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Working languages: English to Chinese
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| Mi Ling Tsui
New York, New York Local time: 23:55 EST (GMT-5)
Native in: English  , Chinese | |
Freelancer,  Verified site user | | Translation | | Specializes in: | | Government / Politics | History | | Journalism | Cinema, Film, TV, Drama |
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More Less | | Questions answered: 3, Questions asked: 0 Easy / 3 PRO, PRO-level points: 8 | Sample translations submitted: 1| Chinese to English: Space Operations | Source text - Chinese
第一部分太空作战慨述
20 世纪 50 年代末期以来 , 航天技术得到飞速发展井 广泛应用于军事领域 , 不断促进太空武器装备的发展 , 进 而推动和加速了太空军事化进程。太空作战在太空军事化 的直接推动和国际政治、军事斗争需要的巨大牵引下应运而生 c 研究联合战役太空作战 , 首先必须全面了解太空作 战的定义、发展历程和趋势及其在未来联合战役中的地位 与作用 o
一、太空作战的定义及分类
科学、准确地把握太空作战的定义 , 井对其进行合理划分 , 是深入研究太空作战理论的逻辑起点。
( 一 ) 太空作战的定义
20 世纪 60 年代中期以后 , 航天技术首先在军事领域 得到广泛应用。世界上拥有航天技术的国家相继对太空作 战问题展开了广泛的研究 , 并从不同角度对太空作战作出 了多种解释。但迄今为止 , 各国军事学术界在太空作战的范畴和太空作战力量的构成等问题上仍存在着重大分歧 ,因此 , 不可避免地出现了描述太空作战的多种定义。
美国空军在其 AFMI-1 号条令 (1971 年版 ) 中首次 提出了空间作战 (space operation) 的概念 , 认为 " 空间作 战是包括空间控制 (space control) 、力量加强 (force enhancement) 和空间支援 (space support) 等在内的一系列 作战行动 " 。在美国空军 1998 年 8 月颁布的《空间作战》条 令和参谋长联席会议 2000 年 1 月制定的《联合条令一一空 间作战的战术、技术和程序》 ( 草案 ) 中对空间作战作了进 一步阐述 , 将空间作战定义为 " 包括空间战斗 ( 空间控制 和力量运用 ) 、战斗保障 ( 主要指力量加强 ) 、空间支援 ( 航天器发射和在轨维护 ) 等在内的一系列作战行动或军事 活动”。①
苏军认为 , 空间作战是在国家最高军事当局领导下 , 使 用空间武器和空间军事系统抗击对方空间武器及相关空间 军事系统 , 以削弱其空间力量和夺取制天权为目的的作战 行动的总和。苏联解体后 , 俄罗斯军队虽未明确提出空间 作战概念 , 但从其《俄罗斯军事学说》和《航天活动法》中 , 可以了解俄军对于空间作战的基本认识。俄军认为 , 空间 作战是使用空间力量与对方在外层空间展开攻防对抗 , 并支援己方部队遂行作战任务的一系列军事行动 ; 空间作战 的任务主要包括侦察、预警、通信、导航、气象观察、大
①常显奇等著: 《军事航天学 ) 〉 , 国防工业出版社 2002 年版 , 第 211~212
地测量、电子对扰、核爆探测、搜索救援、突击地面目标、 拦截在轨航天器以及航天运输等。 | Translation - English
Part I: Introduction to Space Operations
Since the end of the 1950s, space technology has experienced rapid development and extensive use in the military realm, continuously advancing the development of space weapons and equipment, and further propelling the acceleration of the course of the militarization of space. Space operations emerged at a historic moment, ushered in by the militarization of space and forcefully drawn out by international politics and the needs arising from military struggles. In studying joint campaign space operations, one must first grasp the definitions of space operations, their developmental course and trends, and their role and function in future joint campaigns.
Section 1: Definitions and Categories of Space Operations
Scientifically and accurately mastering the definitions of space operations, and rationally analyzing these definitions, are the logical starting points of in-depth research into the theory of space operations.
(1) Definitions of Space Operations
Since the mid-1960s, space technology has received its first widespread use in the military realm. Those nations in the world possessing space technology have all successively begun extensive research on the topic of space operations, and offering, from different perspectives, many explanations of space operations. But until now, among the military academic circles of different nations, there is still a great divergence of views on such questions as the categories and strength composition of space operations. This has resulted, unavoidably, in many different definitions describing space operations.
The U.S. Air Force first put forth the concept of space operations in the Air Force Manual 1-1: Basic Aerospace Doctrine of the United States Air Force (AFM1-1, 1971 edition), which states that “space operations include the series of operational activities such as space control, force enhancement and space support.” The “Space Operations Doctrine” issued by the U.S. Air Force in August 1998, and the draft “Joint Doctrine – The Strategy, Technology, and Procedure of Space Operations” drawn up at the January 2000 Joint Chiefs of Staff Conference, further elaborated on space operations. They defined space operations as “the series of operational or military activities including combat in space (the control of space and the use of capabilities), combat security (mainly referring to capability enhancement), space support (launch of orbital space weapons and their protection in orbit).”
The former Soviet military considered space operations to be the sum total of the military actions, under the leadership of the nation’s highest military command department, that use space weapons and space military system to attack the opponent’s space weapons and related space military systems, with the objectives to weaken opponent capability in space and to seize control of space. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, though the Russian military has yet to clearly state its concept of space operations, one can grasp the Russian military’s basic understanding of space operations from its Russian Military Study and Theory of Space Operations. The Russian military considers space operations as the use of space capabilities to mount offensive and defensive confrontations against the opponent in the outer space, and to support one’s own troops in their series of military actions as they carry out their operational missions. The chief missions in space operations include: reconnaissance, alert, communication, navigation, meteorological observation, geodetic survey, electronic confrontation, nuclear explosion detection, search and rescue, attack of land targets, intercept of orbital space weapons, and space transport, etc. |
More Less | | MA-Columbia University | | Registered at ProZ.com: Feb 2006. | | N/A | | N/A | | N/A | | Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word | | About me
Superb command of English and high literacy in Chinese. Master’s degrees in English literature and journalism from Columbia University, New York. Specialize in high-quality translation of Chinese open source material (news articles and think tank pieces) and book-length projects (literary, history, and military & defense). Was documentary producer with 15 years’ experience at a major US television network and public television before pursuing translation. Interpreted interviews for political asylum cases. |
Keywords: politics & government, military & defense, literature, history, current events, education, high quality translation, Chinese-English-Chinese interpretation
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Dec 27, 2007 |
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