This site uses cookies.
Some of these cookies are essential to the operation of the site,
while others help to improve your experience by providing insights into how the site is being used.
For more information, please see the ProZ.com privacy policy.
This person has a SecurePRO™ card. Because this person is not a ProZ.com Plus subscriber, to view his or her SecurePRO™ card you must be a ProZ.com Business member or Plus subscriber.
Affiliations
This person is not affiliated with any business or Blue Board record at ProZ.com.
Services
Translation
Expertise
Specializes in:
Engineering (general)
Construction / Civil Engineering
Rates
Portfolio
Sample translations submitted: 2
Tajik to English: Project request General field: Other Detailed field: Environment & Ecology
Source text - Tajik Дархости лоиҳавӣ
Маълумоти мушаххаси лоиҳа
Ҷойгиршавии лоиҳа: шаҳри Роғун, ноҳияҳои Файзобод, Нуробод ва Сангвори водии Рашт.
5) (Макони ҷойгиршавии лоиҳа ва ҷузъҳои онро тавсиф кунед)
- Аъзоёни ҷомеа дар таҳия, татбиқ ва механизмҳои бозгашти равандҳои рушди маҳаллӣ фаъолона иштирок мекунанд
- Ҷомеа дастрасии одилона ва истифодаи одилонаи ба хизматҳои ҳаётан муҳим доранд (ба монанди об, беҳдошт ва санитария ва хидматрасонии нигоҳубини кӯдакон), ки аз ҷониби иҷрокунандагони ҷамъиятӣ ва хусусӣ пешниҳод карда мешаванд
- Таъмиин даромади устувор барои занон ва ҷавонон
- Ҷомеа ба идоракунӣ, барқарорсозӣ ва ҳифзи захираҳои табии машғуланд ва тадбирҳо ва таҷрибаҳои коҳиш додани хатари офатҳоро истифода мебаранд
6) Вазифаи лоиҳа:
(Мақсади асосии лоиҳаро тавсиф кунед)
Одамон аз беҳтар шудани сифати зиндагӣ дар ҷомеаи тобовар, солим ва пойдори водии Рашт баҳра мебаранд
a) Мақсад: (Мақсад бояд вазифаи аввалиндараҷаи Ҳукуматро баён кунад. Барои мисол: мувофиқати лоиҳа ба ҳуҷҷатҳои стратегӣ) Лоиҳа дар пешбурди ҳадафҳои стратегии рушди Стратегияи миллии рушди Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон барои давраи то соли 2030 саҳмгузори менамояд:
o Ҳадафи 1. Маҳви пурраи тамоми намудҳои бенавоӣ;
o Ҳадафи 2. Аз байн бурдани гуруснагӣ, таъмини амнияти озуқворӣ ва беҳтар намудани ғизогирӣ ва мусоидат ба рушди устувори хоҷагии кишлоқ;
o Ҳадафи 3. Таъмини тарзи ҳаёти солим ва мусоидат ба некӯаҳволии ҳамагон дар ҳама синну сол;
o Ҳадафи 5. Таъмини баробарии гендерӣ ва вусъати ҳуқуқҳо ва имкониятҳо барои тамоми занон ва духтарон,
o Ҳадафи 6. Таъмини мавҷудият ва истифодаи оқилонаи захираҳои обӣ ва беҳдоштӣ барои ҳамагон;
o Ҳадафи 8. Мусоидат ба рушди тадриҷӣ, фарогир ва устувори иқтисодӣ, шуғли пурра ва истеҳсолӣ ва кори арзанда барои ҳамагон
o Ҳадафи 12. Таъмини гузариш ба моделҳои оқилонаи истеъмол ва истеҳсол
o Ҳадафи 13. Қабули чораҳои фаврии мубориза бо тағйирёбии иқлим ва оқибатҳои он
o Ҳадафи 15. Ҳифз ва барқарорсозии экосистемаи хушкӣ ва мусоидат ба истифодаи оқилонаи онҳо, истифодаи оқилонаи ҷангал, мубориза бо биёбоншавӣ, қатъи раванд ва маъкус кардани вайроншавии заминҳо ва қатъи раванди нобудшавии гуногуншаклии биологӣ
• Стратегияи миллии Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон оид ба паст кардани хавфи офатҳои табиӣ барои солҳои 2019-2030
• Стратегияи миллии солимии аҳолии Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон то соли 2030
• Стратегия барои пешниҳод намудани ғизои кудакон ва наврасон дар муассисҳои таълимии Ҷумҳурии Тоҷичикстон
• Стратегияи миллии мутобиқшавӣ ба тағйирёбии иқлими Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон барои солҳои 2019-2030
• Барномаи миёнамуҳлати рушди Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон барои солҳои 2021–2025
• Барномаи ислоҳоти соҳаи об дар Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон барои солҳои 2016-2025
• Барномаи давлатӣ оид ба беҳсозии заминҳои обёришаванда дар Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон барои солҳои 2019-2023
• Барномаи давлатии азхудкунии заминхои нави обёришаванда ва баркарорсозии заминхои аз гардиши кишоварзи берунмонда дар Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон барои солхои 2022-2027
• Нақша чорабиниҳо доир ба тадбирҳои беҳтар намудани вазъи мелиоративии заминҳои обёришавандаи кишоварзии Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон 2019-2023
• Нақшаи бисёрсоҳаи оид ба бехатарии ғизо дар Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон барои солҳои 2021-2025
• Барномаи давлатии солимии репродуктивӣ барои солҳои 2019-2022
б) Ҳисоботи манфиатҳо омодаанд? Агар ҳа, пас шарҳ диҳед (Барои мисол: фоидаи бадастомада ва ё камкунии харољот)
Фаъолиятҳои асосии лоиҳа баъди гузаронидани Арзёбии муҳити зист аз моҳи Июли соли 2023 сар мешавад. Лоиҳа аз 1 декабри соли 2022 оғоз гардид.
