Jan 31, 2011 16:40
13 yrs ago
3 viewers *
Russian term
технологический уклад
Russian to English
Social Sciences
Economics
инновации
необходима разработка и внедрение отечественных и привлечение зарубежных прогрессивных технологий для развития производств 5 и 6 технологических укладов (информационно-коммуникационных и биологических технологий) и совершенствование традиционных производств 4 технологического уклада.
Proposed translations
(English)
3 | tecnological stage | Oleg Osipov |
4 +2 | technological phase | Rachel Douglas |
Proposed translations
2 hrs
Selected
tecnological stage
The second technological stage was the creation of the machine. A machine (a powered machine to be more precise) is a tool that substitutes the element of human physical effort, and requires the operator only to control its function. Machines became widespread with the industrial revolution, though windmills, a type of machine, are much older.
Examples of this include cars, trains, computers, and lights. Machines allow humans to tremendously exceed the limitations of their bodies. Putting a machine on the farm, a tractor, increased food productivity at least tenfold over the technology of the plow and the horse.
The third, and final stage of technological evolution is the automation. The automation is a machine that removes the element of human control with an automatic algorithm. Examples of machines that exhibit this characteristic are digital watches, automatic telephone switches, pacemakers, and computer programs.
It's important to understand that the three stages outline the introduction of the fundamental types of technology, and so all three continue to be widely used today.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_evolution#Stages_...
ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ УКЛАД [tenor of technology] — понятие теории научно-технического прогресса, введенное в науку отечественными экономистами Д. С. Львовым и С. Ю. Глазьевым: совокупность сопряженных производств (взаимосвязанных технологических цепей), имеющих единый технический уровень и рассматриваемых как некая структурная подсистема экономической системы — альтернативная по отношению к таким подсистемам, как отрасли. Производства, входящие в один Т. у., вследствие их сопряженности развиваются синхронно: изменения в одном из элементов Т. у. вызывают изменения в остальных.
http://slovari.yandex.ru/~книги/Лопатников/Технологический у...
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Note added at 2 hrs (2011-01-31 19:22:03 GMT)
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technological stage
Examples of this include cars, trains, computers, and lights. Machines allow humans to tremendously exceed the limitations of their bodies. Putting a machine on the farm, a tractor, increased food productivity at least tenfold over the technology of the plow and the horse.
The third, and final stage of technological evolution is the automation. The automation is a machine that removes the element of human control with an automatic algorithm. Examples of machines that exhibit this characteristic are digital watches, automatic telephone switches, pacemakers, and computer programs.
It's important to understand that the three stages outline the introduction of the fundamental types of technology, and so all three continue to be widely used today.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_evolution#Stages_...
ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ УКЛАД [tenor of technology] — понятие теории научно-технического прогресса, введенное в науку отечественными экономистами Д. С. Львовым и С. Ю. Глазьевым: совокупность сопряженных производств (взаимосвязанных технологических цепей), имеющих единый технический уровень и рассматриваемых как некая структурная подсистема экономической системы — альтернативная по отношению к таким подсистемам, как отрасли. Производства, входящие в один Т. у., вследствие их сопряженности развиваются синхронно: изменения в одном из элементов Т. у. вызывают изменения в остальных.
http://slovari.yandex.ru/~книги/Лопатников/Технологический у...
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Note added at 2 hrs (2011-01-31 19:22:03 GMT)
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technological stage
4 KudoZ points awarded for this answer.
Comment: "Спасибо! весьма информативно"
+2
20 mins
technological phase
Academician Glazyev (whose English is excellent) approved "technological phase" for "технологический уклад" in the English translations of some of his extensive writings on this subject.
Peer comment(s):
neutral |
Kiwiland Bear
: I'm not familiar with his work or the term, could you clarify: does it mean a level of tech. developmenet, advancement? As opposed to traditional way (уклад).
44 mins
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It's a term applied in this context, based on Kondratyev's work. It's an entire set/mode/type of tech and production relations, seen as part of a historical sequence of such phases. For the technologies themselves, phase works better than wave or cycle.
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agree |
Dmitri Lyutenko
: Or maybe "tenor of tech."?
1 hr
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Thanks, Dmitri. I think it's too concrete to be merely a "tenor." Oh, my! I have recollections of le-e-n-n-gthty discussions about translating this term, but they were something like 12 years ago.
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agree |
Dorene Cornwell
: I woul definitely stick with phase or wave, wave if one wants explicitly to preserve a reference to Kondratiev
1 day 2 hrs
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Thanks, Dorene.
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