These are not really great options, but I don't feel that the literal definition of "great-power" is very applicable in English. In looking over some websites that contain the Russian word "великодержавный" I found numerous references to Bukharin and his ideas on "великодержавный шовинизм."
(http://www.historymill.com/A/08_term/03_term/011.htm)
(http://www.voskres.ru/shafarevich/a50.htm)
(http://intellectuals.ru/Future/Text.shtml)

This term has been rendered into English effectively as "nationalist chauvinism" or "Great Russian Chauvinism," or even "national chauvinism."

(http://home.mira.net/~andy/bs/1922vil.htm)
("After Stalin's death, Great-Russian nationalism developed in Moscow and, in backlash, nationalist chauvinism spread throughout Central and Eastern Europe." - http://www.tiac.net/users/knut/Stalin/node145.html)

I wish I could propose a more solid option in English, but I think the best I can say is to be use caution in using the term "great-power" as a translation for this term.

The two super powers met to discuss disarmament.

The superpower mentality of the US causes it to intervene in localised conflicts.

По-моему, так принято.

от Empire... Великая держава по отношению к малым - империя по отношению к малым государствам и колониям...

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Note added at 2002-06-07 01:51:21 (GMT) Post-grading
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Настаиваю, что Imperial...

Пример: Недавно на конкурсе \"Мисс Вселенная\" победила русская - Оксана Федорова.

Вот как ее описывает журнал Time:

\"Proving that Fedorova is also heir to her country\'s IMPERIAL past, she favors luxurious evening wear and exhibited during her victory walk a flair for moving gracefully while sporting a jewel-encrusted tiara\".

\"Time\", June 10, 2002, p. 75.

может, это подойдёт к конкретному контексту?
В Лингво - это перевод термина "самодержавный" (в эмоциональном а не конкретно-историческом смысле)