в) Асосноккунии техники ва иқтисодии лоиҳа гузаронда шудааст? Ҳа/ Не
Лоиҳаи мазкур дар асоси натиҷа ва дастовардҳои марҳилаи якум ва дуюми лоиҳаи Беҳсозии ҳамҷояи ҳифзулсиҳат ва макони зист дар минтақаи Рашт (2013-2022) ва вохуриҳо бо намояндагони сохторҳои марбути давлатӣ ва ҷомеа барои муайян намудани афзалиятҳои рушд таҳия гардид.
Project Location: Rogun city, Fayzabad, Nurabad and Sangvar districts of the Rasht valley.
5) (Describe the location and components)
- Community members are actively involved in the development, implementation and feedback mechanisms of local development processes
- Society have equel access to essential services (such as water, sanitation and hygiene for chidcare) provided by the public and private providers
- Ensuring stable income for women and youth
- Community manage, restore and protect natural resources and apply disaster risk reduction measures and practices
6) Project objectives:
(Describe the main goal of the Project)
People benefit from improved quality of life in a sustainable and healthy conditions in the Rasht Valley.
a) Purpose: (The purpose should indicate the main objective of the Government. For example: compliance of the project with the strategic documents) The Project contributes to the promotion of the strategic development goals of the National Development Strategy of the Republic of Tajikistan for the period up to 2030:
o Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms;
o Goal 2. End hunger, ensure food security and nutrition, and sustainable agriculture;
o Goal 3. Ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being at all ages;
o Goal 5. Achive gender equality and empower all women and girls,
o Goal 6. Ensure access to water and sanitation for all;
o Goal 8. Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for all
o Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
o Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
o Goal 15. Sustainable manage forest, combat desertification, half and reverse land degradation, haşf biodiversity loss
• National Strategy of the Republic of Tajikistan on Disaster Risk Reduction for 2019-2030
• National Strategy of the Republlic of Tajikistan for population health until 2030
• Strategy for providing nutrition to children and adolescents in educational institutions of the Republic of Tajikistan
• National Climate Change Adaption Strategy for 2019-2030
• Medium term development program of the Republic of Tajikistan for 2021–2025
• Water reform program of the Republic of Tajikistan for 2016-2025
• State program for the improvement of irrigated lands of the Republic of Tajikistan for 2019-2023
• State program for the development of new irrigated land and the restoration of land disposed of from agricultureal use in the Republic of Tajikistan for the period 2022-2027
• The program for the improvement of the ameliorative conditions of irrigated agricultural land of the Republic of Tajikistan for 2019-2023
• Multidisciplinary food safety plan of the Republic of Tajikistan for 2021-2025
• State reproductive health program for 2019-2022
б) İmprotant tasks (Quantitative indication of tasks)
- Support in progress of 49 village development plans, four sub-setor management plans and four district development plans;
- Construction of five drinking water network and establishment of Water users association;
- Construction of five public toilets (school and hospital);
- Creation of eight early childhood development centers at school and eight centers for early personal development of children;
- Soil diagnostics in 49 villages (laboratory);
- Support fot youth through 12 small grants to address existing deficiencies via human centered design;
- Support for eight local enterpreneurs to increase the production of energy efficient products and prevent natural disasters;
- Creation of 20 green financial products with a focus on women and youth;
- Preparation of a program on greenhouse gas emissions and development of a tool to collect information on carbon dioxide (CO2);
- Creation of four production groups and development of a cluster action plan to accelerate production and diversity;
- Presentation of eight best practices for sustainable farming and storage of harvesting products by the production team;
- Repair and construction of eight irrigation canals;
- Support four pasture user groups to implement the pastoral management plan;
- Support for various products produced by 12 households and through household plots, greenhouses and nurseries;
