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সদস্য হওয়ার তারিখ Mar '14
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Sep 1, 2022 (posted viaProZ.com): I'm pleased to announce that I've just finished translating the final book in the 'Soeliok' trilogy - editing and final review to take place over the next 2 months! ...more, + 4 other entries »
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Matteotti International si pone come partner per piccoli o grandi investitori che si pongono l’obiettivo di acquisire proprietà immobiliari su mercati esteri offrendo un ventaglio di servizi tarati sulle specifiche necessità della clientela. Offriamo una visione strategica sulle prospettive di sviluppo delle varie aree considerate e consigliamo sulla tipologia di investimento maggiormente idoneo alle proprie esigenze, spaziando dal residenziale al commerciale, valutando insieme l’onere immediato, la rendita nel tempo e le prospettive di incremento del capitale investito.
Una volta definiti gli obiettivi dell’operazione, Matteotti International vi inserisce nella realtà locale, scandagliando il mercato grazie ai propri contatti e guidandovi nelle fasi dell’acquisto di una casa o di una unità commerciale, per sé o da mettere a reddito. Attraverso la nostra organizzazione apriamo porte, consentendo di affrontare serenamente l’approccio a mercati retti da usi, sistemi legali e fiscali differenti fornendovi una struttura di supporto che include tutte le figure professionali necessarie per tutte le necessità che potete incontrare. L’équipe messa a disposizione parla fluentemente italiano e accompagna il cliente nella valutazione dei differenti usi legali e fiscali e procedurali. Concluso l’acquisto offriamo una gamma di servizi connessi alla gestione del bene acquistato ed alla sua messa a reddito.
Accedi
London Real Estate
Mai come in questo periodo pensare ad un investimento immobiliare a Londra si è accresciuto di suggestioni e di motivazioni. Londra offre opportunità di investimento adatte ad investitori dalle molteplici necessità. Kensington, Knightsbridge, Chelsea, Belgravia, Mayfair, Bayswater, Soho, Notting Hill, Islinghton, London Bridge, Pimlico, Westminster, Marylebone, Fitzrovia, Bloomsbury sono mete ricercate da investitori immobiliari provenienti da tutto il mondo. Nostro compito è guidarvi alla scoperta di ciò che ognuna di queste aree può offrirvi. Una casa o un immobile commerciale a Londra è investimento sicuro in una città ricca di opportunità, cuore pulsante della finanza internazionale, del business, delle possibilità e del futuro. Londra, infatti, non è soltanto una delle grandi metropoli europee, ma è un intreccio di storia, cultura, tradizioni, architettura, costume, moda unico nel panorama europeo, la prua della nave d'Europa verso l'America ed il mondo. L’acquisto di un immobile commerciale consente di fruire di innovative regolamentazioni che consentono, ogni quinquennio, una rivalutazione dell’affitto alla luce delle tendenze dei prezzi per l’area di riferimento ed un’impossibilità di disdetta da parte del conduttore per l’intero periodo contrattuale.
Land Law
La terra in se stessa è una cosa, e il diritto su di essa è un’altra cosa, poiché un estate in land è un tempo (concesso) sulla terra, ovvero una terra (concessa) per un tempo, e vi sono varietà di diritti, che altro non sono che varietà di tempo (di durata di diritto)
Il diritto inglese non ha mai avuto alcuna teoria della proprietà (any theory of ownership)
Per comprendere l’evoluzione anglosassone del modello di proprietà è necessario osservare il continuum storico-giuridico-politico in cui le istituzioni si sono sviluppate. Le origini storiche del regime fondiario inglese affondano in un feudalesimo di guerra in cui nel 1066 il nuovo Re d’Inghilterra Guglielmo, dopo aver sconfitto la nobiltà anglosassone ad Hastings, confiscò tutte le terre del Regno, concedendo che esse fossero tenute da vassalli in cambio di denaro o servizi. L’allocazione dei suoli, da allora, avvenne per forma di concessione, ossia sulla base di un rapporto di tenuta (tenure), in forza del quale il sovrano stesso o, a sua volta, un lord, investiva taluno (tenant) del potere (diritto) di godimento e sfruttamento di un feudo (fee), conferendogli il possesso (seisin), a fronte e in cambio di servigi e prestazioni. Tutt’oggi il suolo inglese è terra regis, cioè proprietà, in ultima istanza (ultimate ownership), della Corona; ogni proprietario terriero continua ad avere la formale posizione di chi tiene (ha diritto di possedere) direttamente dal sovrano in base ad un rapporto di tenure. Da qui l’assunto che, in Inghilterra, nessuno è, giuridicamente parlando, l’assoluto proprietario di una terra, potendo solo averne un possesso titolato. Oggetto della titolarità (ownership) non è il bene fisico materialmente inteso ma il diritto al suo possesso per una quantità di tempo, percepito conseguentemente come misura del valore economico.Progressivamente le sopravvivenze dell’antico regime feudale vennero svuotate delle rimanenti obbligazioni, servigi, obblighi e rendite, ancorché, nel tempo, in disuso.Uno dei tratti maggiormente caratterizzanti il regime di land law è la stretta connessione tra ownership e possession (possesso), termini che, diversamente dalla realtà italiana, si pongono in rapporto di implicazione reciproca: la situazione di appartenenza a qualcuno (landowner) di un immobile, ancorchè definita con la qualifica di ownership, non assume rilievo di proprietà assoluta ed esclusiva sul bene materialmente inteso ma solo di titolo (title) al diritto al suo possesso (right to possess). Tutti i titles to land sono, dunque, fondati sul possesso, nel senso che il titolo della persona che attualmente possiede il bene immobile, o che esercita un diritto relativo al suo godimento, prevale nei confronti di chiunque altro, tranne di colui il quale dimostri di avere un titolo migliore al suo possesso. Quando sorgono questioni concernenti il titolo (di proprietà) riguardo ad un immobile, la corte valuta unicamente la forza relativa dei titoli vantati dalle parti in causa, ciascuna nei confronti dell’altra. Il modello di proprietà assoluta tipico di un ordinamento di civil law è dunque surrogato da una successione di possessi accompagnati da vari titoli di efficacia TESTI DI LEGGE
LEGAL ESTATES
I property rights vengono distinti in Legal Estates ed Equitable Interest. Tale ripartizione riflette un peculiare dualismo presente nell’ordinamento inglese, cui si riconducono diverse forme di riconoscimento e tutele. I soli estates capaci di sussistere ed essere trasferiti o costituiti at law sono:
• Il Freehold Estate (Fee simple absolute in possession)
• Il Leasehold Estate (Term of year absolute)
Il primo ha carattere di proprietà perpetua, il secondo di proprietà temporanea.
Concepiti come porzioni temporali del godimento di un immobile, gli estates sono pertanto distinti a seconda della loro durata e collocazione nel tempo. La frazionabilità dei property rights nel tempo è legata alla presenza di una pluralità di situazioni, aventi tutte la medesima natura di diritti di proprietà, tra loro differenziate per la dislocazione nel tempo.
Freehold
Il Fee Simple è il più ampio diritto che possa esistere su un immobile.
Il Landlord è proprietario del terreno e del fabbricato che su esso si erge. Il Freehold è una situazione che può essere incontrata nell’acquisizione di una palazzina cielo-terra, o di una villa indipendente o di una casa unifamiliare.
