Glossary entry

French term or phrase:

moyens renforcés

English translation:

obligation of enhanced means

Added to glossary by EirTranslations
May 9, 2013 06:18
11 yrs ago
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French term

moyens renforcés

French to English Bus/Financial Business/Commerce (general)
I'm a bit stuck with this as enhanced or strengthened means doesn't really seem to fit in. Help much appreciated thanks

7.4 Le paiement des pénalités ne libère pas le Prestataire de son obligation d’exécuter ses obligations au titre du présent Contrat de Services et de l’ Ordre d’Execution concernée.
Article 8 - Nature des obligations du PRESTATAIRE
xxx accepterait de faire une liste d’obligation de résultats sous réserve que toutes les autres obligations sont des obligations de moyens renforcés (et non pas une obligation de moyens)
Point Bloquant
8.1.
Le Prestataire est par principe tenu à l'égard de xxx à une obligation de résultat pour les obligation
Change log

May 9, 2013 11:09: writeaway changed "Field" from "Tech/Engineering" to "Bus/Financial"

Discussion

Daryo May 14, 2013:
Have you read my answer? it's already there including the "obligations de moyens renforcés":

"The general obligation of BEEMOOV is an "obligation of means" within the meaning of applicable law. BEEMOOV has no obligation of result or enhanced means of any kind."

"obligation of means" within the meaning of applicable law; note that "within the meaning of applicable law" does seem to imply it is a legal term in UK, doesn't it?

basic parsing:
obligation of (1)result or (2)enhanced means =
(1) obligation of result
(2) obligation of enhanced means

a digression:
"garantie de bonne exécution" i.e. obligation de résultat. no it's not
-- "garantie de bonne exécution" = a document issued by a bank [banking]
-- "obligation de résultat" = a basic/fundamental concept of contract law [law, contracts]
don't assume the meaning from everyday language, see the ref. provided [http://jurisfac.chez.com/prive/civil/c2civil2.htm] by a French lawyer.

If your contract stipulates an "obligation de résultat", you may be asked to provide a "garantie de bonne exécution" - that's the link, but these are otherwise totally different terms from different fields
Francis Marche May 14, 2013:
To Daryo Can you show us references or even just ONE reference of an English legal text having "obligation of means" in it which will NOT be a translation from French and/or from Canada ?
Francis Marche May 14, 2013:
...'performance' has a very specific meaning in law - it means to fulfil your obligations under a contract...

in http://www.proz.com/kudoz/french_to_english/law_general/9625...

"performance bond" is standard for "garantie de bonne exécution" i.e. obligation de résultat.
Daryo May 14, 2013:
@Francis Marche if you take a look at what "obligations de moyens et de résultats" means in legal documents you'll see that about the level of responsibility for providing or not the contracted services/goods (the ST is a contract, "Operational requirements" is management-speak) .
It's a legal term with strictly defined meaning, and it doesn't take long but comparing sources about legal terms to find out that:
obligation de résultat = obligation of result
obligations de moyens = obligation of means
The hard bit was finding a use of "obligations de moyens renforcés" in a relevant legal document.
Many legal terms may sound counter-intuitive but have an exact legal meaning and no alternative legal terms (simple case: check what is "consideration" in a contract, nothing to do with "being considerate", nor is permissible any synonym of "consideration/-ate")
"best efforts requirements" is a good explanation of what is "obligations de moyens/obligation of means" but "obligation of means" is what you'll find used in a contract.
btw "obligation de résultat : performance bond" is plain wrong - terms are certainly related but have different meanings.
Daryo May 12, 2013:
"rather than inventing new legalese." ? has no obligation of result or enhanced means of any kind. =
1 -- has no obligation of result
2 -- has no obligation of enhanced means of any kind.


"5.2 Obligations of BEEMOOV

The general obligation of BEEMOOV is an "obligation of means" within the meaning of applicable law. BEEMOOV has no obligation of result or enhanced means of any kind.

[http://www.sweetcrush.co.uk/cgu.html]

www.sweetcrush.co.uk maybe just another dating site, and the text quoted maybe the kind of text no one bothers reading before clicking to agree, but trust me "Terms and Conditions" are the most reliable legalese you'll ever find.
Namely, "Terms and Conditions" are the "getaway vehicle" for legalised daylight robbery (OK, only in extreme cases), and these companies spend fortunes on the best lawyers to formulate these conditions in favour of their clients, not the site users. And these clauses are not going to stand in court and win the case against disgruntled users by employing "invented new legalese." CQFD

Sheila Wilson May 10, 2013:
@ Daryo Could you point me to the corroboration of this term in the rather long Oxford Journals ref, please. I can't find anything about it. And I'm rather concerned that there isn't a single hit on Google for this term. IMHO, the Asker must refer this one to the client rather than inventing new legalese.
Daryo May 9, 2013:
@Sheila if you compare the FR and EN sources, it's pretty straightforward which FR term corresponds to which EN term, in order of increasing levels of obligation.
Obligation to have a decent try: obligations de moyens = obligation of means (no GP can guarantee to cure you, but must have a good try at it)
Obligation not only to try, but to do it: obligation de résultat = obligation of result (someone painting your house has to do it, not just try)
And in between: obligations de moyens renforcés = obligation of enhanced means (if you try and don't do it, you'll have to prove it couldn't be done)

Proposed translations

2 hrs
French term (edited): obligation de moyens renforcés
Selected

obligation of enhanced means

the term to translate is "obligation de moyens renforcés"

"5.2 Obligations of BEEMOOV

The general obligation of BEEMOOV is an "obligation of means" within the meaning of applicable law. BEEMOOV has no obligation of result or enhanced means of any kind.

