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English to Chinese: History of Women's Football General field: Art/Literary Detailed field: Sports / Fitness / Recreation
Source text - English Scotland seems to be the first country in the world to encourage women to play football. In the 18th century football was linked to local marriage customs in the Highlands. Single women would play football games against married women. Single men would watch these games and use the evidence of their footballing ability to help them select prospective brides.
There is no evidence that women played football in England during the 18th century. In fact, until the formation of the Football League in 1885, football was dominated by the public schools. These early clubs feared that opposing sets of supporters would get into fights. As Dave Russell points out in Football and the English: A Social History of Association Football in England (1997): "in terms of social class, crowds at Football League matches were predominantly drawn from the skilled working and lower-middle classes... Social groups below that level were largely excluded by the admission price." Russell adds "the Football League, quite possibly in a deliberate attempt to limit the access of poorer (and this supposedly "rowdier") supporters, raised the minimum adult male admission price to 6d".
Several clubs came to the conclusion that male behaviour at football matches would be improved if they were accompanied by women. In April, 1885, Preston North End announced that women would be allowed free entry to all home games. Over 2,000 women turned up for the first game. Free entry for women was so popular that by the late 1890s all the football clubs had discontinued the scheme.
Nettie Honeyball helped to pioneer women's football in England. In 1894 Honeyball placed an advert in the press and persuaded about 30 young women to join the British Ladies Football Club. Honeyball persuaded J. W. Julian, who played for Tottenham Hotspur, to coach the women. The training sessions took place twice a week at a park next to the Alexandra Park racecourse at Hornsey.
Florence Dixie, the youngest daughter of the Marquis of Queensbury and another committed feminist, agreed to become president of the British Ladies Football Club on condition that "the girls should enter into the spirit of the game with heart and soul."
A decision had to be made about what the women would wear in games. One newspaper reporter explained: "The orthodox jerseys were made the basis of the attire, but it was seen that a great deal had been left to the coquetry and taste of the wearers. In many instances they were made loose after the manner of blouses and were relieved at the edges by a little white embroidering. Some of the sleeves, too, were made extremely wide, being evidently made after a decidedly fashion-plate pattern. There was the same variety in the make of the knickers. This would seem to be a personal matter for the ladies themselves. Several of them probably more advanced in reformed dress ideas than their sisters, wore the lower garments in the ordinary football fashion."
The first official match played by women took place at Crouch End in London on 23rd March, 1895. The girls were organized into teams that represented North and South London. The Manchester Guardian reported: "Their costumes came in for a good deal of attention.... one or two added short skirts over their knicker-bockers.... When the novelty has worn off, I do not think women's football will attract the crowds."
The Daily Sketch reporter claimed: "The first few minutes were sufficient to show that football by women, if the British Ladies be taken as a criterion, is totally out of the question. A footballer requires speed, judgement, skill, and pluck. Not one of these four qualities was apparent on Saturday. For the most part, the ladies wandered aimlessly over the field at an ungraceful jog-trot." North London (red), beat South London (light and dark-blue) 7-1.
The Sportsman newspaper was much more supportive: "True, young men would run harder and kick more strongly, but, beyond this, I cannot believe that they would show any greater knowledge of the game or skill in its execution. I don't think the lady footballer is to be snuffed out by a number of leading articles written by old men out of sympathy both with football as a a game and the aspirations of the young new women. If the lady footballer dies, she will die hard."
The game was condemned by the male establishment. The British Medical Journal published an article condemning who played football: "We can in no way sanction the reckless exposure to violence, of organs which the common experience of women had led them in every way to protect."
On 6th April 1895 the British Ladies Football Club played at Preston Park in Brighton. The event was organised to raise funds for local medical charities. This time the North beat the South 8-3.
The next game was played in Bury. Over 5,000 people turned up to see the game and around £100 was raised for charity. This time the score was 3-3. Like in the other two games, Daisy Allen, the North's left-winger, was the outstanding player on view. The Bury Times described her as "a little sprite of four feet". According to one newspaper report, Daisy Allen was only 11 years old.