Leasehold
Il Lease viene definito come il diritto al possesso (esclusivo) di un immobile limitato nel tempo, nonché soggetto alle condizioni stabilite dalla legge o dal contratto. L’acquisto di un appartamento avviene sempre in Leasehold attraverso l’acquisto del titolo dal Freeholder o tramite la rilevazione di un Leasehold già costituito per il tempo rimanente. La durata del Leasehold è sempre a tempo determinato, nonostante possa interessare un orizzonte temporale di assoluta rilevanza (si incontrano Leasehold di 999 anni). E’tuttavia prevista la possibilità di coesistenza su un medesimo immobile di una pluralità di legal estates, in capo a diversi soggetti. Possono essere definiti dei sublease e, quindi, avere un fee simple, che fa capo ad un landlord, un leasehold, che fa capo ad un tenant. Legal Interest
I Legal Interest hanno carattere di non-possessory rights in land, non estrinsecandosi in un potere di uso e godimento diretto ma in un rapporto di o garanzia o volto a trarre utilità su un immobile posseduto da altri.rappresentano diritti minori, oneri o interessi che possono essere costituiti at law su un immobile. Comprendono diritti su un fondo altrui, quali le servitù prediali, diritti di pascolo, pesca, asportazione dei minerali, diritti ad appropriarsi delle utilità di un fondo, oltre alle rendite a carattere perpetuo. A ciò si aggiungono gli oneri (charges) costituiti in forma di garanzia reale (legal mortgages, con funzione equivalente all’ipoteca) ed i right to entry, cioè nella possibilità di prevedere, in un contratto di locazione di immobili non residenziale, facoltà per il landlord di rientrare in possesso dell’immobile a fronte di un inadempimento, il più spesso morosità, da parte del tenant. L’estate costituito in cambio di una periodica prestazione pecuniaria viene dunque automaticamente a cessare senza necessità di una pronuncia in tal senso da parte del giudice.
SIAMO LIETI DI ACCOGLIERVI NEI NOSTRI UFFICI DI VIA FRATELLI GABBA 1/A A MILANO PER UN PRIMO CONTATTO IN CUI ANALIZZEREMO LA DOMANDA E LE NECESSITÀ DI INVESTIMENTO.
অনুবাদ - ইংরেজি Matteotti International Srls is a bold international entity which branched off from a well-known historical agency operating for years in Milan and the greater Lombardy territory, both in luxury goods and in construction site management. Following the trend of free capital market expansion from a national to a European level, Matteotti International, dedicated to making its extensive network and know-how available to Italian investors interested in foreign markets, offers a window onto the world to its select clientele. The target markets are selected in countries where real estate development combines good return on invested capital, with currency value fluctuations and inflation taken into account, and a stable increase in property value over time. The opportunity to create a solid real estate section in one’s investment portfolio with flexible investments made in growing markets is something every financial consultant can appreciate. We and our network of local on-site consultants provide expert support in selecting and diversifying one’s real estate portfolio by offering investments in various countries, thereby harnessing the power of a world in constant evolution. Matteotti International transforms requests into offers, while guaranteeing logistical investment management support in foreign markets. London is currently at the center of a dizzying real estate development vortex, making itself extremely attractive to investors. The tools at our disposal indicate a rising trend in the sector both in the short and long term.
In the world of international real estate the unbeatable combination of security and capital gain, thanks to the rising market trend, that are both guaranteed by Anglo-Saxon properties can be achieved by acquiring a house (using the Freehold or Leasehold formulas) or a commercial building in London.
Matteotti International acts as a partner for small and large investors interested in acquiring real estate properties in foreign markets, offering a range of services carefully tailored to meet each client’s specific needs. We provide a strategic view of development prospects in multiple areas from residential to commercial and advice regarding the type of investments best suited to the client, analyzing the immediate obligations, the annuities over time and the prospects of increased return on invested capital together.
Once the objectives of the operation have been defined, Matteotti International places the client on-site to thoroughly search the market with the help of local contacts, and guides the client through every step of the acquisition process for both houses and commercial properties, for personal use or rental purposes. Our organization opens doors, providing a support system of professional figures qualified to face every possible scenario, thereby allowing clients to serenely navigate different legal and financial systems, market networks and business norms. The team, fluent in Italian, accompanies clients through the steps of evaluating diverse legal, fiscal and procedural obligations. When the acquisition has been concluded, we offer a wide range of services to manage and to rent out the property acquired.
Access
London Real Estate
The growing reasons to think of investing in the London real estate market have never been as strong or as many as now. London offers investment opportunities suited to a multiplicity of investor needs. Kensington, Knightsbridge, Chelsea, Belgravia, Mayfair, Bayswater, Soho, Notting Hill, Islinghton, London Bridge, Pimlico, Westminster, Marylebone, Fitzrovia, Bloomsbury are sought after by real estate investors from all over the world. Our job is to lead our clients in discovering what each of these areas can offer. A house or a commercial property in London is a safe investment, as it is a city rich in opportunity, at the heart of the international finance and business world, pulsing with future possibilities. London is not only one of the largest metropolises in Europe, but is a unique city in the European panorama intertwining history, culture, traditions, architecture, customs and fashion. It is the veritable prow of the ship driving Europe toward America and the rest of the world. Current innovative regulations for commercial properties provide for a reevaluation of rental rates every five years based on price trends in the area and prohibits the tenant from exiting the rental contract before its expiration.
Land Law
The land in and of itself is one thing, and rights pertaining to the land another. One owns a given period of time (permitted) on the land, or in other words a land tenure for a time. The variety of rights is actually the various durations of said rights. English law has never had any theory of unlimited real property ownership.
To understand the evolution of the Anglo-Saxon property model one must look to the historical-juridical-political continuum in which the institution was developed. The historical origins of English property law reach back to 1066 when, after having defeated the Anglo-Saxon nobility in war at Hastings, the new King of England, William the Conqueror, confiscated all lands in the Kingdom and established a feudal system by conceding them to vassals in exchange for services or monies for a limited period of time. From that point on the allocation of lands has been considered a concession (intestacy) from the Crown (real), based on a tenure relationship, by which the sovereign, or a lord in his stead, confers a tenant with the right to temporarily farm the leasehold, live on it, or practice a trade on it in exchange for a fee. Eventually the antiquated feudal practice came to an end, but still today all lands in England belong to the Crown, meaning that ultimate ownership falls to it. Every landowner continues only to have a formal right to temporarily occupy land granted by the sovereign on a tenure basis. Therefore in England, juridically speaking, no one is the absolute owner of land property, as one can only have titular ownership, meaning ownership is not linked to the land in question, but to the right to occupy it for a period of time which is quantified in economic terms. One of the most defining characteristics of land law is the close connection between ownership and possession, terms that, unlike in Italian law, imply a reciprocal relationship: a landowner’s possession of an immoveable property can be defined as ownership, although his/her relationship to the property is not considered exclusive and absolute, but only a right to possess the title to the property. All land titles are based on possession, meaning that the title belonging to an individual currently in possession of an immoveable property and/or exercising the right to enjoy said property shall prevail over any other individual unless it can be proved that he/she has a stronger title. When these property title questions arise, the courts base all decisions on the strength of the titles presented by each party. The model of absolute ownership common in civil law is in this area replaced by a system of successive possession constituted by transfers of titles and deeds.
LEGAL TEXTS
LEGAL ESTATES
Property rights are distinguished as Legal Estates and Equitable Interest. This distinction reflects a unique duality in English ordinances, which require different forms of legal recognition and protection. The only estates legally recognized as able to be purchased outright or transferred are:
• Freehold Estate (Fee simple; absolute in possession)
• Leasehold Estate (Term of year; absolute)
The first implies perpetual ownership, the latter temporary ownership.
Estates are defined by their contractual duration and collocation in time as they are properties possessed for given periods of time. The division of property rights in time is linked to a plurality of situations, each linked to specific circumstances the nature of which define the lease contract and terms of termination of tenancy.
Freehold
Fee Simple offers the broadest property possession rights.
The Landlord is the owner of the land and/or the structure(s) upon it. Freehold applies to scenarios such as acquiring a sky-to-ground apartment building, a detached home/villa or a family home.