- Construction of 12 warehouses for storage of agricultural products;
- İntroduction of various methods of land cultivation on 12 degraded lands, forests and wastelands;
- Establishment of four emergency teams to provide asassistance in case of natural disasters;
- İnstalation of four CODAN communication systems in four disaster-prone villages;
- Creation of seven storage depots for use during natural disasters;
- Construction of an emergency shelter for 100-150 people;
- İmplementation of four environmental projects for the prevention of natural disasters;
7) Project Description: (Provide a description of the project and its details, indicating the cost of each component in the table below)
Project implementation details Cost in Swiss francs (thousand)
I. Program activities 7,182,440
Final indicator 1. Community members are actively involved in the design, implementation and feedback mechanisms of local development processes (assessments for planning in various sectors such as emergency management and response, natural resource management, agricultural and infrastructure; development of the integrated watershed plan, the integrated village management plan and addition of projects to the District socio economic development program) 946,799
Final indicator 2. Community has equal access to vital public and private services (such as water, sanitation, hygiene and childcare) that are used efficiently and sustainably. (Construction of water networks and public toilets, creation of early childhood development centers, etc.) 2,845,577
Final indicator 3. Ensuring sustainable income for women and youth (technical support for local enterprises for the production of heat saving products, sustainable environmentally friendly business processes, the use of energy efficient electrical equipment and appliances, etc.) 578,591
Final indicator 4. Community participation in the managements, restoration and protection of natural resources and the adaptation of measures and practices for disaster risk reduction (construction and repair of irrigation canals, construction of storage tanks, bridges and roads to pastures, animal shelters, construction of greenhouses and nurseries, installation of the CODAN communication system and construction of an emergency shelter, etc.) 2,811,474
II. Project management and operating costs 1,173,560
III. Audit 44,000
Total 8,400,000
8) Justification for the project: (List the reasons why the project should get funding)
Water, sanitation and hygiene. Despite the progress made over the past few years via a number of development measures, an important factor in the prospects for the development of communities in the Rasht Valley is the lack of water supply and sanitation services, which has a significant impact on issues related to health, agriculture and social security. Some critical deficiencies in water supply systems include i) deterioration of existing water supply and management systems; ii) impact resulting from active geomorphological processes and regularly damaging water infrastructure; iii) the limited funds received from the payment of water fees (especially for drinking water) are not sufficient to fully recover the costs of the system.
District development plans in seven districts of the Rasht Valley confirm that the water supply, sanitation and hygiene infrastructure in most districts is worn out and there are no mechanisms for its use and maintenance. The sub-target areas are below the national average in terms of access to safe and clean drinking water and adequate infrastructure, resulting in poor sanitation and hygiene, high pressure on women and children due to pumping water and all kinds of diseases.
Agriculture. Low crop yields are another challenge for the development of the Rasht Valley, which is linked to issues related to women’s empowerment, food security, health, and livelihood potential. The increase in the frequency of extreme weather events over the past few years, combined with severe land degradation due to unsustainable agricultural practices, has increased the instability of the agricultural system. The Aga Khan Foundation’s field experience shows that farmers in the Rasht Valley often grow water intensive crops and do not have acess to drought-tolerant varieties. İn addition the lack of knowledge of water user associations (WUAs) and the farmers on the development of water distribution plans and the calculation of crop water consumption affects the agricultural systems.