Football >Women's Football >History of Women's Football
▼ Primary Sources ▼
History of Women's Football
Scotland seems to be the first country in the world to encourage women to play football. In the 18th century football was linked to local marriage customs in the Highlands. Single women would play football games against married women. Single men would watch these games and use the evidence of their footballing ability to help them select prospective brides.
There is no evidence that women played football in England during the 18th century. In fact, until the formation of the Football League in 1885, football was dominated by the public schools. These early clubs feared that opposing sets of supporters would get into fights. As Dave Russell points out in Football and the English: A Social History of Association Football in England (1997): "in terms of social class, crowds at Football League matches were predominantly drawn from the skilled working and lower-middle classes... Social groups below that level were largely excluded by the admission price." Russell adds "the Football League, quite possibly in a deliberate attempt to limit the access of poorer (and this supposedly "rowdier") supporters, raised the minimum adult male admission price to 6d".
Several clubs came to the conclusion that male behaviour at football matches would be improved if they were accompanied by women. In April, 1885, Preston North End announced that women would be allowed free entry to all home games. Over 2,000 women turned up for the first game. Free entry for women was so popular that by the late 1890s all the football clubs had discontinued the scheme.
Nettie Honeyball helped to pioneer women's football in England. In 1894 Honeyball placed an advert in the press and persuaded about 30 young women to join the British Ladies Football Club. Honeyball persuaded J. W. Julian, who played for Tottenham Hotspur, to coach the women. The training sessions took place twice a week at a park next to the Alexandra Park racecourse at Hornsey.
Florence Dixie, the youngest daughter of the Marquis of Queensbury and another committed feminist, agreed to become president of the British Ladies Football Club on condition that "the girls should enter into the spirit of the game with heart and soul."
A decision had to be made about what the women would wear in games. One newspaper reporter explained: "The orthodox jerseys were made the basis of the attire, but it was seen that a great deal had been left to the coquetry and taste of the wearers. In many instances they were made loose after the manner of blouses and were relieved at the edges by a little white embroidering. Some of the sleeves, too, were made extremely wide, being evidently made after a decidedly fashion-plate pattern. There was the same variety in the make of the knickers. This would seem to be a personal matter for the ladies themselves. Several of them probably more advanced in reformed dress ideas than their sisters, wore the lower garments in the ordinary football fashion."
The first official match played by women took place at Crouch End in London on 23rd March, 1895. The girls were organized into teams that represented North and South London. The Manchester Guardian reported: "Their costumes came in for a good deal of attention.... one or two added short skirts over their knicker-bockers.... When the novelty has worn off, I do not think women's football will attract the crowds."
The Daily Sketch reporter claimed: "The first few minutes were sufficient to show that football by women, if the British Ladies be taken as a criterion, is totally out of the question. A footballer requires speed, judgement, skill, and pluck. Not one of these four qualities was apparent on Saturday. For the most part, the ladies wandered aimlessly over the field at an ungraceful jog-trot." North London (red), beat South London (light and dark-blue) 7-1.
The Sportsman newspaper was much more supportive: "True, young men would run harder and kick more strongly, but, beyond this, I cannot believe that they would show any greater knowledge of the game or skill in its execution. I don't think the lady footballer is to be snuffed out by a number of leading articles written by old men out of sympathy both with football as a a game and the aspirations of the young new women. If the lady footballer dies, she will die hard."
The North London side that played on 23rd March, 1895. Nettie Honeyballis second from the left in the top row.
The North London side that played on 23rd March, 1895. Nettie Honeyball
is second from the left in the top row.
The game was condemned by the male establishment. The British Medical Journal published an article condemning who played football: "We can in no way sanction the reckless exposure to violence, of organs which the common experience of women had led them in every way to protect."
On 6th April 1895 the British Ladies Football Club played at Preston Park in Brighton. The event was organised to raise funds for local medical charities. This time the North beat the South 8-3.