Leasehold
Leasehold is defined as the exclusive right to of an individual to occupy property during a given period of time, subject to the conditions established by law or by contract. Acquisition of an apartment always involves Leasehold through the acquisition of the title from the Freeholder or through the transfer of an existing lease for the remaining contractual time period. The duration of the Leasehold is always for a given period of time, even though it can have an unrealistic threshold (for example a Leasehold for 999 years). There is also the possibility of myriad coexisting properties with a plurality of legal estates having multiple owners. They can be defined as subleases, and so a Freehold leases to a Landlord (Leasehold) who can let/rent the property to a periodic tenant for a weekly, monthly or annual rental fee.
Legal Interest
Legal Interest covers non-possessory land rights, which do not involve direct use and enjoyment of a property but rather a rentcharge or trustee relationship or rights to profit from another’s immoveable property with lesser rentcharges, interests or rights recognized by law. The latter includes other rights of use, for example easement, grazing, fishing or mining rights, rights to monetary benefits excluding perpetual gains. Added to that are rent charges in the form of legal mortgages and right to entry, which provide for a landlord to regain possession of his/her property from a tenant in case of breach of contract, most commonly via delinquent payments, in non-residential use agreements. The title provided in exchange for periodic payments is automatically terminated without any need of official legal decision from the Court of Chancery as is necessary for Equitable Interests. Legal Interests are recognized in the common-law courts.
WE ARE PLEASED TO WELCOME YOU AT OUR OFFICES IN VIA FRATELLI GABBA 1/A MILAN FOR AN INTIAL CONSULTATION TO ANALYZE YOUR INVESTMENT INTERESTS AND NEEDS.
ইটালিয়ান থেকে ইংরেজি: Il Cammino General field: শিল্প/সাহিত্য Detailed field: লোককাহিনী
উৎস টেক্সট - ইটালিয়ান Questo e’ un diario fotografico non autorizzato di un cercatore di Dio, un naufrago, un vagabondo irrequieto, una “canna al vento”. Un ubriaco di caos e di tormenti, un cercatore di Oro. Il metallo prezioso che gli alchimisti teosofi rosacrociani tentarono di raffinare era, in realtà, la pietra filosofale. L’oro interiore, il sole, la scintilla divina, la Sapienza che connette la miseria dell’uomo alla grandezza di Dio.
Ogni viaggio e’ un bisogno che trascina il viandante per colline e valli, come un burattino tirato da fili invisibili. Qualcosa che va fatto, indipendentemente dalla meta. Percorso indispensabile, necessario. Il significato di “viaggio”, dal latino “viaticus” non e’ la via o il tratto di strada da percorrere, ma la “provvista” per il cammino, il “cibo” per sostenere la traversata. Lontano dalle elucubrazioni intellettuali e i funambolici avvitamenti razionali da uomo contemporaneo, il viaggio nasce dal basso ventre, dall’istinto di nutrirsi, dalla fame atavica che piega l’uomo ad animale, schiavo dei suoi bisogni. Si viaggia e si mangia in contemporanea, si viaggia per necessità di sfamarsi, per sopravvivere e continuare il tragitto. Niente di filosofico o metafisico, signori, siamo stomaci che ululano. Solo ad un certo tratto della storia dell’evoluzione umana, il basso ventre si placa: l’homo habilis alza gli occhi alla via lattea, sente uno spasmo nella cassa toracica ed esperisce qualcosa di altro da se, diventando forse con quel fremito, sapiens: il senso del “viaggio” comincia a traslare, a staccarsi dal succo gastrico fino a diventare nell’accezione dell’ecclesiastica cristiana “comunione somministrata ai moribondi”. Dunque, il “viaggio” approda al significato di nutrimento spirituale e materiale, tentativo di sopravvivere oltre la finitudine umana della morte, gesto disperato del bipede di toccare l’Eterno, lo Spirito, il Non Finito.
A proposito di viaggi, quelli mentali, di uno spirito curioso incastrato nello spazio-tempo, ho sostato a tappe disordinate e caotiche sul mito del Santo Graal, mordendo sporadicamente argomenti in tale ambito. E allora, parto dall’etimologia per un indizio di verità: Graal deriva dal latino gradalis, “piatto” o dal greco κρατήρ, "vaso". Che poi calza a pennello, parlando di viaggio, appetiti e fame di conoscenza. Ma cos’è esattamente il Santo Graal?
Diverse sono le interpretazioni che affondano le radici in ricerche storiche, tradizione letterarie, ponendo diverse ipotesi di riflessione sull’argomento.
Nella tradizione biblica, il Graal e’ una medicina, una sorta di panacea universale di cui Seth, figlio di Adamo ed Eva, va alla ricerca per guarire il padre malato. Rimedio contro il dolore, dunque. Accanto a ciò, questa tradizione associa il Graal alla pietra incastonata nella corona dell’angelo ribelle Lucifero, caduta durante la lotta tra Bene e Male. Una pietra, dunque, appartenente ad un angelo di Dio.
Nella tradizione esoterica il Graal rappresenta la Sapienza concessa da Dio all’uomo.
Nelle tradizioni celtiche si parla di un talismano, oggetto dai poteri arcani posseduto da un viaggiatore che scopre, durante il suo tragitto, una dimensione altra, un piano superiore a quello visibile ad occhio nudo. Sempre nel solco delle tradizione celtica il Graal si identifica anche con un calderone magico, il cui cibo avrebbe la facoltà di sfamare eternamente tutti gli umani, calderone associato al dio Dagda, chiamato in Gallia Ruadh Rofhessa, ossia "Il Rosso dalla scienza perfetta”, divinità creatrice del mondo. Secondo la tradizione cosmogonica celtica, quando il calderone non veniva usato serviva da contenitore per la Lancia di Lug, forgiata dal Dio Lug e nota per grondare sangue ed esseredi fuoco. Usata contro il malvagio Balorocchio, la Lancia di Lug avrebbe assicurato vittoria certa sui nemici a chiunque l’avesse brandita in battaglia. Interessante notare come questa lancia sia uno dei quattro tesori d'Irlanda, insieme al Calderone del Dagda, alla Spada di Luce, e alla Pietra del Destino, oggetti che troveremo successivamente in altri racconti legati al Graal. Infatti, le diverse opere letterarie aventi come fulcro la leggenda Graal attingono a questa tradizione celtica per creare il seguente canovaccio narrativo, che traslae i tesori d’Irlanda in oggetti legati in qualche maniera al Graal. Nel ciclo letterario che parte dal Medio Evo, la misteriosa reliquia si identifica, di volta in volta, con un vaso, un piatto, una coppa, una pietra magica e, addirittura, un’ostia. Facile trovare in quest’ultima accezione un’analogia tra Graal e il significato di “viaggio” in ambito religioso. Il Graal e’ in tutte le opere letterarie, è un “oggetto” a cui solo il personaggio chiave Parsifal (o Perceval, Parzival, Perlesvaus, Percivalle, in tutte le sue varianti letterarie) avrà accesso, grazie alla purezza di cuore. Sarà proprio grazie a questa virtù che, nel ciclo arturiano, Parsifal toccherà il Graal ed entrerà a far parte dell’ambita cerchia dei Cavalieri della Tavola Rotonda di Re Artur.
Alle vicende del cavaliere Parsifal si aggancia la Leggenda del Re pescatore, un mito letterario in cui il Graal ritorna. Parsifal viene invitato alla cena dal Re pescatore, un sovrano che, colpito da un maleficio, diventerà zoppo ed quindi incapace di coltivare la propria terra e renderlafertile. Grazie alla sua virtù, Percival (Gawain, Percival o Galahad) riesce ad entrare in contatto con il Graal, che questa tradizione letteraria identifica con un vassoio ricco di pietanze, una spada spezzata e una lancia che stilla sangue, probabilmente quella con cui il soldato romano Longino trafisse il costato del Cristo sulla croce. Le reliquie del Graal avrebbero dovuto spingere Percival a porsi delle domande sulla loro natura e sul loro scopo, spezzando così l’incantesimo del Re Pescatore, ma l’impresa fallisce.
