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Sample translations submitted: 1
English to Chinese: Case Concerning Mega-Constellations, Autonomous Space Operations and Freedom of Scientific Investigation
Source text - English
1. In April 2025, CUSKO filed for a license under the PROCLIVIAN Space Act, requesting authorisation to launch and operate the CUSKO-E-TM constellation. The PROCLIVIAN Space Act required the approval of a comprehensive operational risk assessment, a safety plan and an environmental impact assessment as preconditions for any non-governmental space activities. Despite CUSKO submitting detailed assessments, the PROCLIVIAN authorities declined to authorise CUSKO to launch and operate the CUSKO-E-TM constellation because of the novel automated operations concept, the novel propellant and the uncertainties associated with a self-operating fleet of satellites, notifying CUSKO that it was impossible to qualify and quantify the associated risks.
2. Disappointed by what it publicly criticised as “opposition to innovation”, CUSKO turned to the small neighbouring island State of ASTERIA, which at that time had not enacted a national space law. In fact, ASTERIAN authorities had to that point in time never had to deal with any space activities in their own country. As a young independent State adjacent to the much larger, highly industrialised PROCLIVIA, and geographically separated from the latter by the Reefland, the world’s most famous coral reef, ASTERIA kept strong ties with its neighbour. Their close relations were inter alia solemnly underlined in the Orokanga Accord, a non-legally binding, political statement of good neighbourliness and scientific cooperation signed in 1998 at the occasion of ASTERIA’s 20-year anniversary of independence.
3.Allured by the prospects of publicity and tourism interest in the wake of CUSKO’s “green space technology revolution”, the ASTERIAN authorities invited CUSKO to relocate to ASTERIA, in exchange for exempting CUSKO from taxes and offering land to build company premises. CUSKO followed the ASTERIAN government’s invitation in December 2025, officially registering the company in ASTERIA and relocating its head office to its capital city Hayden. However, CUSKO maintained both its satellite manufacturing plant and its mission support centre in Mittama, the capital city of PROCLIVIA, since both had already been built and a physical transfer of those complex infrastructures would have been neither economically viable nor possible from a schedule point of view, considering its tight launch program. Following the relocation by CUSKO to ASTERIA, the ASTERIAN government followed the advice of its Attorney-General that it was not necessary for it to enact any specific national space law.
4.In June 2026, CUSKO launched and deployed the first CUSKO-E-TM satellites from its own ORAMI (Operational Rocket Ascent Management Infrastructure) platform, a former oil rig that had been built in PROCLIVIA, licensed as an oil rig by the PROCLIVIAN authorities, and subsequently converted by CUSKO into a floating launch pad towed to, and anchored in, the exclusive economic zone of ASTERIA in January 2026. By December 2026, a total of 150 satellites had successfully been deployed in their intended orbital planes, and the CUSKO-E-TM constellation was declared operational by CUSKO. At that time, ASTERIA issued a commemorative coin equivalent to one hundred Kebcy (the official currency of ASTERIA) to celebrate what it called “a safe eco-logical spaceflight revolution”.
5．In February 2027, a well-informed investigative online platform, The Discovery Journal, reported that both the functioning of the monostazine-propelled engines and the SARASTRO system had raised concerns among the mission support experts of CUSKO. Allegedly, several satellites had been lost within weeks after their deployment and at least one unplanned close conjunction event occurred (which the journal called “a near miss with the potential to turn the dream of eco-constellations into a space debris nightmare”).
6. Making the news in both countries, the journal article prompted the CUSKO management to issue a press release in which it did not deny the allegations but stated that “our constellation continues to operate in good health, providing first services to users and delivering on the promises of a sustainable future in space and on Earth”. It also informed the public that it had, from the time it decided to relocate to ASTERIA, adapted the technical parameters of its constellation, including its emergency escape protocol, to comply with the 2023 “Protocol Against Misapplication and Interference of Automation” (PAMINA), the only international standard in existence for autonomous operation of transportation systems. PROCLIVIA had considered becoming PAMINA-compliant already in 2024 but had decided instead to develop and rely on its own technology, which it regarded as more compatible with the design of its future space program.