The next game was played in Bury. Over 5,000 people turned up to see the game and around £100 was raised for charity. This time the score was 3-3. Like in the other two games, Daisy Allen, the North's left-winger, was the outstanding player on view. The Bury Times described her as "a little sprite of four feet". According to one newspaper report, Daisy Allen was only 11 years old.
On Easter Monday 1895, Honeyball took the British Ladies Football Club to play on the ground used by Reading in the Southern League. The Berkshire Chronicle reported that a record crowd watched the game, beating the previous best, a league game between Reading and Luton Town. Rosa Thiere of the North team scored the only goal of the game.
The following day the club played at Ashton Gate in Bristol. This time the South beat the North 5-2. The Bristol Times was only impressed with the performance of one player. Daisey Allen was described as a "plucky youngster... who charged her bigger companions with great courage, and showed by her play that she had mastered the rudiments of the game, which could not be said for all."
Florence Dixie arranged for the British Ladies Football Club to play some games in Scotland. The local newspaper poked fun at the women. One journalist commented: "One of the full-backs was suspected of playing in her brother's knickers. The fair player was frequently asked for the name of her tailor."
After playing in New Brompton and Walsall, the British Ladies Football Club visited Newcastle where they played at the famous St. James's Park. Over 8,000 people saw the North win 4-3. Other games took place in South Shields and Darlington before playing at Jesmond. This time only 400 people turned up to watch and local newspapers reported that the novelty of watching women players appeared to be wearing off. Honeyball's group returned home to London and the first attempt to popularize women's football had come to an end.
Translation - Chinese 苏格兰似乎是世界上最早鼓励女性踢足球的地区。18世纪，在苏格兰高地（Highlands），足球与本当地婚姻习俗密切相关。单身女性和已婚女性进行足球比赛。单身汉们观看比赛，并通过姑娘们在球场上的表现挑选自己未来的新娘。
18世纪英格兰没有女性踢球的证据。实际上，直到1885年足球联赛成立以前，足球运动主要由公学主导。早期的俱乐部担心对战双方的支持者可能会发生争执。大卫·罗素（David Russell)在《足球与英国人：英格兰协会足球的社会史》(Football and the English: A Social History of Association Football in England (1997))中写道：”从阶级角度来说，联赛观众绝大多数是技术劳工阶层（skilled working class)、下位中产阶级(lower-middle class)，更低阶级的群众被入场票价拒之门外了。”他补充道：“联赛成年男子的门票最低价提高至6便士，很有可能是有意为之，为了限制更贫穷（也意味着更“吵闹”）的球迷入场。”
