Dead reckoning was the navigation method used by Columbus as revealed in a study of his log and his letters concerning his voyages. He constantly and meticulously recorded his every change of compass heading and the distance covered on that heading, which is a requirement for dead reckoning. (millersville.edu)

Of course, dead reckoning does not take into account the tide, so is of limited use in most North European waters. (Sailtrain.co.uk)

Once leeway and tide have been taken into account, the position by dead reckoning can be converted to an Estimated Position, as shown in diagram. (asianyachting.com)