Altri miti che non trovano fondamento né nei vangeli classici né nei vangeli apocrifi suppongono che il Graal sia la coppa del Cristo dell’Ultima Cena, utilizzata da Giuseppe d’Arimatea per raccogliere gocce di sangue uscite dal corpo di Gesù dopo la morte, prima della sepoltura.
Altre recenti interpretazioni vedono il Graal come un adattamento alla tradizione giudaico-cristiana di ideali etici di verità e giustizia, impersonificati dalla Dea egizia Maat.
In sintesi il Graal viene identificato, a seconda della tradizione storica, cosmogonica, letteraria o religiosa, con oggetti o reliquie diverse, talvolta coincidenti. Da una profonda riflessione intuisco che una lettura tra le righe di valore metaforico tracci un fil rouge comune a tutti i miti e le leggende sul Graal e ne delinea, in maniera a mio parere chiara, le caratteristiche ed il significato. Il Graal sembra identificarsi come nutrimento spirituale, cibo di cui l’anima ha necessità; solo l’uomo puro di cuore imparerà a vedere con occhi nuovi la realtà e ad intuirne una dimensione non materiale, ma spirituale. L’uomo purificato comincia un cammino dentro di se, un viaggio interiore: grazie a questa visione rinnovata, porterà con se un talismano o pietra magica che lo renderà capace di cercare una fiamma divina. La scaglia di Dio dentro di se spezzerà la spada delle piccolezze umane, delle falsità e delle meschinità per brandire quella nuova, una lancia intellettuale e spirituale, per crocefiggere le ingiustizie e le falsità del mondo. La pietra magica assurge a simbolo di Sapienza o Conoscenza Somma che rende l’uomo un uomo nuovo, lavando via il catrame che ne vela gli occhi: e’ una consapevolezza, un nuovo livello di coscienza che serve a curare i dolori dello spirito e dell’umanità. Questo cibo e’ una coppa, una cornucopia ricca di pietanze, che permette di continuare a vivere dentro, a non morire nello spirito.
Dunque, una serie di riferimenti simbolici che sintetizzano un livello di consapevolezza di Se, una Conoscenza altra che ha come interlocutore privilegiato Dio. Interessante notare che nella mistica cabalistica, riferitasi alla tradizione biblica ebraica, il percorso dell’uomo verso questa Sapienza nuova e’ rappresentato dall’Albero della Vita: esso affonda le radici nella terra e tocca il cielo con i suoi rami. Tramite questo percorso tutte le creature generate da Dio risalgono ad esso: come gli angeli, gli uomini devono attraversare ed esperire diversi livelli di consapevolezza, per ricongiungersi alla Luce divina. Secondo la Cabbalah, fulcro della tradizione ebraica, l’albero della Vita e’ costituito da dieci entità o Sefirot che rappresentano le Dieci Potenze dell’Anima o Sorgenti di energia, tramite cui ci si nutre, non a caso, spiritualmente della luce divina. Per accedere all’Albero della Sapienza bisogna attraversare una via, sorvegliata da una coppia di cherubini, uno dal volto maschile l’altro dal volto femminile, ciascuno con una spada fiammeggiante: una sorta di rito di iniziazione per abbandonare la vecchia pelle e prendere su di se quella nuova. Da notare come, anche in questa tradizione ebraica, ritorna il simbolo della spada, incontrata precedentemente.
Anche nella tradizione cristiana, la mistica Santa Teresa D’Avila parlava del viaggio dell’uomo verso Dio, usando la metafora delle sette stanze o dimore. L’incontro con Dio avviene per gradi, attraversando sette stanze o condizioni dello spirito. Il passaggio da una stanza all’altra avviene attraverso al preghiera, il contatto quotidiano con Dio che abita l’uomo e l’umiltà, che è la consapevolezza della piccolezza umana davanti ai suoi Misteri. La conoscenza del se deve avvenire sempre in rapporto alla conoscenza di Dio, attraverso la preghiera e l’esercizio di umiltà. Bisogna lasciare penetrare Dio dentro di se, lottando con noi stessi e i nostri limiti.
L’incredibile ricchezza di questa lettura è data dall’universalità dell’approccio: gli uomini di ogni epoca storica e spazio/tempo cercano qualcosa dentro di se che spenga il tormento che, per sua natura di angoscia e dolore, non può avere altro che origini divine. Questo tormento che si placa solo con il dialogo con Dio e la lotta ai limiti umani assume un valore laico e religioso: il “Dio” dentro di se, la Forza creatrice o il Sistema di valori/ideali, al di là della religione di riferimento o dell’ateismo professato, chiede di perseguire Giustizia e Verità, per costruire un mondo di uguaglianza, in cui la dignità di ogni essere vivente venga rispettata. Una richiesta che non trova mai una risposta coerente e repentina: bisogna raffinare la pietra del nostro mondo interiore, prenderla tra le mani e cominciare un percorso interiore fatto di discese e salite, di corse e rallentamenti, di soste: un cammino tra le colline, i laghi e le montagne di noi stessi, il Cammino di Santiago.
অনুবাদ - ইংরেজি This is an unauthorized photo-diary of a God seeker, a castaway, a restless vagabond, a "reed in the wind". A Gold seeker, drunk on chaos and torment. The precious metal that crusading theosophical alchemists tried to refine was, in reality, the philosopher's stone. The internal gold, the sun, the divine spark, the Knowledge that links Man's misery to God's grandeur.
Every voyage is a craving that drags the traveller over hill and valley like a puppet pulled by invisible strings. Something that must be done, regardless of the destination. A necessary, indispensable path. "Voyage", from the Latin "viaticus", is not the path or the stretch of road to travel, but the "provisions" for the journey, the "food" sustaining the crossing. Far from the tightrope gymnastics of contemporary Man's rationalizations and intellectual pondering, the way begins in the depths of his belly, from the instinct to feed, from the primordial hunger that bows Man into animal, a slave to his basic needs. He travels and eats simultaneously. He travels to satisfy his hunger, to survive and continue his journey. No philosophy or metaphysics here, people; we are growling stomachs. Only at a certain point in the history of Man's evolution is his belly appeased: homo habilis raises his eyes to the Milky Way, feeling a spasm in his chest and feeling something other than himself, and with that shudder becomes sapiens. The sense of the "voyage" begins to transform, to detach itself from gastric juices until it becomes "communion administered to the dying" in the Christian ecclesiastical sense. So the "voyage" attains the meaning of spiritual and material nutriment, an attempt to survive beyond the human finiteness that is death; the bipeds' desperate gesture to touch the Eternal, the Spirit, the Infinite.
Speaking of the mental journeys of a curious spirit trapped in space-time, I’ve stopped off at disordered and chaotic points in the myth of the Holy Grail, sporadically chewing on related topics. And now I'll start from etymology for a hint of truth: Grail is derived from the Latin gradalis, “shallow dish” or from the Greek κρατήρ, "cup", which suits to a T, speaking of voyages, appetites and hunger for knowledge. But what is the Holy Grail exactly?
Diverse interpretations extend their roots into historical research and literary translation, offering different hypotheses for reflection on the subject.
In Biblical tradition, the Grail is a medicine, a sort of universal cure-all, which Adam and Eve's son, Seth, goes in search of to heal his sick father. A pain remedy, in any case. Whatsmore, this tradition associates the Grail with the stone set in rebel angel Lucifer's crown, fallen during the battle between Good and Evil. A stone, therefore, belonging to one of God's angels.