7．Concerned by the allegations, ASTERIA requested the CUSKO management to clarify any potential risks arising from the deployment and operation of the constellation. The reply received one week later asserted that the constellation did not pose any risk beyond those risks typically associated with any other space activities of that size and complexity but that, nevertheless, the SARASTRO software and the relative positioning of the satellites would be re-assessed and possibly reorganised to further improve safety. Upon receipt of this response, ASTERIA unilaterally publicly declared a “safety zone” at the orbital altitude of the CUSKO-E-TM constellation, requesting space actors intending to enter or cross that zone to submit advance information of their plans so as to avoid risk of collision.
8．Not satisfied by the depth of information supplied to it by the CUSKO management, ASTERIA then turned to the PROCLIVIAN authorities to request, via a diplomatic note at the margins of the June 2027 COPUOS session, a copy of all technical documentation that CUSKO had originally provided in April 2025 as part of the PROCLIVIAN licensing process, in order to better understand the possible risk of operating a large satellite constellation. This request remained unanswered. No further attempts to reach out to PROCLIVIA for information were made by ASTERIAN authorities, and no further technical problems were reported on the CUSKO-E-TM constellation. At the same COPUOS session, ASTERIA announced that it had become a State Party to the Liability Convention as from 1 June 2027, and repeated in its statement the information requirement it had specified for its declared safety zone.
9. In September 2028, PROCLIVIA launched and subsequently registered the newest generation of its governmental Discovery of the Antarctic and Maritime Explorer (D.A.M.E.) satellites into outer space: D.A.M.E.-7T, the world’s most advanced, complex and expensive governmental Earth observation satellite ever built, destined to become a central part of PROCLIVIA’s ambitious scientific programme that it had been carrying out ever since the International Geophysical Year (IGY) 1957-1958 in and around Antarctica. PROCLIVIA had advertised the mission several months ahead of its launch as opening “a new era of discovery, seventy (7T) years after the IGY”.
10. In order to reach its designated quasi-polar orbit at 900 km altitude, which it was meant to achieve by a series of orbit-raising manoeuvres, the D.A.M.E.-7T satellite had to cross the densely populated orbital zone utilized by the CUSKO-E-TM constellation. To reduce the risk of collision with other space objects, D.A.M.E.-7T was equipped with the Waltzing Wizard, a ground-breaking collision avoidance system that, on the basis of background surveillance data, would automatically calculate the best trajectory during the spiralling- out phase. Whenever the Waltzing Wizard system determined it to be necessary, the D.A.M.E.-7T satellite’s on-board computer would execute positioning manoeuvres to avoid obstacles.
11. The novel anti-collision system had been developed by Endeavour Enterprise, a privately- owned start-up registered in January 2026 in PROCLIVIA, under a governmental contract from PROCLIVIA, which described the Waltzing Wizard both as a risk mitigation measure and an example of PROCLIVIAN expertise and innovation. To support the company achieving this task against a challenging schedule, and to maximise the probability of success of the system, PROCLIVIA provided Endeavour Enterprise with all information it had on the CUSKO-E-TM constellation from CUSKO’s unsuccessful licensing attempt of 2025, including copies of the three original technical assessments.
12. PROCLIVIA did not inform ASTERIA of the exact satellite trajectory of D.A.M.E.-7T nor of its novel collision avoidance system, and ASTERIA did not provide any information to PROCLIVIA on the final configuration of the constellation and programming parameters of the SARASTRO software. After its successful deployment in a parking orbit by the PROCLIVIAN Boomerang reusable air-to-space launch system, D.A.M.E.-7T commenced its spiralling-out manoeuvre towards its final orbit. However, the attempt to cross the orbital shell at 790-810 km, which was populated by CUSKO-E-TM satellites, ultimately led to a cascade of catastrophic events.
Translation - Chinese 1．2025年4月，库斯科根据《普罗克利维亚航天法》申请许可证，请求获得发射和运营USKO-E-TM星座的授权。《普罗克利维亚航天法》规定，开展任何非政府空间活动的前提，是事前获得全面的操作风险评估、安全预案和环境影响评估的批准。尽管库斯科提交了详细的评估报告，但普罗克利维亚当局因申请方提出的新自动化操作概念、新型推进剂以及与自操作的卫星群相关的不确定性而拒绝授权，并通知库斯科，政府无法对相关风险进行定性和量化。
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