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Life and health sciences with strong scientific background
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English to Spanish: Biotechnology Article (translation for Investigación y Ciencia, the Spanish edition of Scientific American) General field: Science Detailed field: Biology (-tech,-chem,micro-)
Source text - English Cells expressing their differences
At the Broad Institute, Aviv Regev, Joshua
Levin and their colleagues were comparing
RNA-seq methods for low-quantity and
degraded bulk samples, when it occurred to
them to try RNA-seq on a single cell. They
decided to use a protocol called Smart-Seq
on bone marrow–derived dendritic cells,
postmitotic immune cells known to generate
strong transcriptional responses to antigens.
That pilot study used 18 single cells and
Regev allotted a week for the experiment.
“You try out many things and they fail,” but
this worked on the first try, she says. Each
cell uniformly expressed a set of ‘housekeeping’ genes, but the individual cells also revealed a surprise: genes important for
immune regulation were expressed either at high levels or not at all. Such bimodality
had never before been seen in dendritic cells
because differences among cells are averaged
out when populations are sequenced. The
results, published last June, suggested the
presence of a cryptic cell type—a rare ‘first
responder’ among what was thought of as
a highly pure population (Nature 498, 236-
240, 2013). More broadly, the findings help
reshape our understanding of these cells’
identity, signaling and behavior.
Single-cell transcriptome sequencing is
also helping researchers study gene expression and regulation in early development, and in far greater detail than what was previously possible for such rare samples. For a study published last August, Guoping Fan from the University of California, Los Angeles, and his collaborators in China
sequenced transcriptomes from 33 single
cells in multiple stages of development, identifying the order in which clusters of genes are expressed through the initial stages of development and how the timing of gene expression differs between early human and mouse embryonic development (Nature 500, 593–597, 2013).
Meanwhile, Tang’s group carefully dissociated
each cell of several early human embryos
and sequenced their transcriptomes individually. “It’s quite stressful. It’s so important and a rare sample,” he says. But the pressure paid off: they discovered more than 2,700 new long noncoding RNAs in the embryos that may play roles in early gene regulation (Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 20, 1131–1139,
2013). Before this, all single-cell RNA-seq
work had analyzed known genes or, at most,
novel alternative splicing isoforms of known
genes, Tang says.
The cellular patchwork of cancer
From prognostics to disease monitoring,
cancer research stands to benefit enormously
from single-cell sequencing approaches.
Cancer cells often undergo high mutation
rates, and tumors tend to be heterogeneous.
Identifying which subsets of cells, called
clones, are present and evolve into metasthe
tases or respond in a certain way to chemotherapy is critical to understanding and
fighting the disease. In particular, circulating
tumor cells (CTCs)—which break off from
a tumor and seed a cancer’s metastasis—are
those rare cells whose genomes or transcriptomes might offer clues for diagnosis, monitoring or treatment.
In Navin’s 2011 Nature study, for example,
profiling the genomes of single cells
for CNVs revealed a punctuated model of
tumor evolution: bursts of genomic instability
following a stable expansion of tumor
mass. “That was surprising, because people
believed … mutations gradually accumulate
over time,” says Navin, now at the University
of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. “It
showed how powerful these single-cell tools
could be for understanding at least copynumber alterations in human cancers.”
He and his collaborators have continued
to study copy-number evolution in triple negative breast cancers—a heterogeneous
and aggressive group of cancers—and also
hope to better understand metastasis.
Translation - Spanish Las células expresan sus diferencias
Aviv Regev, Joshua Levin y otros colegas del Broad Institute estaban comparando los métodos de secuenciación ultrarrápida del ARN (RNA-seq) para muestras masivas de mala calidad y degradadas cuando se les ocurrió probar el RNA-seq con una sola célula. Optaron por aplicar el protocolo Smart-Seq a células dendríticas de la médula ósea, un tipo de células inmunitarias posmitóticas que responden a los antígenos con una intensa actividad transcripcional.
