil and environmental engineering, studying water and environmental resources, environmental chemistry, restoring ecosystems and the management of natural resources and landscapes.
According to the United Nations' Environmental Programme, green jobs are jobs which reduce the environmental impact of businesses and industry. They are positions which help to decrease the consumption of energy, water and raw materials through better efficiency. They also help to reduce carbon footprint, greenhouse gas emissions and waste, and assist in preventing pollution and protecting the jobs of the future.
In his speech on the state of the EU in 2010, the President of the European Commission, José Manuel Durao Barroso, pledged the creation of three million new green jobs in the EU by 2020. In the same year, the ILO (International Labour Organisation) estimated that a low-carbon economy could create up to 60 million jobs.
According to a study by the 'Fundacion Forum Ambiental' (Environmental Foundation Forum), in Spain alone, green companies, especially those concerned with energy and waste, created 324,868 jobs between 1998 and 2009. Furthermore, in five years, their turnover increased from 19,942 million euros in 2005 to 40,355 million euros in 2010, accounting for 3.6% of Spain's GDP.
Renewable energy is one of the fields which is contributing most to the growth in the employment market. The ILO estimates that there is the potential for 20 million jobs around the world to be created as a result of renewable energy. A report by the 'Observatorio de la Sostenibilidad y la Fundacion Biodiversidad' (Observatory for Sustainability and The Biodiversity Foundation) shows that this sector already employed 109,368 people in 2009. However, if funding cuts to these land-based facilities should inhibit job creation, the alternative could come from the sea.
Offshore wind
The EU aims to have wind power turbines totalling 40,000 megawatts of output installed off its coastlines within eight years.
According to a study by the 'Cluster Maritimo Espanol' (Spanish Maritime Cluster), this is an opportunity to create almost ten thousand jobs in Spain. It stresses that it will be necessary to build 40 ships equipped with wind turbines in addition to dozens of support vessels, such as tugs, dredgers and floating cranes. Shipyards and ports will be able to actively participate in the project.
However, one of the areas with the greatest prospects is energy efficiency. The 'Plan de Ahorro y Eficiencia Energetica' (Energy and Conservation Efficiency Plan), which was approved in August 2011, envisages that this sector will employ 750,000 people and contribute 3.9% of Spain's GDP in 2020.
The plan emphasises savings in transport, construction and equipment as its priority, which opens up the possibility for the creation of jobs linked not only to the development and manufacture of energy efficient vehicles, but also to the sustainable construction and ecoenergetic renovation of buildings. In the latter case, there was even talk of there being between 350,000 and 400,000 skilled positions in companies within the energy services.
In this sector, jobs would involve audits, inspections and construction. There would even be jobs in industries which produce thermal insulation materials or energy saving lighting. In addition there is employment concerned with sustainable transport, which, according to some sources, will have created 800,000 jobs by around the year 2020.
Spanish to English: Palaeobiology- Dental erosion in ruminants/ Paleobiólogia- Desgaste dental en rumiantes General field: Science Detailed field: Biology (-tech,-chem,micro-)
Source text - Spanish El estudio se acaba de publicar en Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.
Una investigación liderada por el paleobiólogo Jorge Morales del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC) aborda la reconstrucción ambiental y climática del Mioceno medio en el centro de España a partir del desgaste dental en rumiantes.
Hace entre 11 y 15 millones de años, en el Mioceno medio, los primates experimentaron una importante radiación evolutiva que les permitió extenderse por el continente euroasiático. No obstante, no hay registro fósil de primates en las cuencas centrales españolas, por lo que el objetivo de esta investigación ha sido conocer de manera más detallada el contexto medioambiental y climático de esta zona durante la época de dispersión de los primates. Para ello, la reconstrucción paleoambiental de ese período se ha abordado a partir del estudio de los hábitos alimentarios de los rumiantes, uno de los grupos de mamíferos más exitosos y con una extraordinaria diversidad tanto geográfica como taxonómica. Su dieta, estrictamente herbívora, los convierte en excelentes indicadores del ambiente en el que vivieron.