In esoteric tradition, the Grail represents the Knowledge granted to Man by God.
In Celtic tradition, a talisman is spoken of; an object of mysterious powers belonging to a traveller who discovers an alternate dimension during his voyage, a higher plain invisible to the naked eye. Also in Celtic tradition, the Grail is identified as a magic cauldron whose food has the power to eternally satisfy the hunger of all humanity. The cauldron is associated with the god Dagda, called Ruadh Rofhessa in Gaul, meaning "The Mighty Red One of Great Knowledge”, divine creator of the world. According to Celtic cosmogony, when the cauldron wasn't in use, it served as a container for the Spear of Lug, believed to drip blood and be made of fire, forged by the god Lug,. Used against wicked Balor of the Evil Eye, the Spear of Lug assured certain victory against the enemies of whomever branded it in battle. Interestingly, this spear is one of four treasures of Ireland, along with the Cauldron of the Dagda, the Sword of Light, and the Stone of Destiny, objects that we find later on in other tales related to the Grail. In fact, various literary works whose cornerstone is the legend of the Grail draw on Celtic tradition to create the following narrative canvas, transforming the treasures of Ireland into objects somehow linked to the Grail. In the cycle of literature beginning in the Middle Ages, the mysterious relic is at times identified as a vase, a dish, a cup, a magic stone and even as a holy wafer. In the latter, it's easy to see the analogy between the Grail and the meaning of "voyage" in a religious context. The Grail is, in every literary work, an "object" to which only the key character Parsifal (or Perceval, Parzival, Perlesvaus, Percivalle, in all of its literary variations) has access, thanks to his pure heart. Thanks to that specific virtue, Parsifal touches the Grail and becomes part of the Knights of the Round Table in the King Arthur literature cycle.
Events in Knight Parsifal's tale are linked to the Legend of The King Fisherman, a myth in which the Grail returns. Parsifal is invited to dinner by the King Fisherman, a sovereign who becomes lame and unable to cultivate his lands and make them fertile when put under an evil spell. Thanks to Parsifal's (Gawain, Percival or Galahad) virtue, he is able to come in contact with the Grail, which in this literary tradition is identified as a tray full of delicious dishes, a broken sword and a spear that distils blood; probably the one the Roman soldier Longino stabs into Christ's ribs when on the cross. The relics of the Grail should push Parsifal to question their nature and purpose, thereby breaking the King Fisherman's curse, but the attempt fails.
Other myths based neither on classical nor on apocryphal doctrines suppose that the Grail is Christ's chalice from the Last Supper, used by Joseph of Arimathea to gather drops of Jesus' blood from his body after death, before burial.
Other recent interpretations view the Grail as an adaptation of the Judeo-Christian tradition's ethical ideals of truth and justice, as personified by the Egyptian goddess Maat.
Basically, depending on the historical, cosmogonical, literary or religious traditions, the Grail is equated with various objects or relics, which at times coincide. Reflecting deeply, reading between the lines about metaphorical virtue, I perceive a common thread running through all the myths and legends about the Grail that quite clearly outlines, in my opinion, its characteristics and meaning. The Grail seems to stand for spiritual nutriment, food essential to the soul; only a pure heart will learn to see reality through new eyes and perceive not a material, but a spiritual dimension. The purified man begins a path inside himself, an inward voyage, thanks to this renewed sight. He carries a talisman or a magic stone with him that enables him to search for a divine flame. The shard of God inside him will shatter the sword of human pettiness, falsity and meanness in order to brand the new intellectual and spiritual spear, to crucify the world's falseness and injustice. The magic stone symbolises Knowledge or Total Consciousness, transforming him into a new man, washing away the tar veiling his eyes; an awareness, a new level of consciousness that can cure the spirit and humanity's pain. The food is a cup, an overflowing cornucopia that allows inner life to continue and the spirit not to die.
Thus, a series of symbolic references that encapsulate a level of Self-awareness, a separate Knowledge, with God as its privileged speaker. Interestingly, in Kabbalah mysticism, related to the Hebrew Biblical tradition, Man's voyage towards new Knowledge is represented by the Tree of Life: its roots buried in the earth and its branches touching the sky. Following this path, all creatures created by God return here: just like angels, men must pass through and experience various levels of awareness in order to be rejoined with the divine Light. According to the Kabbalah, the cornerstone of Hebrew tradition, the Tree of Life is made up of ten entities, or Sephirot, which represent the Ten Powers of the Soul, or vessels of energy from which we are fed spiritually by the divine light. To access the Tree of Knowledge one must cross a road, guarded by a pair of cherubs, one with a male and one with a female face, each one holding a flaming sword: a sort of initiation ritual in order to shed one's old skin for the new. Notice how in the Hebrew tradition as well, the afore-met symbol of the sword returns.
In addition, in the Christian tradition the mystical Saint Teresa of Avila speaks
of Man's voyage towards God using the metaphor of seven rooms or dwellings. Encountering God comes gradually, passing through seven rooms or spiritual states. Passage from one room to the next comes about through prayer; daily contact with God dwelling in Man and in humility that is acknowledgement of human pettiness in the face of God's Mysteries. Self-awareness must always occur in relation to awareness of God, through prayer and acts of humility. We must let God bore inside the Self in order to struggle with ourselves and our limits.
The incredible richness of this literature is due to the universality of the approach. Men in every era of history and space/time have searched for something inside the Self to alleviate the torment, which in its very nature is anguish and pain and cannot but have divine origins. This torment abates only through dialogue with God, and so the struggle with human limitations takes on secular and religious meaning. One's professed religion or atheism aside, the "God" within, the creative Force or the System of values/ideologies begs to pursue Justice and Truth, to build a world of equality in which the dignity of every living thing is respected. A request that never finds a coherent and sudden answer. One must refine the stone that is our internal world, hold it between one's hands and begin an internal voyage of ups and downs, sprints and stalls and stops. A road between the hills, lakes and mountains of ourselves, a Camino de Santiago.
স্প্যানিশ থেকে ইংরেজি: termopares General field: কারিগরি/প্রকৌশল
উৎস টেক্সট - স্প্যানিশ TERMOPARES
El termopar está formado fundamentalmente por dos conductores metálicos homogéneos, pero químicamente diferentes entre ellos, soldados a un extremo y libres en el otro, denominado termoelemento. El punto en el que los elementos se unen se denomina junta caliente (jc), mientras que los extremos libres, que se conectan con el circuito de medida, se denominan junta de referencia o junta fría de temperatura entre dos juntas (jc - jf). El termopar genera una f.e.m. (E) variable en función del campo de temperatura y de la naturaleza de los conductores utilizados.
En relación con esto, recordamos que los valores de f.e.m. expresados en mV indicados en las tablas se refieren a la junta fría a 0°C. En condiciones de temperatura de la junta fría diferentes de 0°C, la señal del termopar se lleva a la temperatura de referencia de 0°C mediante una junta de compensación termosensible, normalmente prevista en el instrumento, conectada al termopar. El uso de los termopares como elemento de medida de temperatura permite obtener medidas precisas y fiables dentro del campo entre -200 y +170O°C, según el tipo de termopar y el diámetro de los conductores utilizados.
Tipo Símbolo °C
Cobre/Constantán T -200 ÷ 0 ÷ 350
Hierro/Constantán J 0 ÷ 750
Chromel/Constantán E -200 ÷ 0 ÷ 900
Chromel/Alumel K -200 ÷ 0 ÷ 1250
Platino/Pt 10% Rodio S 0 ÷ 1450
Platino/Pt 13% Rodio R 0 ÷ 1450
Pt 30 % Rh / Pt 6% Rh B 800 ÷ 1700
Los diferentes tipos de termopares se calibran según diferentes normativas: ANSI MC 96.1 - UNI 7938 - DIN 43710 - GOST - NF - BS, etc. y con tolerancias diferentes.