Moreover, lack of knowledge about sustainable and intensive agriculture and post-harvest proessing (such as renewable agriculture, integrated livestock management systems, energy efficient processing systems) and little research on agricultural systems limit innovation in this sector. The results of the meetings in the Rasht Valley show that farmers need support in purchasing quality seeds, mineral fertilizers and pesticides. İn addition, investments are needed to improve farmers’ access to domestic and international markets. This is due to the availability of favorable financial products that can provide subsidized financing for the acquisition of modern agricultural machinery and investments in food storage and processing enterprises. İn addition, the need to increase the basic knowledge of newly created or established enterises on how to organize and develop a business should be formed. These measures can directly improve food security and public health, especially for young children.
Natural Resource Management (NRM). The main problem in natural resource management is the lack of integrated, equitable, integrated and systematic planning and management of natural resources at the watershed level, which, together with climate change and population growth, leads to deforestation and degradation of pasture, loss of biodiversity and soil degradation, which leads to as decrease in productivity of natural resouces. Lack of electricity in winter or alternative energy for heating and cooking, as well as low knowledge about energy conservation (such as using expensive stoves), results in trees being cut down for firewood throughout the year (mainly harvested by women and children). Therefore, the natural reforestation is at a very low level.
Climate change. The impacts of climate change and the frequency of natural disasters pose a direct threat to property (houses and land) and community life due to shortcomings in existing emergency management systems. Date from the Rasht Valley show that most housholds are exposed to natural disasters as a result of inappropriate human activities, including inefficient and unsustainable pasture use, solid waste dumping on river banks, lack of disaster risk reduction measures in construction projects, and insufficient early warning systems. Villages are threatened by several types of natural disasters, suach as floods, landslides, earthquakes, etc. According to the Committee for Emergency Situations and Civil Defense, in 2021 alone, due to natural disasters such as floods, avalanches and earthquakes, 64 houses were completely damaged and 483 people were left homeless. İn particular, the Rasht Valley is vulnerable to seismic hazards, as a result of which the population has been severely affected. Such disasters cause significant damage to people’s lives, livelihoods and vital infrastructure. The data shows that there were earthquakes between 5.7 and 7.5 magnitudes (in Gharm, Rogun, Rasht and Lakhsh), which killed more than 7,000 people. Given the high risk, seismic hazard management and response to its consequences is necessary throughout the Rasht Valley.
Providing jobs for women and youth. Due to the large number of men leaving for labor migration in Rasht region, it is considered necessary to create new jobs to prevent it. The impact of migration has meant that women today are responsible for housework, childcare, and finding work and income to feed and provide for their families.
9) İnterest: (Who directly or indirectly benfits from this project?)
а) Who benefits? How many people benefit?
32,000 people, 50% of whom are women will benefit from the project and improve their quality of life.
б) Are benefit reports ready? Аİf yes, please explain (e.g. prfits made or cost saving)
The main activities of the project will start in July 2023 after an environmental assessment. The project started on December 1,2022.
в) Has the feasibility study of the project been completed? Yes /No
This project is developed on the basis of the results and achievements of the first and second stages of the Joint Reovery and Habitat in the Rasht Valley (2013-2022) and meetings with representatives of relevant government agencies and society to determine development priorities.
г) İf you answered yes to item (b), please provide the following information:
(İPC) İnitial project cost
(İRR) İnternal rate of return
(BCR) Benefit cost ratio
(PCİ) Poor communication/impact
Tajik to Russian: Стандарт по химии и руковдоство для учителей Detailed field: Education / Pedagogy
Намудҳои реаксияҳо
9.5.1. Реаксияи мубодилаи ионҳо, реаксияҳои баргарданда ва барнагарданда, реаксияҳои молекулї ва иониро донанд ва шарҳ дода тавонанд.
Реаксияи мубодилаи ионҳо. Реаксияҳои баргарданда ва барнагарданда, реаксияҳои молекулавї, ионї ва мухтассари ионї (саҳ.17-21).
9.5.2. Самара (эффект)-и гармии реаксияҳои химиявї ва муодилаҳои термохимиявиро донанд ва истифода бурда тавонанд.
Мафҳумҳо ва қонунҳои асосии термохимия (саҳ.44-47).
11.2.5. Робитаи сабабу натиҷаи байни таркиб, сохт ва хосияти моддаҳоро бо мисолҳои мушаххас фаҳмонда дода тавонанд.