A menudo se suele decir que somos lo que comemos, y sin duda, los alimentos dejan una huella inconfundible en los dientes que los paleontólogos pueden identificar. En el caso de los ungulados, el agente de desgaste más importante son unas partículas microscópicas de sílice producidas por las plantas llamadas fitolitos. En función del tipo de vegetal que se consuma (hierba, frutos, hojas de árbol, etc.) y del tipo de animal en base a la dieta (pacedor, ramoneador o mixto) las marcas que aparecen son diferentes. Los pacedores, o comedores de pasto o hierba, tienen una dieta más abrasiva que se traduce en una mayor cantidad de microestrías y en cúspides dentales más redondeadas que aquellas de los ramoneadores, que comen hojas, brotes o frutos de árboles o arbustos.
El equipo investigador, integrado por científicos del Institut Catalá de Paleontología (ICP), de la Universidad de Zaragoza y del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, ha combinado dos métodos para analizar el desgaste dentario; Daniel DeMiguel que realizó su Tesis doctoral en el Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales del CSIC nos lo explica: “Hemos utilizado una metodología de investigación poco común, pero muy potente. Con la técnica del microdesgaste hemos analizado las marcas microscópicas registradas en el esmalte dental. A través de las fotografías tomadas con un microscopio electrónico, que nos permiten ampliar 500 veces la muestra, hemos inferido lo que el animal comió en los últimos instantes (días y horas) previos a su muerte; esto es así porque las marcas que aparecen cuando el animal se alimenta borran de algún modo aquellas de días anteriores. La otra técnica que hemos utilizado, el mesodesgaste, estudia el relieve oclusal y el contorno de las cúspides de los dientes para averiguar los alimentos ingeridos durante un periodo de tiempo más prolongado (semanas y meses). Ambas técnicas son complementarias y los datos obtenidos de la muestra fósil se comparan después con bases de datos de ungulados actuales con dietas conocidas. Con esta metodología podemos por ejemplo estudiar los cambios climáticos del pasado, para así tratar de comprender lo que está ocurriendo en la actualidad”.
Translation - English A study has just been published in ‘Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology’.
Research led by the palaeobiologist Jorge Morales of the ‘Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales’ (CSIC) / ‘National Museum of Natural Sciences’ is dealing with the environmental and climatic reconstruction of the Middle Miocene Period in Central Spain by studying dental erosion in ruminants.
Between 11 and 15 million years ago in the Middle Miocene Period, primates underwent significant adaptive radiation which enabled them to spread throughout the Eurasian continent. However, there are no records of primate fossils in central Spain’s river basins. Consequently, the aim of this investigation has been to understand in more detail the environmental and climatic situation in this area at the time the primates dispersed. To this end, the paleoenvironmental reconstruction of this period has focused on the study of the feeding habits of ruminants, one of the most successful groups of mammals with an equally extraordinary diversity in its geography and taxonomy. Its strictly herbivorous diet makes them excellent specimens from which to gauge the environment in which they lived.
We often say we are what we eat, and food, without doubt, leaves a distinctive mark on teeth, which can be identified by palaeontologists. In the case of ungulates, the most significant signs of erosion are microscopic silica particles produced by phytolith plants. Depending on the type of vegetable consumed (grass, fruit, tree leaves etc) and the type of animal consuming it (grazer, forager or both), the marks left on the teeth are different. Grazers, or consumers of fodder and grass, have a more abrasive diet, which produces a larger quantity of microgrooves and more rounded tips of the teeth than in foragers who eat leaves, shoots or fruits from trees and bushes.
