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English to Chinese: The application of composite membrane on separation of olefin/paraffin mixtures General field: Tech/Engineering Detailed field: Chemistry; Chem Sci/Eng
Source text - English The implementation of membrane-based separation for olefin/paraffin mixtures has the potential to significantly reduce energy consumption, but is limited by the lack of suitable membrane materials with desired performance and low cost. Here, mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) fabricated from incorporating ZIF-8 nanocrystals into the poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) matrix exhibit significant improvement of propylene/propane permeability and selectivity as well as the operating stability. On the 39 wt% ZIF-8/PVAc MMMs, both the C3H6 permeability and C3H6/C3H8 selectivity are about 10-fold increase over pure PVAc. The gas transportation mechanism through ZIF-8/PVAc MMMs was also evaluated. The favorable interfacial interaction between the H of the imidazole in the ZIF-8 and ester groups of PVAc enhances the mechanical strength and plasticization resistance of the neat polymer membrane. Therefore, the newly developed composite membrane may have great potential for industrial C3H6/C3H8 separation.
Chinese to English: 硫磺制酸生产酸雾产生的原因分析与控制 General field: Tech/Engineering Detailed field: Chemistry; Chem Sci/Eng
Source text - Chinese 硫磺制酸生产过程中因空气中的水分、液硫中有机物燃烧所生产的水分被带入生产系统以及操作酸温、酸浓的控制、设备是否正常运行等因素都会使系统产生酸雾。通过对酸雾的形成机理、产生原因及危害进行综合分析，针对性地做出工艺调整和采取防范措施，减少冷凝酸的形成，保护硫酸装置长周期安全稳定运行。
Translation - English Many factors can cause the formation of acid mist in the sulfuric acid production, such as the water in the air and the water formed during the combustion of organic materials from the liquid sulfur, which are introduced into the operating system. Other factors include the equipment malfunction and the unit operations, such as the acid temperature and acid concentration control. Process improvement and preventive measures have been proposed to reduce the formation of condensed acid and to ensure a safe and stable operation in the long run based on the integrated studies, including the mechanism of the acid mist formation, root cause analysis, and hazard assessment.
English to Chinese: Enhancing recovery and sensitivity studies in an unconventional tight gas condensate reservoir General field: Tech/Engineering Detailed field: Petroleum Eng/Sci
Source text - English The recovery factor from tight gas reservoirs is typically less than 15%, even with multistage hydraulic fracturing stimulation. Such low recovery is exacerbated in tight gas condensate reservoirs, where the depletion of gas leaves the valuable condensate behind. In this paper, three enhanced gas recovery (EGR) methods including produced gas injection, CO2 injection and water injection are investigated to increase the well productivity for a tight gas condensate reservoir in the Montney Formation, Canada. The production performance of the three EGR methods is compared and their economic feasibility is evaluated. Sensitivity analysis of the key factors such as primary production duration, bottom-hole pressures, and fracture conductivity is conducted and their effects on the well production performance are analyzed. Results show that, compared with the simple depletion method, both the cumulative gas and condensate production increase with fluids injected. Produced gas injection leads to both a higher gas and condensate production compared with those of the CO2 injection, while waterflooding suffers from injection difficulty and the corresponding low sweep efficiency. Meanwhile, the injection cost is lower for the produced gas injection due to the on-site available gas source and minimal transport costs, gaining more economic benefits than the other EGR methods.
Translation - Chinese 致密气藏的采收率，即使采用多级水压裂技术，通常低于15％。在致密凝析气藏的开采中，油气的衰竭将有价值的凝析油留在储层中，使得采收率会更低。本文研究了三种油气采收率增强法（EGR），包括注干气法，注二氧化碳法和注水法，以提高加拿大Montney地层致密凝析气藏的油井产能。对三种油气采收率增强法的生产性能进行了比较，并对其经济可行性进行了评估。本文研究了初级生产期，井底压力，裂缝导流能力等关键因素的敏感性，并分析了其对油井生产性能的影响。结果表明，与单纯的衰竭法相比，天然气和凝析油的累计产量均随着流体的注入而增加。与注二氧化碳法相比，注干气法有更高的天然气和凝析油产量；而注水法， 注入困难， 因而相应的驱赶效率低下。同时，与其它油气采收率增强法相比，注干气法由于气源现场可得，运输成本最小，可获得更好的经济利益。
English to Chinese: Factors associated with shorter night-time sleep in toddlers:The Survey of Young Canadians General field: Medical Detailed field: Medical: Health Care
Source text - English Factors associated with shorter night-time sleep in toddlers:The Survey of Young Canadians
In recent decades, sleep during childhood has become a burgeoning research focus, given its importance in physical and mental health development. Although this period of life is accompanied by significant changes in the duration and timing of sleep, a decrease in children’s total sleep duration is being consistently reported, resulting in more children being sleep deprived. In fact, between 20% and 30% of children experience sleep problems during the first 3 years of life. Clear clinical recommendations for optimal sleep duration in infancy and early childhood do not exist currently, however, at around 18 months of age, children sleep 11.3 hours per night and 1.5 hours during the day, on average. Sleeping < 11 hours per night substantially increases the risk of obesity in children under 5 years of age, therefore reflecting a sleep level that does not promote health. Epidemiologic studies from infancy to adolescence have demonstrated a high prevalence of sleep disturbances that are associated with physiological, psychological, cognitive and behavioural consequences. Insufficiently sleep in early childhood can impair learning and memory, disrupt emotional regulation, and increase the risk of childhood obesity.