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Los Termopares se construyen para resistir a las más diversas condiciones ambientales. Se aíslan y se protegen con materiales diferentes en función de la aplicación. Se dividen principalmente en 2 categorías:
termopares con termoelemento con aislamiento tradicional
termopares con termoelemento con aislamiento mineral
Un termopar montado normalmente está formado por:
1. termoelemento con aislamiento tradicional o aislamiento mineral
2. bloque terminal cerámico porta-bornes (tablero cerámico)
3. cabeza de conexión INSERIRE IMMAGINE
4. niple de extensión o junta de tres piezas "campione_TC"
5. funda de protección cerámica, metálica o pozo
TERMOCUPLAS CON AISLAMIENTO CONVENCIONAL
Se utilizan donde no hay condiciones especialmente difíciles o en presencia de altas temperaturas y donde no se pueden utilizar fundas metálicas.
Sectores industriales en los que se utilizan: hornos industriales (para panaderías - laboratorios dentales - talleres de joyerías - tratamientos térmicos - fundiciones - acererías), hornos para cerámica y cristal, secaderos, instalaciones químicas, incineradoras de residuos, industrias sacaríferas y alimentarias, etc.
Los conductores que constituyen en termoelemento están disponibles en todos los tipos de termopares (T-J-E-K-SR-B-otros especiales) en los diámetros más diferentes. El aislamiento convencional está formado por aisladores construidos en material cerámico de diferente composición, como caolín, esteatita, sillimanita y alúmina en diferentes porcentajes, y de dimensiones variables en función de la temperatura y de las diferentes aplicaciones.
La ejecución de la junta caliente puede ser: RETORCIDA para termoelementos tipo J - T de pequeñas dimensiones; ARRIMADA para todos los termoelementos.
La junta fría es de extremo libre y se fija a diferentes tipos de tablero cerámico en función del tipo de cabeza que se necesite.
Para este tipo de termopares se utilizan fundamentalmente dos tipos de fundas: metálicas, normalmente sacadas de tubo, y cerámicas. Las fundas metálicas, en función de la temperatura y de las aplicaciones, más o menos difíciles, se construyen en todos los tipos de acero y aleaciones especiales como acero serie AISI 300, AISI 446, Titanio, lnconel 600, lncoloy 800 y 825, Tantalio, Hastelloy C y en los más diversos diámetros y grosores.
Las fundas cerámicas se utilizan principalmente con presencia de altas temperaturas > 1250 °C donde haya gases que puedan corroer el termoelemento. De hecho, a menudo se utilizan termopares con funda interna en cerámica y funda externa metálica. Éstas se construyen con sustancias cerámicas de diferentes características. Las más importantes son:
ALSINT
SILLIMANTIN 60 NG
SKA 1 OO NG
PYTHAGORAS
SILLIMANTIN 60
SIC
TERMOCUPLAS CON AISLAMIENTO MINERAL
Los termopares de aislamiento mineral están formados por hilos conductores, un polvo mineral aislante altamente comprimido y una funda metálica de protección. Las características principales de estos tipos de termopares son: ausencia de humedad, impermeabilidad, alta velocidad de respuesta, flexibilidad, posibilidad de realizar curvas muy cerradas, resistencia a las altas presiones, posibilidad de dimensiones extremamente reducidas y soldabilidad. Encuentran uso en instalaciones químicas y petroquímicas, motores diésel, turbinas, calderas, centrales térmicas y nucleares, salas de pruebas, aeronáutica, etc.
Los conductores que forman los termopares se seleccionan minuciosamente tanto por los materiales como por la uniformidad de las secciones. Las calibraciones normalmente disponibles cumplen las normas ANSI MC 96.1 estándar o especial y las normas DIN 43710. Bajo solicitud, se pueden realizar otros tipos de calibraciones.
Los campos de uso de estos termopares pueden ser diferentes respecto a lo que indican las normas en función de los diámetros externos de las fundas de protección requeridas que determina, a su vez, el diámetro de los conductores o el número de los conductores introducidos en la funda.
El aislamiento se obtiene con óxidos minerales metálicos altamente comprimidos y con pureza superior al 99,4%. El aislamiento estándar es el óxido de magnesio (MgO) purísimo. Otros tipos de aislamiento disponibles bajo solicitud son: óxido de alúmina (Al2O3), óxido de berilio (BeO) y óxido de torio (ThO2). Los materiales de las fundas de protección se eligen en relación con la temperatura de uso y con el tipo de aplicación.
Las juntas calientes que se suelen realizar para estos tipos de termopares son de tres tipos:
JUNTA EXPUESTA
Se recomienda cuando se requiere alta velocidad de respuesta y no hay agentes corrosivos presentes. El aislamiento mineral se impermeabiliza contra los líquidos o los gases. No hay disponibilidad para termopares con diámetro inferior a un milímetro.
JUNTA DE MASA
La junta caliente es parte integrante del fondo de la funda. Se recomienda cuando se requiere alta velocidad de respuesta y hay agentes corrosivos y erosivos presentes. Se aíslan según las normas ASTM-E-235.
JUNTA AISLADA
La junta caliente está completamente aislada y protegida por la funda. Se recomienda cuando es posible que las interferencias eléctricas externas puedan falsear la lectura. Se aíslan según las normas ASTM-E-235.
TERMORRESISTENCIAS
El principio de funcionamiento de las termorresistencias se basa en la variación del valor de resistencia de un metal al variar la temperatura a la que está sometido. En la naturaleza, todos los metales presentan características de variación del valor de resistencia al variar la temperatura. Sin embargo, entre ellos se han elegido el Pt y el Hi, ya que, en estado puro, garantizan una resistencia característica (temperatura lineal) y, por tanto, se utilizan fácilmente en los sistemas de medida. La medición de la temperatura mediante termorresistencias permite, respecto al termopar, obtener una señal en salida de mayor potencia, una gran fiabilidad y la posibilidad de disponer de una mayor precisión. El campo de uso de las termorresistencias es limitado, como se indica en la tabla siguiente.
Las termorresistencias suelen estar formadas por un hilo enrollado oportunamente y embebido en vidrio duro o en soporte de alúmina encerrado en un envoltorio también de alúmina. Las termorresistencias formadas de esta manera se denominan "bulbos" y pueden tener 1, 2 o 3 bobinados. La conexión eléctrica entre el bulbo y los bornes externos se realiza mediante hilos conductores de plata para conexiones de 2 hilos o de constantán para conexiones de 3 o 4 hilos.
Las conexiones se pueden realizar para cada bobinado de manera bifilar, trifilar o cuadrifilar. Para utilizarlo en campos industriales, el bulbo se protege con tubos metálicos de materiales diferentes y se aísla para obtener una buena resistencia a los golpes y a las vibraciones.
TERMOPARES DE "SKIN" AUTOPROTEGIDOS (FOTO SKIN)
UNA SOLUCIÓN INNOVADORA
Este nuevo tipo de termopar de Skin se ha diseñado, construido y experimentado para hornos de refinería y similares. Con medidas especiales de construcción, función y dimensionamiento, se han resuelto todos los problemas que quitan fiabilidad a los termopares de modelo tradicional utilizados hasta ahora. El elemento sensible siempre es de aislamiento mineral compacto, pero con funda de 12,7 mm de gran grosor. La junta caliente, realizada con criterios especiales, está soldada al tubo de proceso con procedimiento TIG y constituye, al mismo tiempo, el único punto de anclaje del termopar, que, así, queda montado en voladizo. El vástago sobresale de la pared del horno a través de una amplia abertura circular realizada con el fin de permitir al termopar seguir libremente las dilataciones térmicas del tubo. En el extremo libre del termopar se monta la cabeza de empalme habitual.
