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原書のテキスト - 英語 INTRODUCTION
Development is, clearly, not a neutral procedure. Despite the different concepts attributed to development over time [1], in the field of economics, development is related to increase in production of products and services within an economy. The basic indicator used for development is the gross domestic product, defined as “an aggregate measure of production equal to the sum of the gross values added of all resident, institutional units engaged in production (plus any taxes, and minus any subsidies, on products not included in the value of their outputs)” [2]. The undeniable relation between development and economic growth produces significant interactions between development and the environment, both physical and man-made. As Braudel [3] states: “The actual situation of a civilization depends, to a significant extent, on the advantages or disadvantages of its geographical space (surrounding environment).”In a world functioning through free-market economies and in an era dominated by finance capital, the fact that economic growth is the focus of development policies is inevitable. However, the rise of neoliberal ideas and policies coincided with the invigoration of environmental/ecological movements [4, 5]. These movements contributed to awakening about increasing pollution problems, irrational use of natural resources, etc. Moreover, the intensifying inequalities between the developed and the developing world (reflected in major humanitarian disasters such as those in Africa between 1981 and 1984, when over a million people starved to death because of continuous draught) also aroused global concern. Hence, the leaders of the world were driven to adopt a new development paradigm, focused not only on economy. Sustainable development was introduced as a global priority in the so-called “Earth Summit,” in Rio de Janeiro, in 1992. Then, in 2002 and 2012, most of the world’s countries refreshed their commitments to achieve sustainability. Sustainable development consists of three pillars: economic development, social development, and environmental protection [6].500 Chapter 8
Indeed, sustainable development driven as a global ideological framework comprised a major progressive step for the world. Various actions and measures in a wide variety of sectors have led to great improvements in the social and the environmental field. Nevertheless, a lot of great challenges remain. Our world is a field of inequalities, while global environment is under constant threat. This is a major reason leading to criticism on sustainable development from various points of view. A usual accusation is that sustainable development has become a catch phrase rather than a factual motivation for action [7].The objective of this chapter is to sum up the concept and implications of development and the related policies, at global level. By realizing a critical study of the extensive literature and data sets related to development, a concise “guide” to the basic trails of development is composed. It is aimed to provide the reader with views and information, which will make comprehensible the basic issues of development and its environmental and social implications.
翻訳 - スワヒリ語 UTANGULIZI
Maendeleo kwa uwazi ni suala mtambuka sio kitu cha hatua ya peke yake. Licha ya nadharia tofauti tofauti zinazochangia maendeleo kwa muda huo [1], katika nyanja ya kiuchumi, maendeleo yanahusisha ukuaji wa uzalishaji mali na utoaji wa huduma za kiuchumi. Kiashiria cha msingi kinachotumika katika maendeleo ni pato la taifa ambalo linafafanuliwa kama “ upimaji wa hesabu za uzalishaji unaolingana na thamani ya jumla iliyojumuishwa na wakazi wote, taasisi moja moja zilizojikita kwenye uzalishaji (ukiongeza na kodi yoyote, ukitoa ruzuku yoyote kwenye bidhaa ambayo haihusiani na thamani ya pato lao)’’[2]. Uhusiano ambao sio wa kudharauriwa kati ya maendeleo na ukuaji wa kiuchumi ambao unazalisha mwingiliano muhimu kati ya mazingira na maendeleo, ya kibinadamu pamoja na ya kifizikia. Kama Braduel [3] alivyosema ‘’ Hali halisi ya uzalendo inategemeana na kiwango muhimu, cha faida au hasara ya nafasi yenyewe ya kijografia (inayozunguka mazingira). Katika ulimwengu huu wa uchumi huria na zama zilizotawaliwa na mtaji wa fedha, hoja kuu ya ukuaji wa kiuchumi ndio lengo kuu la sera za maendeleo ambazo haziepukiki . Ingawa ukuaji wa dhana za kisera za uliberali mamboleo zinaenda sanjari na kutia nguvu harakati za kimazingira/kiikolojia [4.5]. Harakati hizi zinachangaia kuamsha ukuaji wa matatizo ya kiuchafuzi, matumizi yasiyo sahihi ya maliasili, n.k. Zaidi ya hayo kuimarisha ukosefu wa usawa kati ya ulimwengu unaoendelea na ulimwengu ulioendelea (unaakisi majanga ya kibinadamu kama vile ya Africa kati ya mwaka 1981 na 1984, ambapo zaidi ya watu milioni moja waliaathirika kwa njaa na kupelekea vifo kwasababu ya mwendelezo wa ukame.) pia kuongeza wasiwasi kwa mataifa. Hivyo, viongozi wa kimataifa waliongozwa kuasili dhana mpya za kimaendeleo, si kwa lengo la kiuchumi tu. Maendeleo endelevu yalianzishwa kama kipaumbele cha kimataifa kwa kile kinachoitwa ‘’ Mkutano wa kilele wa Dunia’’ ndani ya Rio de Janeiro, mwaka 1992. Mwaka 2002 na 2012 nchi nyingi za kimataifa walipitia maazimio ya kufikia malengo endelevu. Mendeleo endelevu yana misingi mitatu : maendeleo ya kiuchumi, maendeleo ya kijamii na utunzaji wa mazingira [6]. 500 Ukurasa wa 8