Sleep duration in children, in addition to being influenced by biological and psychological factors, is also influenced by cultural, social and parental factors. Low socio-economic status, non-Caucasian ethnic group, higher maternal age, maternal stress and/or depression, prematurity, low birth weight, care outside the home, TV/screen viewing especially before going to sleep, and male gender have been found to be factors associated with shorter night sleep duration in school-aged children and toddlers. Moreover, parental behaviour at bedtime (e.g. parental presence until sleep onset, feeding), especially among toddlers, presents an additional important risk factor for fragmented sleep and consequently shorter sleep duration. Few studies report on sleep problems among a representative sample of Canadian children, with the majority examining the link between poor sleep and childhood obesity, and hyperactivity.
The factors that play a role in toddlers’ night-time sleep duration are unknown in Canada and have yet to be addressed in a single national study. The health implications of shorter sleep duration warrant understanding of its associated factors, particularly in early hours with a cessation of daytime naps, and when patterns of sleep behaviour are being established. Moreover, Sadeh et al. demonstrated that ecological factors, which include cultural factors, are related to nocturnal sleep in toddlers. Therefore, the concept of “normal sleep” varies according to cultural backgrounds. In fact, on quarter of parents in predominantly Caucasian countries perceive that their child has a sleep problem. Clinicians and parents will therefore benefit from a context-specific estimate of night-time sleep duration in relationship to various characteristics in this age group. Results of this study can also provide important information for stakeholders and researchers in conceptualizing and effectively addressing sleep problems by developing strategies to improve sleep habits in early childhood. Therefore, using a large Canadian dataset, the aim of this study was to determine factors associated with toddlers’ night-time sleep duration.
Translation - Chinese 与幼儿夜间睡眠时间缩短相关的因素：加拿大年轻人调查
近几十年来，儿童期的睡眠已成为新兴的研究热点，源于它对在身心健康发展的重要性。尽管婴幼儿时期的生活会伴随着显着的睡眠持续时间和睡眠时间变化，但儿童总睡眠持续时间的减少一直都有报道， 以至于更多的儿童被报道为睡眠不足。事实上，20％至30％的儿童在三岁以前都会遇到睡眠问题。目前对婴幼儿时期的最佳持续睡眠时间尚无明确的临床建议，但对18个月大的孩童来讲，每天平均的睡眠时间应该为夜里11.3小时，白天1.5小时。每晚睡眠少于11个小时会大大增加5岁以下儿童肥胖的风险，因此反映低于这个睡眠水平不利于健康。从婴儿到青春期的流行病学研究表明睡眠障碍的高发性与生理，心理，认知和行为后果相关。儿童早期睡眠不足可能会损害学习能力和记忆力，破坏情绪调节，并增加儿童肥胖的风险。