The research team, consisting of scientists from the ‘Institut Catalá de Paleontologia (ICP)/ ‘Catalan Institute of Palaeontology’, ‘Universidad de Zaragoza’/ ‘University of Zaragoza’ and the ‘Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales’ (CSIC)/ ‘National Museum of Natural Sciences’, combined two methods to analyse dental erosion. Daniel DeMiguel, who completed his Doctoral Thesis at the National Museum of Natural Sciences, explains, “We used a rare but effective research method. Using the microerosion technique, we analysed the microscopic marks left on the dental enamel. From the photographs we took with an electric microscope, which allows us to make the sample 500 times bigger, we were able to deduce what the animal ate in the final moments (days and hours) before its death. This is because the marks appear when the animal is eating and somehow rub off the marks made in the preceding days. The other technique we used, that of mesoerosion, studies occlusal prominence and the edge of the tips of teeth so we can find out what was ingested during a more prolonged period of time (weeks and months). Both techniques complement one another and the data obtained from the fossil sample is then compared with databases on present day ungulates whose diet we know about. Using this method we can, for example, study climate changes in the past so we can then try and understand what is happening today”.
German to English: Deutsche Bahn Safety/ Sicherheit bei der DB General field: Other Detailed field: Transport / Transportation / Shipping
Source text - German Sicherheit bei der DB
Mit gutem Gefühl unterwegs
DB-Fahrgäste werden selten Opfer von Straftaten. Damit in Bahnen und Bahnhöfen niemand Angst haben muss, engagiert sich die Bahn dafür, auch die gefühlte Sicherheit zu erhöhen.
Text: Olaf Krohn
Dieses Unbehagen kennen viele: Wenn sie abends allein auf einem Bahnsteig ihren Zug erwarten. Oder in der S-Bahn liegen sich Schüler in den Haaren. Oder wenn Fußballfans mit Gesang die Bahn zu ihrem Spielfeld machen. Was ein Einzelner in derartigen Situationen empfindet, ist individuell unterschiedlich: ein mulmiges Gefühl womöglich oder gar Angst. Experten sprechen von “subjektiver Sicherheit”: das unangenehme Gefühl, in Gefahr zu sein, ganz unabhängig von einer tatsächlichen Bedrohung.
Für den gesamten öffentlichen Personenverkehr und damit auch für die Bahn ist das ein wichtiges Thema: Denn obwohl in Bahnen, Bussen und Bahnhöfen statistisch sehr wenig passiert, beschleicht manche Menschen gerade dort das unangenehme Gefühl, Opfer einer Straftat werden zu können. Nicht gerade morgens im Berufsverkehr, aber vielleicht abends oder nachts, wenn es dunkel ist und weniger Menschen unterwegs sind. Nach einer ForsaUmfrage von Pro Bahn und der Allianz pro Schiene fühlen sich zehn Prozent aller Bahn- und Busfahrgäste unsicher.
“Wir nehmen das sehr ernst”, sagt Professor Gerd Neubeck, Chef der Konzernsicherheit bei der DB. “Schließlich sind es unsere Kunden, und wir möchten nicht, dass sie sich unsicher fühlen.” Der 62-Jährige war früher Richter, Staatsanwalt und zehn Jahre lang stellvertretender Polizeichef von Berlin, bevor er 2009 zum DB-Konzern kam. “Es ist ein Phänomen des öffentlichen Raums, dass die Furcht oft größer ist als die Bedrohung. Und wenn es dann noch dunkel ist, wenn alkoholisierte Jugendgruppen unterwegs sind, fühlen sich besonders Frauen und ältere Menschen unsicher.”
Verstärkt werde dies durch reißerische Berichterstattung über einzelne gewalttätige Übergriffe in Bahnen und Bahnhöfen. Sie verstellen häufig den Blick auf die nüchternen Fakten: 992 Körperverletzungen registrierte die DB im gesamten vergangenen Jahr in ihrem Bereich, angesichts von täglich 7,5 Millionen Kunden ein äußerst geringer Wert. Die Bahn veranlasst eine Vielzahl von Maßnahmen, um ihre Fahrgäste, Fahrzeuge und Anlagen vor Kriminalität zu schützen. Schließlich agiert die DB mitten im öffentlichen Leben und heißt jedermann willkommen.
