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English to Spanish: EXCERPTS FROM A TRANSLATION OF A BOOK CHAPTER ON ACADEMIC DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
Source text - English The earliest work in academic discourse analysis was conducted in the 1960s and focused on the quantitative study of the formal features of broad language varieties, or registers (e.g. Barber, 1962; Halliday, McIntosh, and Strevens, 1964). Since then, work in academic discourse analysis has steadily become ‘narrower and deeper’ (Swales, 1990:3) narrower in the sense that it has focused on specific genres, and deeper in so far as it has sought to investigate communicative purposes, not just formal features… This deeper and narrower approach reached maturity with the book-length studies of Swales (1990) and Bhatia (1993), both of which put forward models for genre analysis, Swales in the field of academic discourse and Bhatia in business, academic, and legal genres. (Flowerdew 2002:1-2)
The training of people to process and produce academic and research English remains a major international endeavor, whether in contexts where English is a first language, a second language (as in much of the ‘new’ Commonwealth) or a foreign language (as in Europe or Latin America). (Swales 1990:1)
What is clear is that there are rhetorical differences in the written discourses of various languages, and that those differences need to be brought to consciousness before a writer can begin to understand what he or she must do in order to write in a more native-like manner (or in a manner that is more acceptable to native speakers of the target language). (Flowerdew 2002:3)
it is a recognizable communicative event characterized by a set of communicative purpose(s) identified and mutually understood by the members of the professional or academic community in which it regularly occurs. Most often it is highly structured and conventionalized with constraints on allowable contributions in terms of their intent, positioning, form and functional value. These constraints, however, are often exploited by the expert members of the discourse community to achieve private intentions within the framework of socially recognized purpose. Bhatia (1993:13).
Translation - Spanish Los primeros trabajos sobre análisis de discurso se llevaron a cabo en la década de los sesenta y estuvieron enfocados en el estudio cuantitativo de rasgos formales de una amplia variedad de lenguajes o registros (por ejemplo, Barber (1962), Halliday, McIntosh y Strevens (1964). Desde esa época el análisis del discurso se ha hecho cada vez más “delimitado y profundo” Swales (1990:3). Más delimitado en el sentido de que se enfoca en géneros específicos y más profundo porque ha buscado de investigar ya no sólo los rasgos formales sino también los fines comunicativos. Este enfoque más delimitado y profundo alcanzó su madurez con los estudios de Swales (1990) y Bhatia (1993) quienes proponen modelos para el análisis de géneros discursivos. Swales en el campo del discurso académico y Bhatia en los géneros comercial, académico y legal. (Flowerdew 2002:1-2)
El entrenamiento de personas para que sean capaces de producir el inglés académico y de investigación se ha convertido en un asunto de interés internacional, tanto en los contextos donde el inglés es la primera o la segunda lengua (como en muchas de las ‘nuevas’ mancomunidades) o una lengua extranjera (como en Europa o en Latinoamérica). (Swales 1990:1)
Es evidente que existen diferencias retóricas en el discurso escrito de varias lenguas, y es necesario tener conciencia de dichas diferencias antes de que un(a) escritor(a) pueda empezar a entender qué es lo que tiene que hacer para escribir del modo más parecido a la lengua materna (o de la manera que sea más aceptable para un hablante nativo de la lengua termino). (Flowerdew 2002:3)
El género discursivo es un evento comunicativo caracterizado por un conjunto de propósitos comunicativos identificables y mutuamente compartidos por los miembros de la comunidad académica o profesional donde normalmente ocurre. Casi siempre es muy estructurado y regido por convenciones con restricciones sobre las contribuciones permitidas en términos de su intención, ubicación, forma y valor funcional. Estas restricciones, sin embargo, son a menudo muy explotadas por los miembros expertos de la comunidad de discurso para alcanzar intenciones particulares dentro del marco del propósito reconocido socialmente. Bhatia (1993: 13).
Freelance Translator since 1992, Caracas, Venezuela
Technical: Telephone cable manufacturing process. Systems and equipments for heavy industry. (Operator and training manuals, technical reports projects and specifications, production lines, equipments and parts descriptions)
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