La solución en voladizo permite liberar completamente el termopar de esfuerzos mecánicos derivados de los movimientos del tubo. En el vástago del termopar, que se hace rectilíneo, aparece un elemento de protección tubular coaxial, colocado para que forme con el mismo una cámara de aire, además de hacer de pantalla térmica. Puesto que la zona radiante de los hornos siempre está en depresión, con dicha cámara de aire se aspira aire fresco del exterior. Este aire cumple la doble función de enfriamiento del vástago y de lavado, impidiendo a los productos de combustión realizar en el mismo su acción destructora. Para evitar infiltraciones de aire indeseadas a través de la abertura realizada en la pared del horno, hay un disco específico de cierre que se mantiene pegado a la pared con la ligera presión de un muelle. El elemento tubular de protección, sometido a los mayores esfuerzos térmicos y químicos y construido con un material adecuado, en aplicaciones bastante duras puede revestirse externamente con una capa de material aislante (por ejemplo, con copelas de kaowool). En caso de hornos de presión, una vez resueltos los problemas de estanquidad respecto al exterior, en el respeto de los requisitos necesarios de movilidad del termopar, el aire de lavado puede ser insuflado en la cámara tomándolo de una red de presión.
Las características estructurales y de funcionamiento han demostrado en la práctica y tras una larga experimentación que pueden otorgar a estos nuevos dispositivos una duración muy superior a la experimentada hasta ahora con los tipos convencionales. Con ello, se tiene la posibilidad concreta de obtener, por fin, medidas de "piel" fiables durante largos periodos de tiempo que se pueden valorar en años.
Además, esta solución técnica permite una mayor precisión en la medida, tanto por efecto de un contacto más eficaz (por construcción) entre la junta caliente y la superficie del tubo de proceso, como por la improbabilidad de que se produzcan los temidos fenómenos de deriva o por la ausencia de puntos caldeados que, en las versiones antiguas (como en la espiral de compensación), transmitían calor a la junta caliente produciendo errores de medida más o menos sensibles, pero en todo caso siempre difíciles de evaluar.
অনুবাদ - ইংরেজি THERMOCOUPLES
A thermocouple consists of two homogeneous metal conductors, each of different alloys, welded at one end and free at the other, called thermoelement wires. The point where the wires join is called the hot junction (Th), while the free ends are connected to the measuring junction, also called the reference junction or cold junction. The temperature between the two junctions is (Th-Tc). The thermocouple generates a f.e.m. (E) which varies based on the temperature field and the type of alloyed conductors used.
In this regard, let us remember that the f.e.m. values expressed in mV in the table refer to the cold junction at 0°C. When the cold junction is at a temperature other than 0°C, the thermocouple's signal is brought to the reference temperature, 0°C, by using a thermally sensitive compensation device. Quite often the thermocouple's interface is provided with such a compensator. Use of thermocouples as a means of temperature measurement allows for precise and reliable measurements to be obtained within a field of -200°C to +1700°C, depending on the type of thermocouple and diameter of the conductors used.
Type Symbol 0°C
Copper/Constantan T -200 ÷ 0 ÷ 350
Iron/Constantan J 0 ÷ 750
Chromel/Constantan E -200 ÷ 0 ÷ 900
Chromel/Alumel K -200 ÷ 0 ÷ 1250
Platinum/Pt 10% Rhodium S 0 ÷ 1450
Platinum/Pt 13% Rhodium R 0 ÷ 1450
Pt 30% Rh/ Pt 6% Rh B 800 ÷ 1700
The different types of thermocouples are calibrated according to different references: ANSI MC 96.1 - UNI 7938 - DIN 43710 - GOST - NF - BS, etc. and with different tolerances.
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Thermocouples are built to resist even the most diverse environmental conditions. They are insulated and protected with different materials based on their application. They can be divided into 2 main categories:
thermocouples with traditional wire insulation
thermocouples with mineral wire insulation
A normal thermocouple is made up of:
1. wires with either traditional or mineral insulation
2. ceramic terminal block (ceramic board)
3. terminal head INSERT IMAGE
4. extension probe or three piece junction "example_TC"
5. ceramic, metallic protective sheath or well
THERMOCOUPLES WITH CONVENTIONAL INSULATION
These are used in the absence of especially difficult conditions or in very high temperatures or where metallic sheaths cannot be used.
Industrial sectors in which they are used: industrial ovens and furnaces (for bakeries - dental laboratories - jewelry makers - thermal treatments - castings - steel mills), kilns for ceramics and crystal, dryers, chemical facilities, waste incinerators, the sugar and food industries, etc.
The wire conductors are available in every type of thermocouple (T-J-E-K-SR-B-other special types) in a variety of diameters. Conventional insulation is formed by ceramic insulation materials of various composition, such as china clay/kaolin, soapstone, sillimanite and aluminum in different percentages, and in various dimensions based on temperature and application.
The execution of the hot junction can be: OVERBRAIDED for small dimension leads J-T; ARMORED for all types of thermoelement leads.
The cold junction is at the free end of the wires and can be attached to different types of ceramic terminal blocks according to the type of terminal head needed.
For this type of thermocouple two types of sheaths are generally used: metallic, normally separate from the tube, and ceramic. Metallic sheaths, based on whether the temperature and application are more or less difficult, are built using all types of steel and special alloys such as steel series AISI 300, AISI 446, Titanium, lnconel 600, lncoloy 800 and 825, Tantalum, Hastelloy C and in a great variety of diameters and thicknesses.
Ceramic sheaths are mainly used in high temperatures > 1250 °C where gases are present which can corrode the thermoelement leads. In fact, thermocouples with internal ceramic sheaths and external metallic sheaths are often used. These are built using ceramic substances with varying characteristics. The most important are:
ALSINT
SILLIMANTIN 60 NG
SKA 1OO NG
PYTHAGORAS
SILLIMANTIN 60
SIC
THERMOCOUPLES WITH MINERAL INSULATION
Thermocouples with mineral insulation are built with conducting wires, highly compressed insulating mineral dust and a metallic protection sheath. The main characteristics of this type of thermocouples are: absence of humidity, impermeability, fast response time, flexibility, ability to adapt to tight curves, high-pressure resistance, possibility of extremely reduced dimensions and weldability. It is used in chemical and petrochemical facilities, diesel engines, turbines, boilers, thermal and nuclear plants, test cells, aeronautics, etc.
The conductors that make up the thermocouples are meticulously selected for both the materials and the uniformity of its sections. The calibrations normally available meet the references ANSI MC 96.1 standard or special and the references DIN 43710. When required, other types of calibrations can be created.
These thermocouples' fields of use can be different than those indicated by the references depending on the diameter of the external protection sheaths required, which determine the diameter and/or the number of conductors inside the sheath.
The insulation is created using highly compressed metallic mineral oxides with minimum purity above 99.4%. Standard insulation is extremely pure magnesium oxide (MgO). Other types of insulation available upon request are: aluminum oxide (Al2O3), beryllium oxide (BeO) and thorium oxide (ThO2). The materials used for the protective sheaths are chosen based on the temperature and type of application.
There are three types of hot junctions usually created for this type of thermocouple:
EXPOSED JUNCTION
Recommended when fast response time is needed and no corrosive agents are present. The mineral insulation is impermeable against liquids and gases. No thermocouples with a diameter of less than one millimeter are available.
GROUNDED JUNCTION
The hot junction is welded integrally to the sheath wall. Recommended when fast response time is needed and corrosive or erosive agents are present. Insulated according to references ASTM-E-235.