160 Millionen Euro gibt der Konzern jährlich für die Sicherheit aus. DB Sicherheit, der interne Sicherheitsdienst der Deutschen Bahn, ist bundesweit rund um die Uhr mit 3700 geschulten Fachkräften im Einsatz, hinzu kommen bis zu 5000 Bundespolizisten. Außerdem sorgen auch viele weitere DB-Mitarbeiter wie Lokführer, Zugbegleiter und Servicekräfte dafür, dass Kunden unterwegs einen professionellen und hilfsbereiten Ansprechpartner finden. Über die Notruf- und Informationssäulen auf dem Bahnsteig kann man zu 41 3-S-Zentralen (Sicherheit, Sauberkeit, Service) Kontakt aufnehmen.
Manches von dem, was die Bahn für die Sicherheit tut, bleibt für die Fahrgäste allerdings unsichtbar. In einer Seitenstrasse des Potsdamer Platzes leitet die 44-jährige Susanne Kufeld das DB-Lagezentrum und globale Krisenmanagement des DB-Konzerns. “Von hier aus haben wir die Sicherheitslage des gesamten Konzerns im Blick, und zwar weltweit”, sagt Kufeld, die vor dem Wechsel zur DB lange bei der Bundespolizei arbeitete. “Hier läuft alles zusammen: Meldungen von Gewalttaten, aber auch Buntmetalldiebstahl, Anschläge auf Bahnanlagen, Vandalismus, Automatenaufbrüche.” Auch bei Unfällen, Unwetter, Suiziden, einem herrenlosen Koffer oder sportlichen Großereignissen greift das DB-Lagezentrum lenkend ein.
Seit vier Jahren pflegt die DB eine Ordnungspartnerschaft mit der Bundespolizei, und im DBLagezentrum kann man diese live erleben: Hier arbeiten Sicherheitsexperten und Polizeibeamte rund um die Uhr Hand in Hand. Nebenan ist ein Sitzungssaal mit einem riesigen ovalen Konferenztisch und aller erdenklichen Technik für die Sitzungen des Krisenstabs ausgerüstet. “Wir halten durchgehend ein konzernweites, aktuelles Lagebild vor. Täglich um zehn Uhr erhält der Vorstand einen Bericht über herausragende Ereignisse des vergangenen Tages” sagt Teamleiter Gerald Richter. Im DB-Lagezentrum reagieren Richter und seine Kollegen nicht nur auf Vorfälle, sie werden auch vorbeugend tätig: “Wir nennen das: vor die Lage kommen”, erklärt der 43-Jährige. “Wir analysieren unter anderem europaweit Reisendenströme im Umfeld von Großereignissen, wie zum Beispiel internationalen Fußball-Turnieren oder Olympia. Vor und nach jedem Wochenende bewerten wir mit unserem Ordnungspartner Bundespolizei genau, wo und wann sich rivalisierende bahnreisende Fußballfans begegnen könnten.”
Translation - English Safety with Deutsche Bahn
Feeling safe and sound on your travels
DB (Deutsche Bahn/ German Rail) passengers are seldom victims of crime. So that nobody feels scared on trains or in stations, DB is committed to making passengers feel even safer.
A lot of people are familiar with that uneasy feeling, like when you are alone on the platform waiting for your train in the evening, when school children are fighting in the tram or when football fans are making their way to game, singing at the top of their voices. What an individual feels in those situations differs from person to person. It may just be an uncomfortable feeling, or it could even be fear. Experts talk about 'subjective safety', which is the unpleasant feeling when one is in danger but not directly threatened.