En el estudio piloto se analizaron 18 células sueltas y Regev destinó una semana para el experimento. “Sueles probar muchas cosas y todas fallan”, pero esta vez funcionó a la primera. Todas las células expresaron de manera uniforme un conjunto de genes constitutivos o housekeeping, pero también revelaron una sorpresa: otros genes importantes para la regulación inmunitaria se expresaron o bien mucho o bien nada en absoluto. Esta bimodalidad era inédita en las células dendríticas porque hasta el momento las diferencias entre las células quedaban enmascaradas por la secuenciación de poblaciones enteras. Los resultados, publicados el pasado junio, apuntan a la presencia de un tipo celular oculto— un raro ‘primer respondedor’ entre lo que se creía una población muy pura (Nature 498, 236-240, 2013). En general, los resultados redefinen nuestra visión de la identidad, la señalización y el comportamiento de esas células.
La secuenciación transcriptómica monocelular también está facilitando el estudio de la expresión y la regulación génica en las primeras etapas del desarrollo, y con mucho mayor detalle de lo que era posible con ese tipo de muestras tan inusuales. Guoping Fan de la Universidad de California en Los Angeles y sus colaboradores de China publicaron en agosto un estudio en el que secuenciaron transcriptomas de 33 células inmersas en diversas etapas del desarrollo y determinaron el orden de expresión de los complejos génicos en las primeras etapas del desarrollo así como las diferencias cronológicas en la expresión entre el embrión humano y el de ratón (Nature 500, 593–597, 2013).
Mientras tanto, el grupo de Tang separó con cuidado las células de varios embriones humanos de pocos días y secuenció por separado el transcriptoma de todas ellas. “La presión es mucha, porque se trata de una muestra tan importante como rara”. El esfuerzo mereció la pena: descubrieron más de 2700 ARN largos no codificantes que podrían estar implicados en la regulación génica inicial (Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 20, 1131–1139, 2013). Hasta ese momento todos los trabajos de secuenciación ultrarrápida del ARN de una sola célula habían analizado genes conocidos o, a lo sumo, nuevas isoformas de corte y empalme alternativo de genes conocidos, asegura Tang.
El mosaico celular del cáncer
Toda la investigación oncológica, desde el pronóstico hasta el seguimiento de la enfermedad, podría salir enormemente beneficiada de las técnicas de secuenciación mononucleares. Las células cancerosas mutan con rapidez y los tumores suelen ser heterogéneos. La identificación de los subtipos de células o clones que provocan las metástasis o que responden a un determinado tipo de quimioterapia es crucial para entender y combatir la enfermedad. En concreto, las células tumorales circulantes (CTC) que se desprenden del tumor y crean las metástasis son células raras cuyos genomas o transcriptomas pueden aportar pistas útiles para el diagnóstico, el seguimiento o el tratamiento.
En el estudio de Navin publicado en 2011 en Nature, por ejemplo, el perfilado de los genomas de células individuales en busca de CNV reveló un modelo puntual de evolución del tumor: picos de inestabilidad genómica seguidos por una expansión estable de la masa tumoral. “Resultó sorprendente porque se creía… que las mutaciones se acumulan gradualmente con el paso del tiempo”, explica Navin, ahora en el MD Anderson Cancer Center de la Universidad de Texas. “Eso nos demostró la potencia que las herramientas de secuenciación monocelular pueden tener para descubrir, cuando menos, las alteraciones del número de copias en el cáncer humano”. Él y sus colaboradores han seguido estudiando la evolución del número de copias en tumores de mama triple-negativos —un grupo de tumores variopintos y agresivos— y esperan comprender mejor la metástasis.
English to Spanish: Spanish Hound - Sabueso español General field: Science Detailed field: Livestock / Animal Husbandry
Source text - English Spanish Hound
Descended from the white Talbot Hound, ancestors of the Spanish Hound are largely the same as those of Bloodhound, but because it lived in isolation on the Iberian peninsular the breed remained pure. There have, however, been two sizes of the breed although the smaller, the Lebrero, is now all but extinct. When tracking game, which it does willingly for hour upon hour, this breed usually works alone, with just human companionship. The breed is still used as a gundog, and also as a companion and watchdog.
