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Translation
Expertise
Specializes in:
Biology (-tech,-chem,micro-)
Energy / Power Generation
Science (general)
Also works in:
Environment & Ecology
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Sample translations submitted: 1
English to Spanish: Bioavailabitity of heavy metals and descontamination of soils by plants
Source text - English Soil may be the most important sink of metals and other pollutants. Trace metal contaminations are introduced into soil environment through a variety of human activities, such as waste disposal, mining and smelting. However, total metal content of a soil usually provides unconfident information on the processes and dynamics of the availability and mobility
of metals. An estimation of metal availability is more useful, since it is related to specific bioavailability, reactivity, mobility, and uptake by plants. The mechanisms concerning metal accumulation in soil lead to the existence of five major geochemical forms (Tessier et al., 1979): (i) exchangeable; (ii) bound to carbonate
phase; (iii) bound to iron-manganese oxides; (iv) bound to organic matter; and (v) residual metal phase. These metal fractions have remarkable differences in mobility, biological availability and chemical behaviors in soil. Soil microorganisms such as bacteria, which are suggested to be the most active organic colloids in soil, are surface
charged and able to secrete various organic compounds such as organic acids, carbohydrates and enzymes (Huang et al., 2002). The bacteria in soil possess surfaces that interact strongly with metal ions in soil solution. They could adsorb a greater amount of heavy metals than inorganic
soil components such as montmorillonite, since bacterial cells (approximately 1.0-1.5 mm3) have an extremely high ratio of surface area to
volume, which endows bacteria with a strong capacity at adsorbing and immobilizing toxic ions from soil solution (Beveridge and Schultze-Lam, 1995). Huang et al. (2000) reported the presence of rhizobia significantly increased the adsorption of Cu and Cd in soil. However, the mechanisms
and adsorption kinetics are still poorly understood, regarding how bacteria affect the speciation and distribution of heavy metals in soils, especially under field conditions.
Reference:
Wu S.C.; Luo Y.M.; Cheung K.C.; Wong M.H.; 2006. Influence of bacteria on Pb and Zn speciation, mobility and bioavailability in soil: A laboratory study. Environmental Pollution 144, 765-773
Translation - Spanish El suelo puede ser el sumidero más importante de metales y otros contaminantes. La contaminación con metales traza es introducida en el suelo mediante una variedad de actividades humanas, tales como la eliminación de residuos, la minería y la fundición. Sin embargo, el contenido total de metales del suelo provee información no confidencial sobre la dinámica y los procesos de disponibilidad y movilidad de metales. Una estimación de la disponibilidad del metal es más útil debido a que esta relacionada con la biodisponibilidad específica, la reactividad, la movilidad y la absorción por las plantas. Los mecanismos relativos a la acumulación del metal derivan en la existencia de cinco formas geoquímicas principales (Tessier et al., 1979): (i) intercambiable; (ii) ligado a carbonatos; (iii) ligado a óxidos de hierro-manganesio; (iv) ligado a la materia orgánica; y (v) la fase residual del metal. Estas fracciones metálicas presentan notables diferencias en movilidad, disponibilidad biológica y comportamiento químico en el suelo. Los microorganismos del suelo como las bacterias, las que se supone que son los coloides orgánicos más activos en el suelo, están cargadas superficialmente y son capaces de secretar variados compuestos orgánicos tales como acidos orgánicos, carbohidratos y enzimas (Huang et al., 2002). En el suelo las basterias poseen superficies que interactúan fuertemente con los iones metálicos de la solución del suelo. Pueden adsorber mayores cantidades de metales pesados que los compuestos inorgánicos del suelo como la montmorillonita, dado que las células bacteriales (aproximadamente 1.0-1.5 mm3) tienen una alta proporción de área superficial por volúmen, lo que dota a las bacterias de una fuerte capacidad de adsorción e inmovilización de iones tóxicos de la solución del suelo (Beveridge and Schultze-Lam, 1995). Huang et al. (2000) reportó que la presencia de rizobio incrementa significativamente la adsorción de Cu y Cd en suelos. Sin embargo, los mecanismos y la cinética de adsorción son aún poco conocidos en lo que respecta a la manera en que las bacterias afectan la especiación y distribución de metales pesados en suelos, bajo condiciones de campo específicas.
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Experience
Years of experience: 18. Registered at ProZ.com: Feb 2009.
Adobe Acrobat, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word, Powerpoint
Bio
Regarding my background, I have a Bachelor degree in Environmental Management, and my studies gave me the possibility to know about the broad scope Environmental Sciences involve. Currently I am developing a management project at my University and I am teaching a course through distance learning related with environmental impact assesment. Because of the need to accede to the latest information regarding these topics, I work with documents, papers and books written in English. As additional information, I have taken the TOEFL and the GRE exams, both international recognized.
Keywords: environment, toxicology, ecology, geography, english to spanish.
Expertise