It is an important subject for all public passenger transport and therefore for DB as well, because although statistically speaking very little happens in trains, buses and train stations, that unpleasant feeling of being a victim of crime creeps up on some people in those places. It does not happen in the morning during rush hour, but perhaps in the evening or at night when it is dark and there are less people about. According to a survey conducted by Forsa of Pro Bahn and the Rail Alliance, ten percent of all rail and bus passengers feel unsafe.
Professor Gerd Neubeck, Head of Security at DB, stated, “We are taking this very seriously. After all they are our customers, and we do not want them to feel unsafe”. The 62 year-old was previously a judge and public prosecutor and for ten years was Berlin's Deputy Chief of Police before he started with DB in 2009. He went on to say, “It is a phenomenon of public spaces that the fear felt there is often greater than the actual threat. And then when it is dark and groups of drunken youths are hanging about, women and older people feel especially unsafe”.
This feeling is heightened by sensationalised news coverage of individual violent attacks in trains and stations. They often obscure the simple facts. For example, throughout the whole of last year, DB registered 992 cases of bodily harm on its own premises or train services, which, when you consider that 7.5 million customers use DB on a daily basis, is an extremely low number. DB is initiating a multitude of measures in order to protect its passengers, vehicles and property from crime. After all, it is an important part of daily public life and wants to welcome everyone to use its services.
The company spends 160 million Euros per year on security. DB Security, the internal security service for Deutsche Bahn, has 3700 highly trained members of staff working around the clock all over the country, with 5000 federal police officers supporting them. Furthermore, other DB employees such as train drivers, guards and waiting staff are also ensuring that customers find DB a professional and helpful company with which to deal. The emergency and information points on the platform can be used to make contact with 41 '3-S' headquarters, which stands for 'Sicherheit (safety/security), 'Sauberkeit' (cleanliness) and 'Service' (service).
However, some of the measures DB is implementing with regards to security remain invisible to passengers. In a side street off Potsdamer Platz, the 44 year-old Susanne Kufeld heads DB's Situation Centre and Global Crisis Management. Kufeld, who before moving to DB was a long-serving employee of the Federal Police, explains, “From here we can see the security situations affecting the whole company worldwide. Everything is gathered here, including reports of violence, theft of non-ferrous metal, attacks on railway systems, vandalism and vending machine robberies.” DB also intervenes if there are accidents, severe storms, suicides, abandoned suitcases or large sporting events.
For four years DB has maintained a partnership in law and order with the Federal Police which can be experienced up close in DB's situation centre. Here security experts and police officers work in tandem around the clock.
Next door there is a conference room equipped with a huge oval table and every conceivable piece of technology for the crisis team to use during its meetings. Team leader Gerald Reiter says, “We continuously provide the latest situation reports across the company. Every day at ten o'clock the Management team receives a report on the previous days' most noteworthy incidents.” In DB's situation centre, Richter and his colleagues not only react to such incidents, they also try to come up with preventative measures. The 43 year-old explains, “We call it 'getting ahead of the game'. Amongst other things, we analyse passenger numbers across Europe for big events such as international football tournaments or the Olympics. Along with the Federal Police, our partner in law and order, before and after each weekend we evaluate exactly where and when rival football fans travelling by train could encounter one another”.
German to English: Job Market/ Arbeitsmarkt General field: Bus/Financial Detailed field: Business/Commerce (general)
Source text - German Arbeitsmarkt
Groβe Worte, wenig Geld.
Ein Förderprogramm soll jungen Arbeitslosen aus den EU-Krisenlӓndern in Deutschland eine Chance geben. Weil Mittel fehlen, gerӓt das Programm ins Stocken.
Luis Ribeiro kennt Angela Merkel nicht persönlich, aber er hat sich auf ein Versprechen der Bundeskanzlerin verlassen. Das könnte ein Fehler gewesen sein.
