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Sample translations submitted: 1
English to Hausa: The world’s first flowers were pollinated by insects General field: Science
Source text - English The world’s first flowers were pollinated by insects
Published: June 5, 2023 10.03pm SAST
Ruby E. Stephens, Macquarie University, Hervé Sauquet, UNSW Sydney, Lily Dun, UNSW Sydney, Rachael Gallagher, Western Sydney University, Will Cornwell, UNSW Sydney
Plants existed on Earth for hundreds of millions of years before the first flowers bloomed. But when flowering plants did evolve, more than 140 million years ago, they were a huge evolutionary success.
What pollinated these first flowering plants, the ancestor of all the flowers we see today? Was it insects carrying pollen between those early flowers, fertilising them in the process? Or perhaps other animals, or even wind or water?
The question has been a tricky one to answer. However, in new research published in New Phytologist, we show the first pollinators were most likely insects.
What’s more, despite some evolutionary detours, around 86% of all flowering plant species throughout history have also relied on insects for pollination.
How to move pollen
The timing of the evolution of the first flowering plants is still a matter of debate. However, their success is inarguable.
Around 90% of modern plants – some 300,000-400,000 species – are flowering plants, or what scientists call angiosperms. To reproduce, these plants make pollen in their flowers, which needs to be transferred to another flower to fertilise an ovule and produce a viable seed.
Small and highly mobile, insects can be highly effective pollen transporters. Indeed, recent research on fossil insects shows some insects may have been pollinating plants even before the first flowers evolved.
Flowers have evolved every sort of shape and colour to get themselves pollinated. Ruby E Stephens, Author provided
Most of today’s flowering plants rely on insects for pollination. The plant’s flowers have evolved to attract insects via colour, scent and even sexual mimicry, and most reward them with nectar, pollen, oils or other types of food, making the relationship beneficial to both parties.
Some flowers, however, rely on other means to transport their pollen, such as vertebrate animals, wind or even water.
Which kind of pollination evolved first? Were insects there at the beginning, or were they a later “discovery”?
While early evidence suggests it was probably insects, until now this has never been tested across the full diversity of flowering plants – their full evolutionary tree.
A family tree
To find an answer, we used a “family tree” of all families of flowering plants, sampling more than 1,160 species and reaching back more than 145 million years.
This tree shows us when different plant families evolved. We used it to map backwards from what pollinates a plant in the present to what might have pollinated the ancestor of that plant in the past.
Translation - Hausa Furanni na farko a duniya sun yi barbara ne da kwari
An buga: Yuni 5, 2023 10.03pm SAST
Ruby E. Stephens, Jami'ar Macquarie, Hervé Sauquet, UNSW Sydney, Lily Dun, UNSW Sydney, Rachael Gallagher, Jami'ar Yammacin Sydney, Will Cornwell, UNSW Sydney
Tsire-tsire sun wanzu a duniya na daruruwan miliyoyin shekaru kafin furanni na farko su yi fure. Amma lokacin da tsire-tsire masu furanni suka samo asali, fiye da shekaru miliyan 140 da suka wuce, sun kasance babbar nasara ta juyin halitta.
Menene ya barbara da waɗannan tsire-tsire masu fure na farko, kakan duk furannin da muke gani a yau? Shin kwari ne ke ɗauke da ƙwayar hallitar tsire-tsire masu faranni tsakanin waɗannan furannin farko, suna barbara da su a cikin wannan aiki? Ko watakila wasu dabbobi ne, ko ma iska ko ruwa?
Tambayar ta kasance mai wuyar amsawa. Duk da haka, a cikin sabon bincike da aka buga a New Phytologist (wato mujallar Sabon Masanin Ilimin Tsire-tsire), mun nuna cewa masu yin barbarar na farko baza su wuce kwari ba.
Abin da ya fi haka, duk da wasu sauye-sauye na juyin halitta, kusan kashi 86% na duk nau'in tsire-tsire na fure a cikin tarihi sun dogara da kwari don yin barbara.
Yadda ake motsa Ƙwayar hallitar tsire-tsire masu furanni
Lokacin da juyin halittar furanni na farko ya faru shine batun muhawara har yanzu. Duk da haka, nasarar da suka samu babu gardama akan shi.
Kusan kashi 90% na tsire-tsire na zamani - wasu nau'ikan 300,000-400,000 - tsire-tsire ne na furanni, ko kuma abin da masana kimiyya ke kira angiosperms (wato tsiro mai furanni). Don haifuwa, waɗannan tsire-tsire suna yin ƙwayar hallitarsu a cikin furanninsu, wanda ke buƙatar matsa shi zuwa wata fure don yin barbara da ƙwan (ovule) da kuma samar da iri mai dacewa.
Ƙarami da kuma sauri sosai, kwari na iya yin tasiri sosai wajen jigilar ƙwayar halittar tsire-tsire masu furanni. Lallai, bincike na baya-bayan nan game da kwarin burbushin halittu ya nuna cewa wasu ƙwarin ƙila sun kasance suna yin barbarar tsire-tsire tun kafin furannin farko su fito.
Furanni sun sami kowane nau'i na siffa da launi don samun a yi barbara da su. Ruby E Stephens, Mawallafin ya bayar
Yawancin tsire-tsire masu furanni na yau sun dogara da kwari don yin barbara. Furannin sun yi juyin halitta don su jawo hankalin kwari ta hanyar launi, kamshi har ma da kwaikwayar jima'i, kuma galibi suna saka musu da ruwan zakin fure, ƙwayar halitta tsire-tsire masu furanni, mai ko sauran nau'ikan abinci, yana sa dangantakar ta kasance mai amfani ga bangarorin biyu.
Wasu furanni, duk da haka, sun dogara da wasu hanyoyi don jigilar ƙwayar halitta tsire-tsire masu furanni, kamar dabbobin masu kashin baya, iska ko ma ruwa.
Wane irin yin barbara ne ya fara wanzuwa? Shin kwari suna can ne a farkon, ko kuma an "gano su ne" daga baya?
Duk da yake shaidun farko sun nuna cewa watakila kwari ne, har ya zuwa yanzu ba a taɓa gwada wannan ba a cikin cikakkiyar nau'in tsire-tsire na furanni - cikakkiyar bishiyar su ta juyin halitta.
Bishiyar iyali
Don mu sami amsa, mun yi amfani da “bishiyar iyali” na dukan iyalai na shuke-shuken furanni, mun gwada fiye da nau’o’i 1,160 kuma mun koma baya fiye da shekaru miliyan 145.
Wannan bishiyar tana nuna mana lokacin da iyalai na tsire-tsire daban-daban suka samo asali. Mun yi amfani da shi don yin taswirar baya daga abin da ya barbara shuka a halin yanzu da me watakila ya barbari kakan wannan shuka a baya.
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Graduate diploma - Ahmadu Bello Univeristy, Zaria, Nigeria
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