[http://www.sweetcrush.co.uk/cgu.html]

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Note added at 5 hrs (2013-05-09 11:22:11 GMT)
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obligation de résultat = obligation of result
obligations de moyens = obligation of means
obligations de moyens renforcés = obligation of enhanced means

http://jurisfac.chez.com/prive/civil/c2civil2.htm

http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/content/10/2/371.full.pdf


Peer comment(s):

neutral Sheila Wilson : I agree that the term has been parsed incorrectly, but I can't equate this translation to the definition you give as a reference // Sorry, I didn't mean the reference above, but the "Reference Comment" entry below
22 mins
see the reference entry "Les obligations de moyens et de résultats"
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3 KudoZ points awarded for this answer.
3 days 3 hrs

enhanced operational requirements

obligation de résultat : performance bond
obligation de moyens : best efforts requirements (OCDE)

obligation de moyens renforcés: enhanced operational requirements

capabilities and to meet future enhanced operational requirements of FNOC and TESS. 2. CURRENT NAVY ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE PROCESSING
www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA267741


I still think "best efforts requirements" should be enough to translate "renforcés".





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Note added at 3 days3 hrs (2013-05-12 10:15:27 GMT)
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An alternative: expanded due-diligence requirements



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Note added at 3 days4 hrs (2013-05-12 10:18:52 GMT)
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In general I find "means" a weak E translation of "moyens", a concept best conveyed in "resources", "capacities", "capabilities", "efforts", etc.
Peer comment(s):

disagree Daryo : "operational requirements" is not "obligations de moyens" // "best efforts requirements" a good non-legalese version for "obligations de moyens" (not for "obligation de moyens renforcés"// in this case moyens = means, no poetic licence admitted in law.
14 hrs
agree Deirdre Brophy (X)
23 hrs
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Reference comments

2 hrs
Reference:

Les obligations de moyens et de résultats

Les obligations de moyens et de résultats : Cette classification est l'une des plus importantes en matière de responsabilité contractuelle. Les obligations sont en effet classées par la jurisprudence selon deux grandes catégories.

La première catégorie est celle des obligations de moyens, fondées par la jurisprudence sur l'article 1137 du code civil : " l'obligation de veiller à la conservation de la chose ..... soumet celui qui en est chargé à y apporter tous les soins d'un bon père de famille. ". Entrent dans cette catégorie les soins dentaires, ou médicaux, les obligations dans lesquelles existe un aléa ou qui nécessitent l'intervention du débiteur. Il s'agit d'obligations qui si elles ne sont pas respectées, ne peuvent pas pour autant entrainer la responsabilité immédiate du débiteur, il faut prouver que ce dernier a commis une faute, un manque de soins par exemple.

La seconde catégorie est celle des obligations de résultats. Elles, au contraire, établissent la responsabilité du débiteur du simple fait de l'inexécution, responsabilité dont il ne pourra s'exonérer que grâce à la force majeure. Ce type d'obligation se fonde sur l'article 1147 du code civil qui pose : " le débiteur est condamné ... toutes les fois qu'il ne justifie pas que l'inexécution provient d'une cause étrangère qui ne peut lui être imputée, encore qu'il n'y ait aucune mauvaise foi de sa part ". Il s'agit ici d'obligation telle que l'obligation de donner ou de fournir un appareil dentaire, un matériel solide.

Entre ces deux catégories, se trouvent une variante des obligations de moyens : les obligations de moyens renforcés, qui, elles, laissent présumer une faute du débiteur. Ce dernier pourra donc s'exonérer de sa responsabilité en établissant son absence de faute.

Au delà de l'obligation de résultat, il existe l'obligation de résultat renforcé, qui en cas d'inexécution engage la responsabilité du débiteur à moins qu'il n'établisse la réalisation d'un événement précis.

Le stade suprême, si l'on peut dire, de l'obligation de résultat est l'obligation de garantie, qui en cas d'inexécution engage irrémédiablement le débiteur, qui ne dispose ici d'aucun moyen d'exonération.

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Note added at 5 days (2013-05-14 18:52:54 GMT)
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an article in English about a case in France, concepts of "obligations de moyens / de résultats" are pretty well explained:

[http://www.twobirds.com/English/News/Articles/Pages/2006/Lia...]

In this case, the judges had to deal with two key legal concepts under French law which are the “obligation de moyens/obligation de résultat” and the “obligation de coordination”. What makes this decision particularly interesting is that these concepts are very rarely considered in the context of litigation over IT projects.

"Obligation de moyens" / "obligation de résultat"

Under the outsourcing agreement, the outsourcer was bound by an “obligation de résultat”. Under French law, there are broadly two types of contractual obligation: “obligations of result” (“obligation de résultat”) i.e. obligations to achieve a certain result (often known as output based obligations) or “obligations of means” (“obligation de moyens”) i.e. obligation to dedicate a certain amount of resource to achieving a particular result (often known as input based obligations).

If a contractual breach is committed in respect of an “obligation of result”, the customer has only to demonstrate that the contractual result has not been achieved. In such a case, the supplier is then deemed liable for a breach of contract, except if the supplier can prove that its obligations under the agreement were not fulfilled because of force majeure event or an act or omission of the customer.

If a contractual breach is committed of an “obligation of means”, the burden of proof rests with the customer, who must prove that the supplier has acted wrongfully by not performing its obligations with the necessary degree of care and diligence. Whether an obligation is an “obligation of result” or “obligation of means” depends partly on the uncertainty of the result to be achieved and partly on the intention of the parties.
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