White is the predominant color with either red or black markings on the short coat. The eyes are chestnut in color and the nose blends with the color of the hair surrounding it. Although not tall, standing 45-56 cm (18-20 in) high, this is a sturdy breed weighing 20-25 kg (45-55 lb). Longer than it is high, this reasonably long-headed breed has long, pedant ears. The breed is rather temperamental and caution should be exercised with strangers, children and other dogs.
Translation - Spanish Sabueso español
Descendientes del talbot blanco, los ancestros del sabueso español son muy parecidos a los del bloodhound pero, dado su aislamiento en la Península Ibérica, la raza se ha conservado pura. Existen, no obstante, dos tamaños de la raza, aunque el más pequeño, el lebrero, está extinguido. El sabueso español sigue el rastro con decisión y aguante, en solitario, con la única compañía de su amo. En la actualidad, esta raza se sigue utilizando como perro de muestra, pero también como perro de guarda y de compañía.
El color predominante de su capa corta es el blanco, con manchas rojas o negras. Los ojos son castaños y el color de la trufa se confunde con el del pelo colindante. Aunque no es alto, pues mide alrededor de 18 a 20 cm, es un perro robusto que pesa entre 20 y 25 kg. Más largo que alto, esta raza de cabeza alargada tiene las orejas largas y colgantes. Es un perro temperamental, lo cual exige cautela en presencia de niños y desconocidos así como de otros perros.
English to Spanish: Mountain Lion - El Puma General field: Science Detailed field: Zoology
Source text - English The mountain lion (Puma concolor) - also generally known as the puma or cougar - is very adaptable, ranging from the Canadian Yukon to the southern tip of South America and from the seashores to snowy peaks. Any area with sufficient cover and food will provide a suitable habitat: forest, grassland, or swamp. A rocky outcrop or cave provides a safe temporary den but the mountain lion will wander at will throughout its territory, which can be immense: some males have territories extending to 500 square miles (about 1,300 sq km).
Adult males (up to 40 percent bigger than females) grow to a maximum shoulder height of about 30 inches (76 cm), a head-and-body lenght of 8 feet (2,4 m) and a weight of 225 lb (102 kg). The thick tail - up to 32 inches (82 cm) long in males - is big enough, according to native American folklore, to whip waves and storms on the Great Lakes but is actually used to aid balance, particularly when making the prodigious jumps for aid balance, particularly when making the prodigious jumps for which this cat is renowned. It can cover almost 40 feet (12 m) in a single leap, its unusually long hind legs providing the power.
The Florida panther (P. c. coryi), one of 24 sub-species, is the only wild cat living east of the Mississippi. Found in Florida, Arkansas and Louisiana, it was given protection in 1958, listed as endangered in 1977, and added legal safeguards were introduced in 1978. Like other mountain cats, it lives to about 12 years old in the wild. Males are up to 7 feet (2.1 m) long (including tail) and weight about 106-148 lb (48-67 kg); females grow to 6 feet (1,8 m) and 66-100 lb (30-45 kg).
Translation - Spanish El puma (Puma concolor), también conocido con el nombre de león de montaña, es un félido muy adaptable y está presente desde la cuenca canadiense del Yukón hasta el extremo sur de Sudamérica, y desde la orilla del mar hasta las cimas nevadas. Cualquier zona que cuente con cierta cobertura vegetal y alimento suficiente puede ser adecuada para él: bosques, praderas o pantanos. Un promontorio rocoso o una cueva son cobijo temporal para este animal, que recorre sin descanso su amplio territorio; los dominios de algunos machos pueden alcanzar los 1.300 km2.
Los machos adultos, hasta un 40% más grandes que las hembras, alcanzan una altura en la cruz de 76 cm y una longitud del cuerpo de 2,4 m, con un peso de 102 kg. Según los nativos americanos, la gruesa cola de los machos, de hasta 80 cm de largo, es lo suficientemente grande para desatar olas y tempestades en los Grandes Lagos. Sin embargo, el puma la utiliza en realidad para mantener el equilibrio, en particular cuando realiza saltos prodigiosos que pueden superar distancias de casi 12 m, impulsado por sus poderosas extremidades traseras, inusualmente largas.