Bila shaka, maendeleo endelevu ni mfumo wa kiitikadi unaohusisha maendeleo makuu ya dunia. Vitendo na vipimo mbalimbali katika wigo mpana wa sekta vimeleta mafanikio makubwa kwa jamii na mazingira kwa ujumla. Hata hivyo changamoto nyingi bado zipo. Dunia yetu ni mahala pasipo na usawa , wakati suala la mazingira kimataifa linapokabiliwa na tishio. Hii ndio sababu kuu inayopelekea ukosoaji wa maendeleo endelevu katika nyanja mbalimbali. Kama kawaida mashtaka kwa maendeleo endelevu yamekuwa maneno ya kushika kuliko hamasa ya kweli kwa vitendo [7]. Lengo la sura hii ni kujumuisha dhana na maana ya maendeleo na sera jumuishi, katika kiwango cha kimataifa. Kwa kutambua umuhimu wa kusoma upana wa fasihi na data zilizosetiwa zinazohusiana na maendeleo kwa ufupi ‘’ mwongozo’’ msingi wa njia za maendeleo umetungwa. Umelengwa mahususi kumpa msomaji maoni na taarifa , ambazo zimtafanya kuelewa kwa upana msingi wa maendeleleo na mazingira yake na maana yake kijamii.
英語 から スワヒリ語: CULTIVATION OF TOMATO General field: その他 Detailed field: 農業
原書のテキスト - 英語 A brief description of tomato.
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is one of the most important vegetables worldwide. World tomato production in 2001 was about 105 million tons of fresh fruit from an estimated 3.9 million ha. As it is a relatively short duration crop and gives a high yield, it is economically attractive and the area under cultivation is increasing daily. Tomato belongs to the Solanaceae family. This family also includes other well-known species, such as potato, tobacco, peppers and eggplant (aubergine). Tomato has its origin in the South American Andes. The cultivated tomato was brought to Europe by the Spanish conquistadors in the sixteenth century and later introduced from Europe to southern and eastern Asia, Africa and the Middle East. More recently, wild tomato has been distributed into other parts of South America and Mexico. Common names for the tomato are: tomate (Spain, France), tomat (Indonesia), faan ke’e (China), tomati (West Africa), tomatl (Nahuatl), jitomate (Mexico), pomodoro (Italy), nyanya (Swahili). Tomatoes contribute to a healthy, well-balanced diet. They are rich in minerals, vitamins, essential amino acids, sugars and dietary fibres. Tomato contains much vitamin B and C, iron and phosphorus. Tomato fruits are consumed fresh in salads or cooked in sauces, soup and meat or fish dishes. They can be processed into purées, juices and ketchup. Canned and dried tomatoes are economically important processed products.
翻訳 - スワヒリ語 Maelezo Mafupi ya Nyanya.
Nyanya (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) ni moja ya mboga muhimu duniani. Kwa takwimu za Kidunia uzalishaji wa Nyanya kwa mwaka 2001 ulikuwa tani Milioni 105 ambao unakadiriwa kuwa hekta milioni 3.9. Hata hivyo ni zao la muda mfupi lenye mavuno mengi, linavutia kiuchumi na uzalishaji kwa eneo unaongezeka kila siku. Nyanya iko katika familia ya Solanaceae. Hii familia inabeba mazao mengine pia kama vile viazi, tumbaku, pilipili na biringanya. Kwa asili Nyanya ilianzia Amerika ya Kusini Andes. Nyanya iliyolimwa ilipelekwa Ulaya na washindi wa Kihispania katika karne ya kumi na sita na badae ikapelekwa kutoka Ulaya kwenda Kusini na Mashariki mwa Asia, Afrika na Mashariki ya Kati. Hivi karibuni Nyanya ya porini imetawanywa kwenye maeneo mengine ya Kusini mwa Amerika na Mexico. Majina mengine ya Nyanya ni tomate (Kihispania, Kifaransa), tomat (Kiindonesia), faan ke’e (Kichina), tomato ( Afrika Magharibi), tomatl (Kinahautl), jitomate (Kimexico), pomodoro (Kiitaliano), Nyanya (Kiswahili). Nyanya inasaidia sana kujenga afya bora yenye mlo kamili. Nyanya zina madini ya mwili, vitamini na amino asidi za muhimu, sukari na nyuzinyuzi za kutosha. Nyanya zina vitamini B na C kwa wingi, madini ya chuma na madini ya phosphorasi. Nyanya kama matunda zinaliwa mbichi kama saladi na zikipikwa kama mchuzi, supu na supu ya nyama au samaki. Zinaweza zikachakatwa zikatengeneza juisi na rojorojo. Nyanya zilizosindikwa na nyanya zilizokaushwa ni bidhaa muhimu sana kiuchumi.
