the only tern to define a nurse in French is "infirmier DE / infirmière DE" "DE" meaning "diplômé(e) par l'Etat

then there are "référent / référente " a nurse that has additional responsibilities such as weekly planning and coordination but this is in private organisation only (for ex. organisation that treat diabetic patients in their homes) and it is usualy very limited additional responsibilities such as the ones above mentioned, the different nurses working together may sometimes (according to the organisation's requirements take turn being a référent" .

In the french system there are hospitals (government or military) and clinics (private mediacal facilities = same as hospital) the clinic can be specialised.
"surveillant / surveillante " is a qualified nurse with additional qualifications in the field of management, procurement, finance etc. they are responsible for a department in the hospital or clinic (department called "service" for ex. service de pédiatrie".

above are the doctors, surgeon, professors.

The nurse refers to the "surveillant" only for the managing aspect of their job, anything medical is under the direct supervision of the doctors, surgeons, professors.

Also it should be said that a nurse in France holds a lot more responsibility than nurses in most other countries, for ex. they can do intravenous injections etc.

Hope this helps.