儿童持续睡眠时间除受到生理和心理的因素影响外，还受到文化，社会，和父母因素的影响。社会经济地位低下，非高加索人种族，母亲年龄较高，母亲紧张和/或抑郁，早产，出生体重过轻，在家以外的护理，特别是在入睡前的电视/屏幕的观看，和男性性别已被视为是学龄儿童和幼儿夜间较短的睡眠时间的影响因素。此外，就寝时父母的行为（例如，父母一直在周围直到入睡，睡前喂养），尤其是在幼儿中，是其他的影响间歇睡眠的重要危险因素，从而导致较短的持续睡眠时间。大多数研究报道睡眠不佳和儿童肥胖以及多动症之间的联系，鲜有报道有关加拿大具有代表性的儿童样本中的睡眠问题。
加拿大幼儿的夜间睡眠时间中起作用的因素尚未知晓，在国内的任何一个研究中也未提及。有关较短睡眠时间对健康的影暗指和其他因素相关，特别是在白天小睡停止的头几个小时，和当某种睡眠的模式已经养成。另外，Sadeh等人证明包括文化因素在内的生态因素与幼儿夜间睡眠有关。因此，“正常睡眠”的概念因文化背景而异。事实上，在高加索人占主导地位的国家中，有四分之一的父母认为他们的孩子有睡眠问题。因此，临床医生和家长在把和该年龄段各种特征关联起来后的特定背景下评估孩子的夜间持续睡眠时间会更好。这项研究的结果还可以为投资者和研究人员提供有关睡眠问题的概念和解决睡眠问题的方法的重要信息，从而提出策略来改善儿童早期睡眠的习惯。因此，本研究的目的是使用大型加拿大数据库来确定与幼儿夜间睡眠持续时间相关的因素。
Chinese to English: 食物过敏的全球流行状况 General field: Medical Detailed field: Medical: Health Care
Source text - Chinese 食物过敏的全球流行状况
哮喘、过敏性鼻炎、特应性皮炎和食物过敏是西方国家常见的过敏性疾病。在发达国家，约1/3的儿童至少患有其中的1种过敏性疾病。食物过敏的确切原因尚不清楚，避免接触过敏食物是预防这种潜在致命疾病的唯一方法。流行病研究对于界定食物过敏的范围非常重要，还能为寻找食物过敏的病因提供线索。
过去10年中，与哮喘和过敏性鼻炎相比，食物过敏流行性的增长更为明显。食物过敏往往是“过敏进行曲（atopic march）”的第一步。前瞻性的出生队列研究结果表明，对食物致敏原的早期过敏反应已被认为是预测后续其他形式过敏症发展的重要因素。哮喘患病率在过去的几十年中一直稳步上升。最近的研究发现，哮喘患病率在某些高流行性国家已经达到了持续高发的平台状态。食物过敏的增长是最近才发生的，并已被称为继哮喘之后过敏症的“第二浪潮”。人群调查和住院调查均显示，食物过敏及食物诱导的过敏症在过去10年中不断增加。然而，世界各地用于食物过敏研究的方法却千差万别，使得对现有数据进行比较变得非常困难。此外，许多研究仅仅使用了问卷调查而没有进行任何客观方法的检测或食物激发验证试验。受试者或家长倾向于对食物不良反应作出过度报告，其中的一些反应可能与真正的食物过敏并无关联。最近一项Meta分析已经清楚地表明，采用客观检测方法或食物激发进行确诊得到的食物过敏发生率会低得多。这也就是欧盟成立并资助过敏流行性研究团队的原因。该团队使用标准化方法对许多欧洲国家和一些欧洲以外的国际进行了食物过敏流行性病学的评估。
由于世界各地饮食结构的不同，食物过敏的流行特点及模式也明显不同。从全球来看，鸡蛋，牛奶，花生，坚果和水果是常见的致敏原，虾类和鱼类位居其后。仅在美国，每年会发生超过30，000起食物诱导的过敏反应，导致超过150 例死亡。最近一项基于澳大利亚住院数据的研究显示，因发生食物诱导的过敏反应而住院的4岁以下的儿童数量，从1994年到2005年增加了近4倍。此外，在澳大利亚婴幼儿中，通过食物激发证实为食物过敏的患病率也高达10%。美国在全国范围内进行的3项横向，随机电话调查研究表明，在1997-2008年这12年中，花生过敏发生率在18岁以下人群中增加了3倍。此外，还有证据表明，食物过敏的病程已经发生改变。以前，大多数对牛奶过敏的儿童到学龄时期即可对牛奶产生耐受。但美国在2007年的一项研究表明，儿童对牛奶的过敏可能会持续到青少年时期。
在亚洲，除了日本、新加坡、中国香港等发达的国家和地区外，食物过敏比较少见。由于亚洲国家饮食摄入范围广泛，所以不同种族的食物过敏模式不同也就不足为奇了。据报道，虾类过敏在新加坡、泰国和中国香港相当常见。有趣的是虽然花生在中国是普遍消费的，但花生过敏在中国人群中却很罕见。另外，中国香港儿童过敏反应和食物过敏报告的发生率都显著高于内地儿童。这极有可能是由于随着城市化进程，一些保护因素丢失了。识别这些保护因素并确定其潜在的机制，对将来制定初级预防策略以控制食物过敏是很重要的。
Translation - English The global epidemic status of food allergies
Asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis and food allergy are common allergic diseases in Western countries. About one third of children in developed countries suffer from at least one allergic disease. As the reason that causes food allergy is unknown, the only way to prevent the potentially fatal disease is to avoid contacting the food causing allergies. Epidemiological studies are very important in defining the scope of food allergies and can provide clues for finding the cause of food allergies.
