English to Polish Tech/Engineering Petroleum Eng/Sci shale gas operations

WATER USE AND MANAGEMENT IN SHALE GAS OPERATIONS

The water, sand and additives mixture is injected into the geologic formation at high pressure and forms micro fractures in the shale which allow the trapped gas to flow to the wellbore. The extent of the micro fractures from the well bore can be measured by taking highly sensitive seismic measurements during the hydraulic fracturing process. The micro fractures extend typically less than 180 metres upward from the well bore. The probability that any micro fractures extend vertically upward beyond 350 metres is ~1% and beyond 500 metres is a small fraction of 1% because layered sedimentary rocks provide natural barriers to the progression of the micro fractures.