„Es darf keine verlorene Generation geben”, hatte Merkel im Juli vergangenen Jahres gesagt. Damals trafen sich zahlreiche EU-Regierungschefs in Berlin zum Krisengipfel im Kampf gegen die grassierende Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa. Merkel verkündete acht Milliarden Euro Hilfe von den Mitgliedsstaaten. Und Deutschland hatte ein Programm, das bereits existierte.
Also bewarb sich Luis Ribeito, der aus Angst um seine Zukunft seinen wahren Namen nicht öffentlich machen will, Ende 2013 für ebenjenes Programm, das im sperrigen Behördendeutsch MobiPro-EU heiβt. Es soll jungen, arbeitslosen Menschen, vor allem aus Südeuropa, den Berufseinstieg in Deutschland erleichtern – und zugleich die Personallücken in deutschen Betrieben schlieβen.
Doch was als groβzügige Geste gedacht war, entwickelt sich für die deutsche Regierung zum Problem. Die Schwӓche des Programms muss auch Ribeiro erleben. Der 27-Jӓhrige aus dem Norden Portugals studierte Krankenpflege an der Hochschule Braga, seitdem ist er arbeitslos. „Ich habe bestimmt 20 Bewerbungen geschrieben”, sagt Luis, „aber ich habe nicht eine einzige Antwort bekommen.” Krankenpfleger haben schlechte Chancen auf dem portugiesischen Arbeitsmarkt, wo die Wirtschaft seit der Euro-Krise am Boden liegt.
Über einen privaten Vermittler erhielt Ribeiro einen Arbeitsvertrag in einem Altersheim im Schwarzwald. Seit Monaten besucht er tӓglich in Braga einen Deutschkurs. Kommende Woche soll er seine Arbeitsstelle antreten und einen weiteren Sprachkurs absolvieren. Die Kosten für Unterricht und Anreise wollte MobiPro übernehmen – doch erst einmal bleiben Ribeiro und die Helfer darauf sitzen.
Am 27.Mӓrz erhielt der Portugiese Post aus Deutschland von der Zentralen Auslands- und Fachvermittlung (ZAV). Diese teilte ihm mit, dass über seinen Antrag vorerst nicht entschieden
werden könne, „da aktuell keine ausreichenden Fördermittel aus dem Bundeshaushalt für das Jahr
2014 zur Verfügung stehen.”
Denn tatsӓchlich ist das Programm, das Anfang vergangenen Jahres von der damaligen
Arbeitsministerin Ursula von der Leyen mit groβen Worten gestartet wurde, dramatisch
unterfinanziert. Zwar ist MobiPro sinnvoll angelegt: Vor allem in Südeuropa ist die hohe
Jugendarbeitslosigkeit wie zementiert, in Deutschland dagegen fehlen Lehrlinge und Fachkrӓfte. Die
ZAV, die zur Bundesagentur für Arbeit (BA) gehört, zahlt den jungen Menschen, die hier ihre Zukunft
sehen, deshalb Reisekosten, Unterhaltszuschüsse zur Lehre und Sprachkurse.
Offenbar hat in der deutschen Politik aber niemand damit gerechnet, dass sich so viele junge
Menschen auf der Suche nach Arbeit Richtung Deutschland wagen würden. (…)
Bislang sind für das Programm, das bis 2018 auslӓuft, insgesam 359 Millionen Euro vorgesehen.
Bleibt der Andrang aber so hoch, würden für den Gesamtzeitraum über 800 Millionen Euro benötigt.
Das Problem ist politisch heikel, im Hintergrund sucht die Regierung hektisch nach einer
Finanzierung – geht es doch um das international Renommee Deutschlands und den Wert von
Versprechen. (…)
Translation - English Job Market
Big words, little money
A funding programme exists which should create opportunities for young, unemployed people who have come from EU countries in crisis and who are now living in Germany. However, due to a shortage of funds, the programme is grinding to a halt.