La "pantera de Florida" (P. c. coryi) es una de las 24 subespecies de puma que existen y el único felino salvaje que sobrevive al este del río Misisipí. Presente en Florida, Arkansas y Louisiana, el puma de Florida recibe protección desde 1958. En 1977 fue declarado un animal en peligro de extinción y, al año siguiente, se le otorgó salvaguarda legal. Como los otros pumas, vive unos 12 años en estado salvaje. Los machos tienen una longitud de hasta 2,1 m, cola incluida, y un peso que oscila entre 48 y 67 kg; las hembras alcanzan 1,8 m y 30-45 kg.
Expert in medicine, pharmacy, life sciences, and animal health. Multiple fields of experience in translation and proofreading/edition (Oncology, Immunology, Neurology, Pharma regulatory documentation, Patents, Popular science articles...)
Biologist, master in scientific, medical and environmental communication.
I combine the qualities of a deep knowledge of scientific language and terminology, a polished writing style, rigour and attention to detail, with a commitment to meeting agreed requirements and deadlines.
CAT tools (Trados Studio, Wordfast) and MTPE. Experience with memoQ and XTM.
My best letter of introduction is the appreciation of my clients (see my WWA Box):
A very reliable medical translator, who translates with both scientific accuracy and good style.
Very professional translator and proofreader with strong scientific background. Thank you for cooperation!
Andrés is a very accurate scientific translator and I have worked with him for several years. Respects deadline and always gives an added value to his translations.
Andrés provides a prompt and reliable translation service and is very easy and enjoyable to work with.
Andrés is one of the most experienced translators/reviewers in the field of biotech and pharmaceuticals I have worked with. He has both a strong natural sciences background and perfect language skills. It is always a pleasure working with Andrés on English-Spanish translation projects.
For years, Andrés has been translating articles for Investigación y
Ciencia (Spanish edition of Scientific American). His work was always
excellent. It was a pleasure working with him.
Andrés is a pleasure to work with, both because of his accurate work
regarding specialized terminology and style, and for his strict respect
of deadlines.
DOCUMENTS
- Clinical trial protocols and patient information sheets
- Marketing authorization dossiers for medicinal products for human and veterinary use
- Summary of product characteristics, package leaflets and labels of medicinal products
- Pharmacovigilance reports
- Posters and presentations for medical conferences
- Medical articles and abstracts
- Drug Monographs
- Training manuals for medical representatives
- Pharmaceutical company Web pages
- Press releases of pharmaceutical companies
- Instruction manuals for medical devices
- Veterinary papers - Writing of abstracts from original papers.
JOURNALS
- Papers on medicine, biology, biotechnology, and ecology for Spanish popular science journals.
Medical papers for several Spanish medical journals.
PATENTS
- Translation and revision of biotechnology patents, mainly in the fields of immunotherapy, cancer biomarkers and plant sciences. So far I have translated or reviewed approx. 90 patents.
BOOKS
- Popular science books on medicine, natural sciences and veterinary. I have (co)translated or revised more than 20 books since 1999.
- The National Parks of Canada, by B. Maybank and Peter Metz.
- The National Parks of the Philippines by H. Nigel. (Scientific revision)
- The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Alternative Healing Therapies, Ed. C. Norman Shealy.
- The Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds, by J. Cunliffe.
- Questions and Answers about the Natural World.
- The Encyclopedia of Birds, by Richard Bryan.
- The Spirit of the Wild Cat, by M. Briggs and P. Briggs.
- The Spirit of Ocean, by Daniel Gilpin.
- Thinkers of the Jungle. The Orangutan Report, by G. Schuster, W. Smits and Jay Ullal. (Scientific revision)
- Animal Affairs, by Heidi and Hans-Jürgen Koch. (Scientific revision)
Etc.
Scientific books:
- Leishmaniosis canina: manejo clínico y situación en España, by G. M. Corrales and R. M. Moreno. (Style revision)
- Manual de diagnóstico y tratamiento de los tumores neuroendocrinos (varios autores). (Style revision)
Etc.
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