Робитаи байни хосият, таркиб ва сохти моддаҳо (саҳ. 81-85).
11.2.6. Ҳолати электронҳоро дар атом ва тақсимшавии s-, p-, d- электонҳоро дар қабатҳо ва зерқабатҳои электронї тасвир карда тавонанд.
Ҳолати электронҳо дар атоми элементҳо s-, p-, d- электронҳо (саҳ. 94-101).
11.2.7. Умумияти сохти моддаҳои органикї ва ѓайриорганикї, сохти фазоии молекулаҳои моддаҳои органикї ва ѓайриорганикї ва конформатсияи молекулаҳоро шарҳ диҳанд.
Умумияти сохт ва сохти фазоии молекулаҳои моддаҳои органикї ва ғайриорганикї, конформатсияи молекулаҳо (саҳ. 109 – 122).
Translation - Russian 9.1.1. Умение объяснять генетическую связь между оксидами, основаниями, кислотами и солями.
Генетическая связь между важнейшими неорганическими соединениями. (стр. 21-24)
9.1.2. Определить строение элементов групп кислорода, азота и углерода, и умение обяснить пониятие аллотропии.
Положение элементов групп кислорода, азота и углерода по периодической системе.
Аллотропия.стр.31-3; стр.60; стр.62-79; стр.81-95
9.1.3. Умение различить положение основной и дополнительной группы металлов в периодической системе химических элементов.
Положение металлов в периодической системе химических элементов (стр.108-118).
Особенности строения электронных слоев атомов металлов. (стр.121-134).
9.2.1. Знать периодический закон и периодическую систему химических элементов Д.И.Менделеева на основе учения о строении атома.
Периодический закон и периодическая система химических элементов Д.И.Менделеева на основе учения о строении атома (стр.108; стр.121; стр.125).
9.2.2. Умение объяснить электрополитическую дисссоциацию ионных и полярных ковалентных веществ, таких как кислоты, основания и соли.
Электрополитическая диссоциация веществ с ионной и ковалетной полярной связью: кислот, основание и солей (стр. 12-15).
9.2.3. Знать состав растворов и способ определения их вязкости.
Способы выражения концентракции растворов (стр. 5-8).
9.2.4. Умение различать строение атома элементов групп кислорода, азота и углерода.
(стр.31; стр. 60; стр. 74; стр. 81).
Структура веществ и типы соединений
9.2.5. Умение объяснить строения атомов металлов и природу металлической связи.
Особенности строения атома металлов по периодической системе элементов (стр.97; стр.100).
Свойства веществ
9.3.1. Расскажите об общих свойствах электролитов.
Свойства ионов а расворе (стр.15). Ионные реакции в растворах электролитов. (стр.16-19).
9.3.2. Умение объяснить химические свойства кислот, оснований, амфотерных гидроксинов и солей на основе теории электрополитической диссоцияации и окислительно восстановительных процессов.
Химические свойства кислот, основанний и солей на основе теории электрополитической диссоциации (стр.21-24).
9.3.3. Знать важнейшие свойства серы, азта, углерода и их соединений.
Физические и химические свойства серы, азота, углерода и их соединений(стр.36-43; стр.61-78).
9.3.4. Умение анализировать общие свойства оксидов и гидроксидов металлов.
Физико химические свойства металлов (стр.100).
Потребление и производство
9.4.2. Знать способы получения серы, азота, углерода и их соединений и уметь объяснить их применение.
Производство и использование серы, азота, углерода и их соединений (стр.62-74; стр.76-79; стр.92-95).
9.4.3. Знать устройство простейших приспособлений для получения и сбора газов-аммиака и углекислого газа (IV) и уметь ими пользоваться.
Простые иструменты для получения газов, прибор Киппа. Аммиак, углекислый газ (IV) (стр.62-64).
9.4.4. Промышленные методы получения металлов: знать производство чугуна и стали.
Способы промышленного получения металлов и их сплавов. Металлургия. Производство Чугуна. Производство стали. (стр.97-100; стр.135-142).
Типы реакций
9.5.1. Знать и уметь объяснять реакции ионного обменна, обратиммые и необратиммые реакции, молекулярные и ионные реакции.
Реакция ионного обмена. Обратимые и необратимые реакции, молекулярные, ионные и короткие ионные реакции. (стр.17-21).
