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English to Spanish: Common Law General field: Law/Patents Detailed field: Law (general)
Source text - English Common law is generally uncodified. This means that there is no comprehensive compilation of legal rules and statutes. While common law does rely on some scattered statutes, which are legislative decisions, it is largely based on precedent, meaning the judicial decisions that have already been made in similar cases. These precedents are maintained over time through the records of the courts as well as historically documented in collections of case law known as yearbooks and law reports. The precedents to be applied in the decision of each new case are determined by the presiding judge. As a result, judges have an enormous role in shaping American and British law. Common law functions as an adversarial system, a contest between two opposing parties before a judge who moderates. A jury of ordinary people without legal training decides on the facts of the case. The judge then determines the appropriate sentence based on the jury’s verdict.
Civil Law, in contrast, is codified. Countries with civil law systems have comprehensive, continuously updated legal codes that specify all matters capable of being brought before a court, the applicable procedure, and the appropriate punishment for each offense. Such codes distinguish between different categories of law: substantive law establishes which acts are subject to criminal or civil prosecution; procedural law establishes how to determine whether a particular action constitutes a criminal act, and penal law establishes the appropriate penalty. In a civil law system, the judge’s role is to establish the facts of the case and to apply the provisions of the applicable code. Though the judge often brings the formal charges, investigates the matter, and decides on the case, he or she works within a framework established by a comprehensive, codified set of laws. The judge’s decision is consequently less crucial in shaping civil law than the decisions of legislators and legal scholars who draft and interpret the codes.
Translation - Spanish El derecho consuetudinario, generalmente no está codificado. Esto significa que no existe una compilación completa de normas jurídicas y leyes. Mientras el derecho común se basa en algunas leyes dispersas, que son decisiones legislativas, se basa en gran parte en precedentes, es decir, las decisiones judiciales que ya se han tomado en casos similares. Estos precedentes se mantienen a lo largo del tiempo a través de los registros tribunales y también se documentan históricamente en colecciones de jurisprudencia, conocidos como anuarios y repertories de jurisprudencia. Los precedentes que se aplicaran en la decisión de cada nuevo caso son determinados por el juez que preside el tribunal. Como resultado, los jueces tienen un papel enorme en la configuración del derecho estadounidense y británico. El derecho común funciona como un sistema contradictorio, una contienda entre dos partes contrarias ante un juez que modera. Un jurado de gente corriente sin formación jurídica decide sobre los hechos del caso. Luego, el juez determina la sentencia apropiada basándose en el veredicto del jurado.
El derecho civil, en cambio, está codificado. Los países con sistemas de derecho civil tienen códigos de leyes completos y continuamente actualizados que especifican todos los asuntos que pueden ser llevados ante un tribunal, el procedimiento aplicable y el castigo apropiado para cada delito. Dichos códigos distinguen entre diferentes categorías de derecho: el derecho sustantivo establece que actos están sujetos a enjuiciamiento penal o civil; el derecho procesal establece cómo determinar si una determinada acción constituye un acto delictivo, y el derecho penal establece la pena correspondiente. En un sistema de derecho civil, la función del juez es establecer los hechos del caso y aplicar las disposiciones del código aplicable. Aunque el juez, a menudo, presenta los cargos formales, investiga el asunto y decide sobre el caso, trabaja dentro de un marco establecido por un conjunto de leyes codificado y completo. En consecuencia, la decisión del juez es menos crucial para dar forma al derecho civil que las decisiones de los legisladores y juristas que redactan e interpretan los códigos.
English to Romanian: Article by Martin Bentham General field: Law/Patents Detailed field: Law (general)
Source text - English UK judiciary is ‘out of step with the world’ on appointing women
Britain’s most senior female judge today called for a new drive to improve judicial diversity to ensure that the “different” views of women are taken into account in key legal rulings.
Baroness Hale, the deputy president of the Supreme Court, said that the country was “out of step with the rest of the world” in having so few women in the judiciary and that increasing the number of female judges was “essential for democratic legitimacy”.
Greater diversity would also improve public confidence by demonstrating that cases were decided by people who were not “aliens from another planet” and counter the “stereotypical pattern” of a male-dominated judiciary with a private school and Oxbridge background.