Over the past 10 years, the increase in the prevalence of food allergies has been more pronounced than asthma and allergic rhinitis. Food allergy is often considered as the first step of "atopic march". The prospective birth cohort studies have demonstrated that the early allergic reactions to food allergens are the key factors to predict the subsequent development of other forms of allergy. The prevalence of asthma has steadily increased over the past decades. Recent studies have found that the prevalence of asthma in some high-endemic countries has reached a plateau of sustained high incidences. The increase in food allergies has only recently occurred and has been described as the "second wave" of allergies following asthma. A random population survey and a survey of hospitalized patients both real that food allergies and food-induced allergies have increased over the past 10 years. However, the methods used for food allergy studies all over the world vary widely, making it difficult to compare the existing data. In addition, many studies only involved questionnaires and did not conduct any objective methods of testing or food-intrigued testing. The interviewers or parents tend to over-report the adverse food reactions as food allergies, some of which may not be related to true food allergies. A recent Meta-analysis has clearly demonstrated that the incidence of food allergy resulting diagnosed by the objective tests or food-intrigued tests can be much lower. This is the reason why the EU has built and funded the research team for allergy epidemiological study. The team assessed the epidemiology of the food allergy in many European countries and some countries outside of Europe via standardized procedures.
The characteristics and modes of food allergy varies dramatically due to the various dietary structures in different areas of the world. Globally, the common food allergens are eggs, milk, peanuts, nuts, and fruits, followed by shrimps and fish. In the United States alone, more than 30,000 food-induced allergic reactions occur every year, resulting in more than 150 people dead. Recently, an Australia-based data showed that the number of children under the age of 4 hospitalized due to food-induced allergic reactions increased by nearly fourfold from 1994 to 2005. Moreover, among infants and toddlers in Australia, the incidences of food allergy confirmed by the food-intrigued test is as high as 10%. Three cross-sectional and random telephone surveys conducted nationally in the United States showed that the incidence of peanut allergy increased by 3 times in people under the age of 18 during the 12 years from 1997 to 2008. Moreover, there is an evidence that the course of food allergy has changed. In the past, most children who were allergic to milk could tolerate milk at school age. However, a study in 2007 showed that the children's tolerance to the milk may be delayed until adolescence.
In Asia, food allergies are rare except for Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong and other developed countries and regions. Due to the wide range of dietary intake in Asian countries, it is not surprising that different ethnics have different forms of food allergies. It is reported that shrimp allergy is quite common in Singapore, Thailand and Hong Kong (China). However, it is very interesting that peanut allergy is very uncommon in Chinese although peanuts are widely consumed in China. In addition, the incidences of allergic reactions and food allergy among children in Hong Kong (China) are reported significantly higher than those among children in the mainland. This is most likely due to the loss of some protective factors during the progress of urbanization. Thus, it is of great importance to identify the protective factors and to determine the potential mechanisms for developing primary strategies to prevent food allergies in the future.
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Years of experience: 9. Registered at ProZ.com: Feb 2018.
Adobe Acrobat, Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word, Powerpoint
Bio
Hello,
I am a native Chinese speaker. I moved to Canada in 2003 and got my PhD degree in Chemical Engineering in 2008. Since then I have been very active in R&D and published many academic papers.
Three years ago, I started freelance translation and really enjoyed it.
My language pair is English<> Chinese (simplified and traditional). My translation assignments are broad, including engineering, science, education, public health, finance, IT, certificate, business, advertisement, general conversations, letters, and so on.
My recent translation assignments include:
Science: academic papers for earth science (including topics about meteorology, petroleum geology, and oceanography, earthquake); environment study; soil; chemistry, etc.
(Chinese simplified > English, 10,381 characters; English > Chinese simplified, 3, 600 words)
Patent: a novel die casting machine process
(English > Chinese simplified, 6, 720 words)
Education/Pedagogy: a training program and syllabus for the physics department of a university; an elementary school handbook; a questionnaire and a survey for kindergarten admission; school district announcements
(Chinese simplified > English, 10, 705 characters; English > Chinese traditional, 4,653 words)
Public health: (topics including: biosecurity for preventing avian influenza; sleeping)
(Chinese simplified > English, 1,832 characters; English > Chinese traditional, 2, 864 words)
High school diploma certificate (1) and academic transcript (1)
(Chinese traditional > English 820 characters)
Others: including real estate; advertisement; survey; IT software reference guidance; IT service procedure instruction; bank statements; custom declaration; tax statements; online purchase instruction; user manuals; greeting letters;
(English <> Chinese simplified/traditional, 11,788)
Keywords: Chemical engineering, science, industry, environment, mining, medical/healthcare, business, marketing, finance, children's literature. See more.Chemical engineering, science, industry, environment, mining, medical/healthcare, business, marketing, finance, children's literature, media, general conversation, letters, advertising, fashion.. See less.
