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Exploring AI Tools: Bridging Language and Technology for Language Experts
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English to Romanian: An Overview: The Role of Computational Aerodynamics General field: Tech/Engineering Detailed field: Aerospace / Aviation / Space
Source text - English It is impossible to anticipate the variety of requests that arise for computational aerodynamics analysis. Although we emphasize aircraft here, computational aerodynamics is also used in the analysis and design of missiles, cars, rotorcraft, submarines and ships. In addition to external flows, CA is used for internal flow problems, including inlets, turbomachinery, and nozzles. Although in a global, long-term sense, computational aerodynamics should replace the wind tunnel, for now this is not
the case. Indeed, experimental and computational methods form a good complement to allow aerodynamicists to investigate problems and assess designs.
Typical major goals of computational aerodynamics include:
• performance: estimation of the drag, lift, and moment characteristics of the vehicle
• definition of loads for structural design (including structural deformation under load)
• aeroelastic analysis, including flutter and divergence—requiring coupling with structural analysis and control system design analysis methodology)
• definition of aerodynamic characteristics for evaluation of stability, control, and handling characteristics (i.e., provide the math model for flight simulation).
The current capability doesn’t allow computational aerodynamics to accurately satisfy all these goals. Several difficulties prevent the use of computational aerodynamics in the most general situations, and engineering judgment must be exercised to obtain useful results. Difficulties preventing complete numerical simulation include both geometric and fluid mechanics complexity (one simple definition of aerodynamics is 50% flowfield, 50% geometry). The simplest fluid mechanics idealizations are available to provide information at the conceptual and preliminary design stages.
Advanced computational methods, which are typically difficult to use and don’t yet predict drag well, are used in a different role. The advanced methods are perhaps best used to investigate the detailed physics of the flow. The availability of detailed results over the entire surface, and also everywhere in the flowfield, provides a crucial supplement to wind tunnel testing. Used together, with wind tunnel data providing key anchor points to access and understand the accuracy of the computational method, significant advances in aerodynamic design have been demonstrated. Thus,
advanced computational aerodynamics is truly an area where Hamming's adage,† “the purpose of computing is insight, not numbers” is true.
Translation - Romanian Este imposibil de anticipat multitudinea de cerinte care apar in cazul unei analize de aerodinamica computationala. Desi aici vorbim mai ales de aeronave, aerodinamica computationala este folosita la analiza si proiectarea rachetelor, automobilelor, elicopterelor, submarinelor si navelor maritime. Pe langa curgerile exterioare, aerodinamica computationala este folosita si pentru aplicatii de curgeri interioare, cum ar fi zone de admisie a fluidului, tubomasini, duze. Desi sub aspect global si pe termen lung, aerodinamica computationala va inlocui tunelele aerodinamice, in prezent nu se pune aceasta problema. Metodele experimentale si computationale alcatuiesc in mod cert o sursa de informatii suplimentare care permite aerodinamicienilor sa examineze diverse probleme si sa evalueze proiecte aerodinamice. Principalele scopuri caracteristice aerodinamicii computationale includ :
• Estimarea rezistentei la inaintare, a portantei si caracteristicilor momentului unui vehicul
• Definirea incarcarilor pentru proiectarea structurala, inclusiv deformarea structurala la incarcare
• Analiza aeroelastica, inclusiv flutter si divergenta, care trebuie cuplate cu metodologia de analiza structurala si de analiza proiectarii sistemului de control
• Definirea caracteristicilor aerodinamice pentru evaluarea caracteristicilor de stabilitate, control si manevrabilitate (de ex., furnizarea modelului matematic pentru simularea zborului)
Posibilitatile din prezent nu permit aerodinamicii computationale sa satisfaca cu acuratete aceste cerinte. Exista o serie de dificultati care limiteaza utilizarea aerodinamicii computationale in cazurile cele mai generale, iar pentru a obtine rezultate utile trebuie facut uz de experienta inginereasca. Printre dificultatile care impiedica obtinerea unei simulari numerice suficient de complexe se afla complexitatea de ordin geometric si cea a mecanicii fluidelor (o simpla definitie a aerodinamicii reprezinta 50% campul liniilor de curent si 50% geometria) Cel mai simple idealizari ale mecanicii fluidelor sunt insa disponibile si capabile sa ofere informatii pentru stadiul de concept si cel preliminar din cadrul proiectarii. Metodele de calcul avansate, care sunt de regula dificil de utilizat si nu prezic deocamdata suficient de bine rezistenta la inaintare, sunt folosite in alte scopuri. Aceste metode avansate sunt poate cel mai eficient folosite pentru investigarea detaliata a curgerii. Disponibilitatea rezultatelor detaliate pentru intreaga suprafata a corpului aflat in curgere si pentru orice punct din campul curgerii, ofera date suplimentare esentiale pentru testarea in tunelul aerodinamic. Utilizate impreuna si cu date obtinute din tunel, care asigura repere solide pentru abordarea si intelegerea acuratetii metodelor computationale, au dus la progrese importante in proiectarea aerodinamica. Astfel, aerodinamica computationala avansata reprezinta un domeniu in care cuvintele lui Hamming « scopul calculului il reprezinta imaginea pe care o ofera, nu cifrele », sunt adevarate.