英語 から スワヒリ語: GIRLS ON STREET Detailed field: 芸術、美術& クラフト、絵画
原書のテキスト - 英語 I watched a girl strolling along the street, avoiding the crowds of people. Most of them were young men, in groups of two and three, sometimes more. Many young women lined the sidewalk, showing as much skin as possible, enticing the men to come inside their tiny rooms for a few minutes of pleasure. It was past 2 a.m. on Saturday night, but the street was filled. Mostly pedestrians, but some on motor bikes. A few cars were parked along the curb, but no one tried to drive through the mob of people. A few solitary middle-aged men browsed through the women, even one or two old men, like me. American, British, Australian…? I couldn’t tell unless they spoke. The girl walked past me again, watching the people. She seemed out of place in her pressed baby blue blouse and tan skirt reaching below her knees. I stepped away from the curb, trying to get a better look at her face. She ignored me. She’s not working? Then what’s she doing in Ladprao, Bangkok’s busiest sex district? Waiting for someone? Young, maybe eighteen or so. A group of four Thai men stopped her, asking something. She shook her head and turned away. One of the men took her arm, asking again. The girl jerked away and hurried along the sidewalk, passing close by me. Obviously frightened.
翻訳 - スワヒリ語 Nilimtazama msichana akitembea kando mtaani, akiepuka umati wa watu. Wengi wao walikuwa vijana wadogo, katika vikundi vya watu wawili na watatu, wakati mwingine zaidi. Wanawake wengi vijana walijipanga kando ya njia, wakionyesha maungo yao kwa kadri wanavyoweza, wakiwavutia wanaume kuja ndani ya vyumba vyao vidogo kwa dakika chache za raha. Ilikuwa yapata saa 8 usiku siku ya Jumamosi, lakini mtaa ulikuwa umejaa. Wengi wao walikuwa ni watembea kwa miguu, lakini wachache walikuwa kwenye pikipiki. Magari machache yalikuwa yameegeshwa pembezoni mwa barabara, lakini hakuna mtu aliyejaribu kuendesha gari kupita kwenye umati ule wa watu. Wanaume wachache wenye umri wa kati walijificha kuwawinda wanawake, hata mzee mmoja au wawili, kama mimi. Marekani, Uingereza, Australia…? Sikuweza kusema isipokuwa walipozungumza. Msichana huyo alinipita tena, akiwaangalia watu. Alionekana kutoendana na maeneo yale kwa blauzi ya kitoto iliyonyooshwa ya bluu na sketi ya tan ikifika chini ya magoti yake. Nilitoka kando ya barabara, nikijaribu kuangalia uso wake vizuri. Alinipuuza. Yeye hajiuzi? Ila anafanya nini huko Ladprao, wilaya ya Bangkok yenye shughuli nyingi zaidi za ngono? Unamsubiri mtu? Kijana, labda miaka kumi na nane au zaidi. Kundi la wanaume wanne wa Thai walimsimamisha, wakimuuliza kitu. Alitikisa kichwa chake na kugeuka. Mmoja wa wanaume hao alimshika mkono, akiuliza tena. Msichana huyo aligeuka mbio na kukimbilia kando ya barabara, akipita karibu nami. Ni wazi aliogopa.
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翻訳教育
Bachelor's degree - Sokoine University of Agriculture
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Bio
An adept Swahili to English Translator and Interpreter with a passion for linguistic precision and cultural exchange. Since 2018 I have been bridging communication gaps between Swahili-speaking and English-speaking communities, I specialize in accurately translating and interpreting a wide array of documents, conversations, and materials. My expertise lies not only in the linguistic aspects but also in cultural nuances, ensuring that messages maintain their intended meaning and resonate effectively across diverse audiences. Whether facilitating business negotiations, translating legal documents, or aiding in cross-cultural communication, I am committed to delivering impeccable, contextually accurate, and culturally sensitive translations and interpretations that foster seamless understanding and collaboration.
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キーワード： Swahili, Kiswahili to English Interpreter and Translator, Editing, proofreading, computers, technology, software, localization, Transcription, Mtafsiri wa Lugha ya Kiingereza kwenda Kiswahili. See more.Swahili, Kiswahili to English Interpreter and Translator, Editing, proofreading, computers, technology, software, localization, Transcription, Mtafsiri wa Lugha ya Kiingereza kwenda Kiswahili, Mtafsiri mbobezi, Kiingereza, Mkalimani wa lugha ya Kiswahili kwenda Kiingereza.. See less.
入会時期 Jul '22
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