UNGROUNDED JUNCTION
The hot junction is completely insulated from and protected by the sheath. Recommended when external electrical interference could possibly falsify the reading. Insulated according to references ASTM-E-235.
THERMISTORS
Thermistors function based on the variation of a metal's strength of resistance to the temperatures to which it is exposed. In nature, all metals have the characteristic of varying values of thermal resistance strength. Nevertheless, from among them Pt and Hi have been chosen, in their pure states, guaranteeing characteristic resistance (linear temperature) and, therefore, are easily used in measuring systems. Measuring temperature using thermistors allows for, in comparison to the thermocouple, a stronger more reliable outgoing signal to be obtained, and the possibility of greater precision. The field for using thermistors is limited, as shown in the following table.
Thermistors are usually made up of rolled wire embedded in hard glass or in alumina support enclosed in a sheath also of aluminum. Thermistors built in this way are called "bulbs" and can have 1, 2 or 3 windings. The electrical connection between the bulb and the external terminals is created by silver conductor wires for 2-wire connections or constantan for 3- or 4-wire connections.
The connections for each winding can be 2-wire, 3-wire or 4-wire. For use in industrial fields, the bulb is protected by metal tubes of different materials and is insulated to ensure optimum resistance to vibrations and impact.
THERMOCOUPLES WITH SELF-PROTECTING "SKIN" (PHOTO SKIN)
AN INNOVATIVE SOLUTION
This new type of thermocouple Skin has been designed, built and tested for refinery furnaces and other similar furnaces and/or ovens. With special construction, function and dimensioning measurements, all problems related to poor reliability in the traditional thermocouple models used till now have been resolved. The sensitive element is still made of compact mineral insulation, but with a sheath 12.7mm thick. The hot junction, created using special criteria, is welded to the process tube with the TIG process, and at the same time constitutes the only anchoring point of the thermocouple, thereby remaining cantilever erected. The shank projects out of the furnace wall through an ample circular opening created so as to permit the thermocouple to freely follow the thermal dilations of the tube. The head of the junction is mounted on the free end of the thermocouple.
The cantilever solution allows for the thermocouple to be completely free from mechanical pressures caused by the movements of the tube. In the thermocouple's straight shank, there is a tubular coaxial protection element, placed so that it creates an air chamber, as well as creating a thermal shield. Assuming the furnaces' heating zone is always in depression, with said air chamber, external fresh air is sucked in. The air serves a double function, cooling the shank and cleaning it; preventing the combustible products to carry out their destructive actions. To avoid unwanted air infiltrating through the opening made in the furnace wall, there is a specific sealing disk which remains attached to the wall thanks to the light pressure of a spring. For quite difficult applications, the tubular protection element, exposed to great thermal and chemical forces and built with adequate material, can be externally sheathed with a coat of insulating material (for example, with kaowool blanketing). In the case of pressure furnaces, once the problems of sealing out the exterior have been solved, regarding necessary mobility requirements for the thermocouple, the clean air can be blown into the chamber taking it from a pressure line.
The structural and functional characteristics have proved in practice and throughout a long testing period that they can give these new devices superior duration as compared to the traditional devices. With the new device, there is the concrete possibility of finally obtaining "skin" measurements reliable over long periods of time which can be valuable for years.
Whatsmore, this technical solution allows for greater precision in measuring, due to more effective contact (by construction) between the hot junction and the surface of the process tube, as well as to the improbability of the feared drift phenomena being produced due to the absence of heated points which, in older versions (like in the spiral compensation wires), transmit heat to the hot junction producing more or less sensitive measurement errors that are always difficult to evaluate.
ইটালিয়ান থেকে ইংরেজি: hotel review Warsaw, Poland General field: বিপণন Detailed field: পর্যটন ও ভ্রমণ
উৎস টেক্সট - ইটালিয়ান Ho soggiornato 4 notti a Ferragosto in questo hotel, decisamente all'altezza del marchio Mercure, con una coppia di amici...la posizione strategica, accanto alla stazione centrale (numerose fermate di bus e tram disponibili) praticamente a lato del Palazzone della Cultura (davvero mastodontico) con numerosissimi negozi nelle immediate vicinanze ed un grande centro commerciale di fronte all'ingresso dell'hotel...le stanze sono ampie e pulite, anche se un po' datate (al 2° piano ci sono ancora le vasche da bagno...); gli accessori da bagno inesistenti, e la cosa mi ha sorpreso un po'...nemmeno lo shampoo ma solo il classico dispenser (...forse l'offerta di cui abbiamo approfittato non prevedeva il trattamento "top", ma comunque si potrebbe fare di meglio) ...colazione semplicemente eccezionale (...era compresa nell'offerta...) con amplissima scelta di salato, buona anche per il dolce...personale sempre sorridente e cortese...sala fitness con sauna e piscinetta a disposizione degli ospiti (lì c'erano accappatoi e pantofoline da bagno...)...ogni mattina, al rientro, 2 bottiglie di acqua omaggio...insomma, una bella esperienza da consigliare.
অনুবাদ - ইংরেজি In mid-August, I spent 4 nights with a couple of friends in this hotel, which is definitely on par with Mercure brand standards. It’s strategically located next to the main train station (with several bus and tram stops, too), extremely close to the Palace of Culture and Science (truly colossal), with tons of shops nearby and a big mall in front of the hotel. The rooms are spacious and clean, though a bit dated (there are still bathtubs in the rooms on the 2nd floor). There were no toiletries, which surprised me, not even shampoo, just a soap dispenser (maybe the special offer we booked didn’t include “top” service, but this aspect could be improved, in any case). The breakfast was simply fantastic (and included in the reservation) with a really wide variety of savory and sweet options. The staff were always smiling and courteous. Guests could use the fitness room with a sauna and a small pool (bathrobes and slippers were provided there). Every morning we found 2 complimentary bottles of water. Basically, it was a great experience that I highly recommend.
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I have translated over 750,000 words from Spanish and Italian into English, proofread over 80,000 words, edited over 45,000 words and transcribed / subtitled a total of 60 hours of IT-ENG/ENG-ENG audio/video. I joined the American Translators Association in 2019 and have been a member of Mediterranean Editors & Translators since 2017. I have recently moved to Wales and have become a member of ITI Cymru Wales and as Affiliate Member of the ITI.
Born and raised near San Francisco, California, I lived in Milan, Italy from 2006-2022 and now hold dual Italian-US citizenship. I have been translating and teaching Business English and Presentation Skills, Public Speaking, Writing Skills and test preparation for the TOEFL, IELTS, First Certificate and other language exams since 2006.
Although I mainly work in companies, I have worked as a Writing Skills professor at the European School of Economics in Milan, a satellite of Buckingham University of London.
I received my BA in English Literature and Theatre Arts in 2001 in California, and then received my professional post-graduate degree in Pedagogy also in California (California State Single Subject Teaching Credential in English and Spanish). I earned my MSc in Project Management from the University of Liverpool, England, where I received the "Dissertation of the Year" award for the School of Management in 2017.
I've studied Spanish for nearly 30 years and have lived in Spain, Ecuador and Perú. I worked for 3 years as a high school English Literature and Spanish teacher in Northern California before moving to Italy.
I have extensive experience in: audio/video transcription & translation in the video game and television advertising fields; translation of websites, contracts, user manuals, fashion press releases, balance sheets, videogame dialogues, hotel brochures; editing &/or proof-reading of science fiction and fantasy novels, videogame dialogues, advertisements, etc.
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I have recently completed a 3-year collaboration with ZoneCreative srl, translating a 143,000-word fantasy trilogy from Italian into English. It was an extremely gratifying project!! The web books can be seen, heard and purchased at this link: https://soeliok.com/en/web-book-1-en/
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সদস্য হওয়ার তারিখ Mar '14
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