English to Romanian: Charles Dickens' "Great Expectations" - a short excerpt General field: Art/Literary Detailed field: Poetry & Literature
Source text - English It was not in the first moments that I saw all these things, though I saw more of them in the first moments than might be supposed. But, I saw that everything within my view which ought to be white, had been white long ago, and had lost its lustre, and was faded and yellow. I saw that the bride within the bridal dress had withered like the dress, and like the flowers, and had no brightness left but the brightness of her sunken eyes. I saw that the dress had been put upon the rounded figure of a young woman, and that the figure upon which it now hung loose, had shrunk to skin and bone. Once I had been taken to see some ghastly waxwork at the Fair, representing I know not what impossible personage lying in state. Once, I had been taken to one of our old marsh churches to see a skeleton in the ashes of a rich dress, that had been dug out of a vault under the church pavement. Now, waxwork and skeleton seemed to have dark eyes that moved and looked at me. I should have cried out, if I could.
“Who is it?” said the lady at the table.
“Pip, ma’am.”
“Pip?”
“Mr. Pumblechook’s boy, ma’am. Come – to play.”
“Come nearer; let me look at you. Come close.”
It was when I stood before her, avoiding her eyes, that I took note of the surrounding objects in detail, and saw that her watch had stopped at twenty minutes to nine, and that a clock in the room had stopped at twenty minutes to nine.
“Look at me,”said Miss Havisham. “You are not afraid of a woman who has never seen the sun since you were born?”
I regret to state that I was not afraid of telling the enormous lie comprehended in the answer “No”.
Translation - Romanian Toate acestea nu le-am bagat de seama inca din primele clipe, desi am observat atunci mai multe lucruri decat s-ar putea crede. Insa am vazut ca toate obiectele din raza vederii mele, care ar fi trebuit sa fie albe, fusesera albe cu multa vreme in urma si isi pierdusera stralucirea, devenind ofilite si ingalbenite. Am vazut ca mireasa ce purta rochia de nunta se ofilise si ea la fel ca rochia, la fel ca si florile, si singura stralucire care ii mai ramasese era cea a ochilor ei infundati in orbite. Am vazut ca acea rochie imbracase odata silueta plina a unei tinere femei, dar silueta pe care rochia atarna acum, se imputinase pana la piele si os. Fusesem odata luat la un balci ca sa vad o figurina de ceara inspaimantatoare, ce inchipuia nu stiu ce personaj neverosimil, intins ca pe un catafalc. Alta data fusesem luat la una din vechile noastre biserici din mlastini, sa vad un schelet in ramasitele unei rochii somptuoase, ce fusese dezgropat dintr-un beci aflat sub podeaua bisericii. Acum insa, figurina de ceara si scheletul aveau ochi intunecati, ce se miscau si ma priveau. Cred ca as fi strigat de spaima daca as fi putut.
- Cine este? intreba doamna de la masuta.
- Pip, doamna.
- Pip?
- Sunt baiatul pe care l-a trimis domnul Pumblechook, doamna. Am venit aici sa ma joc…
- Apropie-te si lasa-ma sa te vad. Vino aproape.
Abea cand am stat in picioare in fata ei, evitandu-i privirea, am observat cu de-amanuntul obiectele din jur si am vazut ca ceasul ei se oprise la ora noua fara douazeci de minute, iar ceasul din camera se oprise tot la noua fara douazeci de minute.
- Uite-te la mine, spuse domnisoara Havisham. Nu ti-e teama de o femeie care n-a mai vazut lumina zilei de cand te-ai nascut tu?
Cu parere de rau pot sa spun ca nu mi-a fost teama sa afirm o minciuna monstruoasa raspunzandu-i “nu”.
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Years of experience: 13. Registered at ProZ.com: Mar 2012.