9.5.2. Знать и уметь использовать тепловой эффект химических реакций и термохимические уравнение.
Основные понятия и законы термохимии (стр.44-47).
9.5.3. Уметь объяснять скорость химических реакция, химичское равновесие и условия его смещения.
Скорость химический реакций. Химический баланс. Катализ и катализаторы. (стр.47-56).
9.5.4. Знать качественные реакции для распознавания веществ и уметь объяснять с помощью различнвх реакций.
Качественные реакции в водном растворе для распознавания веществ (стр. 40-43; стр.62-66; стр.69-74; стр.84-89).
5.6.3. 10-й класс
Понятия и соединения
10.1.1. Уметь объяснять понятия гомологии, структурной формулы, изомерии, геометрической изомерии, функционвльных групп органических веществ.
Первые понятия органической химии, гомология, изомерия, стуктурная формула, функиональные группы в органических соединениях. (стр.63, 20, 28, 29-151).
10.1.2. По формуле уметь различать насыщенные, ненасыщенные, ароматические углеводороды, спирты и фенолы, альдегиды и кетоны, карбоновые кислоты, сложные эфиры и углеводороды.
Основные примеры насыщенных, ненасыщенных, ароматических углеводородов, спиртов, фенолов, альдегидов и кетонов, карбоновых кислот, сложных эфиров, жиров и углеводов стр.19, 59, 80, 91,109,151,171, 194, 213, 233, 241, 247-261).
10.1.3. Уметь составлять соединения органических элементов.
Описание органических соединений элементов (стр.275-279).
Структура веществ и типы соединений
10.2.1. Уметь объяснять значение теории химического строения органических веществ.
Теория химического строения органических соединений и ее значение. (стр.11-14).
10.2.2. Знать механизм образования ковалентной связи: поляризация и ориентация простраства.
Образование ковалентных свзязей в органических соединениях и их механизм, полярность и пространственная ориентация в органических соединениях (стр.33-39).
10.2.3. Объяснить гомополитический и гетерополитический разрыв ковалентной связи.
Характер разрыва гомополитической и гетерополитеческой связи. стр.60-64
10.2.4. Описать тетраэдрическую структуру молекулы метана.
Строение молекулы метана (ее эприческая формула и строение) (стр.28-32).
10.2.5. Уметь различать характеристики химических связей: кратные, двойные, тройные, сигма и π-связи, водородные связи и механизмы гибридизаций sp3, sp2 и sp.
Характеристика химических связей в органических соединениях (стр.28,60,82,92,153 -195).
10.2.6. С учетом химического и электронного сторения уметь составлять структурные формулы насыщенных, ненасыщенных, ароматических спиртов и фенолов, альдегидов и кетонов, карбоновых кислот, сложных эфиров и углеводов.
10.2.7. Уметь различать строние молекул моно-, ди- и полисахаридов.
Свойства веществ
10.3.1. Знать и уметь объяснять свойства насыщенных, ненасыщенных, ароматических углеводородов, одноатомных и многоатомных спиртов, альдегидов и кетонов, карбоновых кислот, сложных эфиров и жиров, углеводов и органических соединений.
Свойства насыщенных и ненасыщенных ароматических углеводородов, кислородосодержащих органических соединений, углеводов, элементарных органических соединений (стр.33,66,115,158 -196).
10.3.2. Уметь обсуждать о свойствах веществ, исходя из их сторения, и о сторении веществ, исходя из их свойств.
Зависимость химических свойств органических соединений от их сторения (изомерия) (стр.16,21,62,112,155-194).
Производство и потребление
10.4.1. Знать способ получения насыщенных, ненасыщенных, ароматических углеводородов, кислородосодержащих органических соединений, углеводов, элементарных органических соединений и уметь объяснить их применения.
Способы получения насыщенных и ненасыщенных ароматических углеводородов, кислородосодержащих органических соединений и их использование (стр.44,74,124,141,144,163, 202).
10.4.2. Знать как использовать наиболее важные примеры переработки пластмасс, каучуков, химических волокон, нефти, природного газа и угля уметь применять их на практике.
Использование пластических масс, резины, химических волокон. Представление о промышленной переработке нефти, природных газов и их использовании (стр.76,87,99,126,136-144).
Типы реакций
10.5.1. Знать и уметь объяснять реакции полимеризации и поликонденсации.