But her most striking comments, during a lecture in London, came as Lady Hale said having more women on the bench was vital because of the different perspective that they could draw upon.
She said that she had been “sceptical” about the idea that there was a
“particular female point of view” but that her 20-year career on the bench had changed her mind.
She added: I can think of a few judgements where my experience and
perceptions of life made a difference to my view of the law – the nature of damage done to a woman by an unwanted pregnancy; the definition of violence to include more than simply hitting people; the importance of seeing children as individual human beings rather than adjuncts of their parents; the realities of owning a family home jointly.”
New ‘tie-breaker’ legislation came into effect today that will allow the Judicial Appointments Commission to appoint a woman to the bench ahead of a man if both candidates are of equal merit. Lady Hale, who is state educated, said British judges were admired but the male domination of the bench was an anomaly.
“We are out of step with the rest of the world,” she said and illustrated her point: “The average across the judiciary of the countries in the Council of Europe is 52 per cent men and 48 per cent women. In 2012, England and Wales was fourth from he bottom, followed only by Azerbaijan, Scotland and Armenia.”
Official figures show that women account for only 16.7 per cent of judges at the High Court and 11.4 per cent at the Court of Appeal. Lady Hale is the only woman among 12 Supreme Court judges.
Translation - Romanian Sistemul juridic britanic nu “a ținut pasul cu restul lumii” în ceea ce privește numirea femeilor
Judecătoarea cu poziția cea mai importantă din magistratura Marii Britanii a cerut astăzi un nou impuls de îmbunătațire a diversității judiciare, pentru a se asigura că sunt luate în considerare punctele de vedere “diferite” ale femeilor, în hotărârile juridice critice.
Baronesa Hale, vicepreședinta Curții Supreme a spus că țara „nu a ținut pasul cu restul lumii”, având atât de puține femei în sistemul judiciar și, că, creșterea numărului de femei judecătoare era „esențială pentru legitimitatea democratică”.
O diversitate mai mare ar îmbunătăți, de asemenea, încrederea publicului, demonstrând că, cazurile erau hotărâte de oameni ce nu erau “extratereștri de pe altă planetă” și contracarează “modelul stereotip” al unui sistem judiciar dominat de bărbați cu școli private și experiență Oxbridge.
Dar comentariile cele mai izbitoare, din timpul unei prelegeri din Londra, au fost când Lady Hale a precizat că, a avea mai multe femei în magistratură, este vital din cauza diferitelor perspective pe care acestea le-ar avea.
Ea a menționat că a fost „sceptică” cu privire la ideea că există un “punct de vedere feminin distinct”, dar cariera ei de 20 de ani în magistratură, a făcut-o să se răzgândească.
Ea a adăugat: “pot să mă gândesc la câteva procese unde experiența și percepțiile mele de viață au făcut o diferență în viziunea mea asupra legii – natura daunelor produse unei femei de o sarcină nedorită; definiția violenței să includă mai mult decât simpla lovire a oamenilor; importanța de a vedea copiii ca ființe umane individuale, mai degrabă decât anexe ale părinților lor; realitatea de a deține împreună o casă familială.”
Astăzi a intrat în vigoare noua legislație “egalizatoare” ce va permite Comisiei Judiciare să numească o femeie în magistratură, înaintea unui bărbat, dacă ambii au același merit. Lady Hale, care a fost educată la o școală de stat, a precizat că judecătorii britanici erau admirați, dar dominanța masculină în magistratură era o abnormalitate.
„Nu am ținut pasul cu restul lumii”, a spus și a ilustrat opinia ei: “Media în sistemul judiciar al țărilor din Consiliul European este 52% bărbați și 48% femei. În 2012, Anglia și Țara Galilor erau pe a patra poziție de jos, urmate de Azerbaidjan, Scoția și Armenia.”
Cifrele oficiale “arată că femeile reprezintă doar 16,7% din judecătorii de la Înalta Curte și 11,4% din Curtea de Apel.” Lady Hale este singura femeie între cei 12 judecători ai Curții Supreme.
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Other - Traduccion Juridica Academia, Spain
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Professional legal translator with 3 years of experience in the linguistic field and language field. I am open to any translation test and I would be delighted to work with you.
Keywords: legal, english, spanish, contracts, law, common law, civil law
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