数个俱乐部认为女士在场能改善现场男士的行为举止。于是，1885年4月1日，普雷斯顿队（Preston North End）宣布其所有主场比赛，女性都可以免费入场。随后的首场比赛就吸引了2000名女性观众入场。免单策略过于受女性欢迎，1890年代末，所有俱乐部都停止了这一机制。
内蒂·霍尼博（Nettie Honeyball）是英格兰女足的先驱。1894年，霍尼博在媒体上在报纸上刊登广告，招募了约30名女性加入英国女子足球俱乐部(the British Ladies Football Club，BLFC）。她还说服了效力于托特纳姆热刺队（Tottenham Hotspur）的约翰·威廉·朱利安（J. W. Julian)执教球队。球队就在霍恩西（Hornsey）亚历山徳拉（ Alexandra Park）赛马场旁的一个公园里训练，一周两次。
弗洛伦斯·迪克西（Florence Dixie），昆斯伯侯爵[1]（ the Marquis of Queensbury）的小女儿，同时也是一位坚定的女权主义者，她同意成为球队的主席，条件是“姑娘们应当全身心投入到这项运动之精神中”。
踢球时女性的着装[2]成为一个问题。一份报纸报道：“穿着以传统球衣为基础，不过穿衣人的品味和风采有很大发挥空间，很多是按照衬衫的款式做的更宽松，边缘处用一小块白色刺绣做衬。有的袖子也很肥大，明显是按照绝对时髦的版型做的。短裤也是同样的版式变化。对女士们来说穿着似乎是个人化的选择，她们中有些人对衣着改革的观点比自己的姐妹们要更进步一些，就穿着普通的足球服下装。”
1895年3月23日，第一场正式女足比赛在伦敦克劳奇区（Crouch End in London）举行。姑娘们分为南北伦敦两队。《曼彻斯特卫报》（Manchester Guardian）[3]称：“她们的着装引起了很大关注，有一两个人在束膝灯笼裤外面套了短裙...等新鲜劲儿过去了，我认为女足不会有什么关注度。
《每日见闻报》（The Daily Sketch）报道称：“开场几分钟就充分说明了，以英格兰女子队（BLFC）为标准的话，女足比赛毫无希望，足球运动员需要速度、决断、技巧以及胆识，这些无一出现在周六这场比赛中，大部分时间里，这些女士们在场上毫无目标地慢跑着，并不优雅”。这场比赛北伦敦（身穿红色球衣）以7:1完胜南伦敦方（身穿深、浅蓝色球衣）。
《运动者报》（The Sportsman newspaper）则表达了更多支持：“诚然，年轻男性跑动更快、踢得更有力道，但是除此之外，实际执行中对于比赛的理解、技能，他们并无特别的优势。我认为，那堆出自老男人之手的头条文章并不能扼杀女足，这既是对足球运动本身的尊重，也是对新一代年轻女性抱负的认同。即使不能成功，女足球员也不会轻易让步。“
男性建制派对比赛大加抨击。《英国医学期刊》（The British Medical Journal ，The BMJ)发表了一篇文章谴责这些参赛球员：“我们绝不容忍这样肆无忌惮地参与危害女性器官的粗暴活动之中，女性通常的行为活动百般呵护着这些器官。”
1895年4月6日，英国女子足球俱乐部在布莱德（Brighton）普雷斯顿公园（ Preston Park）进行比赛，为本地医疗慈善机构募捐，北队再次大胜，比分8:3。
之后一场比赛在柏立（Bury）进行，超过5000人来到现场观赛，筹集了大概100英镑善款，这一次比分3:3。和此前两场比赛一样，北伦敦队的左边翼卫黛西·艾伦（Daisy Allen)表现抢眼。《柏立时报》（The Bury Times）形容她为“四只脚的小精灵”，而根据一份报纸报道，黛西·艾伦年仅11岁。
1895年的复活节，霍尼博带着球队在南部联赛雷丁（Reading)使用的场地上比赛。《伯克希尔纪事报》（Berkshire Chronicle ）报道称观赛人数打破此前雷丁队（Reading)和卢顿队(Luton Town）的联赛纪录。北伦敦队的罗莎·蒂埃尔（Rosa Thiere）打入比赛唯一一粒进球。
次日，球队在布里斯托（Bristle)阿什顿·加特球场（ Ashton Gate）进行比赛。这一次南伦敦队取胜，比分5:2。《布里斯托时报》（The Bristol Times）仅对一位球员表现印象深刻，报道描述黛西·艾伦是一个“勇猛的小姑娘，为更年长的队友们注入勇气，并以自己的表现证明她对足球比赛基本要领的掌握，这不是所有人都能做到。”
弗洛伦斯为球队安排了在苏格兰的几场比赛。这些姑娘受到当地报纸嘲笑。一位记者评论道：“其中一位边后卫疑似穿了自己兄弟的短裤。这位漂亮的球员常被问及她的裁缝是谁”。
在新布朗普顿（New Brompton）和沃尔索尔（Walsall）的比赛之后，球队造访了纽卡斯尔（New Casstle），在著名的圣·詹姆斯公园球场（St. James's Park）踢了比赛，超过8000人观看了比赛，北伦敦队4:3获胜。她们还在南希尔兹（South Shields）和达灵顿（Darlington）进行了比赛，随后是在杰斯蒙德（Jesmond）。这次只有400人前来观看比赛，当地报纸称观看女足比赛的新鲜感已经消散了。球队回到伦敦，首次发展女足的尝试也宣告结束。
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