Понятия о реакциях полимеризации и поликонсендации (стр.70,97).
10.5.2. Уметь писать уравнения реакций, которые показывают свойства органических веществ и их генетическую связь.
Реакции в органических соединениях. Механизм переходов и их сущность. (стр.33, 35-53). Понятие о реакции этерификации (стр.159, 235, 263).
5.6.4. 11-й класс
Понятия и соединения
11.1.1. Уметь объяснять основные понятия высокомолекулярных соединений: мономер, полимер, структурный компонент, степень полимеризации, линейные, развлетвленные и пространственные строения.
Основные представления об органических высокомолекулярных соединениях (стр. 59-64).
11.1.2. Уметь объяснять формулы и химический состав аминов, некоторых белков, аминокислот и нуклеиновых кислот, ферментов и витаминов.
Амины. Аминокислоты. Белки. Нуклеиновые кислоты. Ферменты и витамины (стр. 6, 11, 29, 36, 43, 46).
11.1.3. Уметь описывать взаимосвяь органических и неорганичесих соединений.
Важнейшие органические и неорганические соединения и их взаимосвязь. (стр. 81-87).
Строение веществ и типы соединений
11.2.1. Уметь различать сторение аминов, амидов, аминокислот, белков, нуклеотидов, ферментов.
Амины, амиды, аминокислоты, белки, нуклеотиды, ферменты и их строение (стр. 9, 29, 37, 43).
11.2.2. Уметь объяснять электронную природу химической связи.
Химическая связь и его характеристики (стр.109-113).
11.2.3. Уметь оценивать зависимость свойств веществ от химического, электронного и пространственного строения молекул.
Зависимость свойств веществ от химичского, электронного и пространственного строения молекул (стр.114-118).
11.2.4. Уметь составлять линейную, разветвленную и пространственную структуру полимеров.
Общее понятие о высокомолекулярных соединениях: мономер, полимер, структурный компонент, степень полимеризации, средняя молекулярная масса (стр. 59-75).
11.2.5. На конкретных примерах уметь объяснять причинно-следственные связи между составом, строением и свойствами веществ на конкретных примерах.
Связь между свойствами, составом и строением веществ (стр. 81-85).
11.2.6. Уметь описывать состояние электронов в атоме и распределение s-, p-, d- электронов в электронных слоях и подсолях.
Состояние электронов в атоме элементов s-, p-, d- электроны (стр. 94-101).
11.2.7. Объяснять общее строение органических и неоранических веществ, пространственое строение молекул органических и неорганических веществ, и конфронтацию молекул.
Общее строение и пространственное строение молекул органических и неорганических веществ, конфронтация молекул (стр. 109 – 122).
More
Less
Experience
Years of experience: 6. Registered at ProZ.com: Feb 2023.
Get help on technical issues / improve my technical skills
Stay up to date on what is happening in the language industry
Bio
İ was asked how did i become multilingual. Growing up in Tajikistan, i was surrounded by languages , Tajik was my mother tounge. Tajik language has a deep history and though it i also understand Farsi and Dari languages, because they are three different norms of the same Persian language. And as the world know the Central Asia was a part of USSR, we grown among russians, and russian was as a compulsory subject in school, and naturally it become my second native language.
İn secondary school i learned English as a foreign language. İ become interested in learning english, it seemed like the perfect choice, as it would provide me with more opportunities in life. After completing seconadry school i went to university where i got qualification of a teacher of English and Frech languages. With graduation of university i started working as a teacher of english and then as a translator. İ went with English language to build my working career. May be you think, why i did not work with french language, here is a simple answer, İn my country we did not have French communities except of the embassy, and there was limited vacancies. İ focused on translating between English and Russian, and found great success in my career. İ have worked in Projects of the World Bank and European Bank for Development Reconstruction.
However, fate had other plans for me, i met a Turkish man ,and we fell in love, i moved to Turkey , leaving behind my career. But i did not let my language skills go to waste, i continued to learn Turkish, and it quickly become my third native language. Living in Turkey i used Turkish every day and able to understand and communicate with locals. İ found myself fascinated by Turkish culture and the Turkish language. May be you will have a question , how can turkish language could be so easily be my third native language, it because a large number of Persian words have entered the Turkish vocabulary, and as i metioned above through Tajik language i become multiligual.