Luis Ribeiro does not know Angela Merkel personally, but he is counting on a promise made by the German Chancellor. That may have been a mistake.
In July last year Merkel said, “There should be no such thing as a lost generation”. At that time, numerous Heads of EU Governments met in Berlin for an emergency summit on the fight against rampant youth unemployment in Europe. Merkel announced that Member States would contribute eight billion Euros of aid. However, Germany already had an existing programme.
Therefore, Luis Ribieto, who chooses not to make his real name public because of fear over his future, applied for this very programme at the end of 2013. The programme is called ‘MobiPro-EU’, a clumsy name concocted by the German authorities. It is supposed to make it easier for young, unemployed people, mainly from Southern Europe, to find work in Germany, whilst at the same time reducing staff shortages in German businesses.
Yet what was initially intended to be a generous gesture is now developing into a problem for the German government. Ribiero is also having to live with the programme’s failings. The 27 year-old from Northern Portugal studied nursing at Braga University but since then he has been unemployed. He says, “I have sent off 20 applications, but haven’t received a single response”. Nurses do not have many opportunities in the current Portuguese job market with the economy being so weak since the Euro Crisis.
With the help of a private intermediary, Ribiero obtained a contract in an old people’s home in the Schwarzwald. For months he has been going to daily German lessons in Braga. In the next week he will begin his job and complete another language course. MobiPro should pick up the costs for education and travel, but Ribiero and his facilitator have initially been stuck with them.
On the 27th March the Portuguese citizen received some post from the ‘Zentralen Auslands-und Fachvermittlung’ (ZAV)/ (Central Agency for Foreign and Professional Affairs). He was informed that for the time being his application could not be processed, “because at the moment the Federal Budget does not have sufficient funds available for 2014.”
This means that the programme launched with much fanfare at the beginning of last year by the former Minister of Employment, Ursula von der Leyen, is drastically underfunded. Thus MobiPro is a wise investment, as high youth unemployment, particularly in Southern Europe, shows no signs of reducing, whereas in Germany there are a lack of trainees and skilled workers. The ZAV, which belongs to the ‘Bundesagentur fuer Arbeit (BA)’ / (Federal Labour Office), therefore pays young people’s travel costs and subsistence allowance for teaching and language courses.
However, it is apparent that nobody in German politics ever considered that so many young people would venture into Germany looking for work.
Up until now, 359 million Euros have been provided for the programme which expires in 2018. However, if demand continues at this rate, over 800 million Euros will be needed for the whole period. It is a politically sensitive issue. In the background the government is frantically seeking further funding to finance the project as it concerns Germany’s international reputation and whether the promises Germany makes hold any value.
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Years of experience: 12. Registered at ProZ.com: Feb 2018. Became a member: Sep 2018.
German to English (University of Manchester) Spanish to English (Instituto Cervantes) French to English (University of Manchester) French to English (London Metropolitan University)
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After successfully completing my BA
Honours degree in French and German, obtaining a 2:1 from The University of
Manchester, I subsequently gained 16 years' experience in supply chain, manufacturing
and logistics.
During this time I undertook a variety of roles where my language proficiency
was required, such as export, customer service and planning. Translation of customer emails and
queries was also required in certain roles.
I decided to focus entirely on my
passion for languages and pursue a career in translation. To this end I
completed the 'Diploma in Translation Preparatory Course'. I am a member of
'Proz', the 'ITI' (Institute of Translation and Interpreting) and the ‘CIOL’ (Chartered Institute of
Linguists) and use Trados Studio 2017
software. Since becoming a translator in 2018, I have also used the web versions of memsource and memoq. I have also studied Spanish to an advanced level, to date
attaining the B1 DELE qualification.
I have translated texts from French, German and Spanish into English on
a variety of subjects such as business, science, technology, manufacturing,
engineering and logistics.
Away from studying foreign languages, my main passions are sport and fitness training. I also enjoy reading, music and films.
Member since Sep '18
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